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Jōyō kanji

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2136 kanji recommended for proficiency in Japanese

Japanese writing

Components
Kanji Stroke order Radicals Jōyō kanji list Kyōiku kanji Tōyō kanji Jinmeiyō kanji Hyōgai kanji on'yomi go-on kan-on tō-on kun'yomi
Kana Hiragana Hentaigana Katakana Man'yōgana Sōgana Gojūon
Typographic symbols Japanese punctuation Iteration mark
Uses
Syllabograms Furigana Okurigana Braille
Transliteration
Rōmaji Hepburn Kunrei-shiki / ISO 3602 Nihon-shiki JSL Wāpuro (keyboard input)
Cyrillization Polivanov system
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Chinese characters

Chinese family of scripts Written Chinese Kanji Hanja Chữ Hán
Evolution ofscript styles Neolithic symbols in China Oracle bone Bronze Seal Large Small Bird-worm Clerical Cursive Semi-cursive Regular Flat brush Modern typefaces Fangsong Ming Hei
Properties andclassification Components Strokes order Radicals Orthography jiu zixing xin zixing Digital encoding
Collation and standards Kangxi Dictionary forms (1716) Commonly Used Characters (PRC, 2013) Commonly-Used Characters (Hong Kong, 2007) Nan Min Recommended Characters (Taiwan, 2009) Standard Form of National Characters (Taiwan, 1982) Jōyō kanji (Japan, 2010)
Reforms Simplified characters second round Traditional characters debate Japanese script reform kyūjitai
Homographs and readings Literary and colloquial readings Kanbun Idu
Variants Zetian characters
Derived systems Kana man'yōgana hiragana katakana Jurchen script Khitan large small Nüshu Bopomofo Slavonic transcription
Transliteration of Chinese
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Thejōyō kanji (常用漢字;Japanese pronunciation:[dʑoːjoːkaꜜɲdʑi]^ⓘ, lit. "regular-use kanji") arekanji listed on theJōyō kanji hyō (常用漢字表; literally "regular-use kanji list"), which is issued by theJapanese Ministry of Education. The currentlist of 2,136 characters was issued in 2010. It is a slightly modified version of thetōyō kanji, which was the initial list ofsecondary school–level kanji standardized afterWorld War II. The list is not a comprehensive list of all characters and readings in regular use; rather, it is intended as a literacy baseline for those who have completed compulsory education, as well as a list of permitted characters and readings for use in official government documents. Due to the requirement that official government documents make use of onlyjōyō kanji and their readings, several rare characters are also included due to their use in theConstitution of Japan, which was being written at the same time the original 1,850-charactertōyō kanji list was compiled.

The 2,136 kanji in thejōyō kanji consist of:

1,026 kanji taught in primary school (grades 1–6) (thekyōiku kanji)
1,110 additional kanji taught in secondary school (grades 7–9)

List

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Main article:List of jōyō kanji

Changes from thetōyō kanji

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In 1981, thejōyō kanji replaced thetōyō kanji as the standardized list of common kanji. The differences between the two consisted of 95 additional characters, and the simplification of燈 as灯.

History

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1923: TheMinistry of Education specified 1,962 kanji and 154 simplified characters.
1931: The formerjōyō kanji list was revised and 1,858 characters were specified.
1942: 1,134 characters as standardjōyō kanji and 1,320 characters as sub-jōyō kanji were specified.
1946: The 1,850 characters oftōyō kanji were adopted by law "as those most essential for common use and everyday communication".^[1] This list included 881 "basic requirement" kanji for elementary school.
1981: The 1,945 characters ofjōyō kanji were adopted, replacing the list oftōyō kanji.^[2]
2010: The list was revised on 30 November to include an additional 196 characters and remove five characters (勺,銑,脹,錘, and匁), for a total of 2,136. The amendment also made changes to the readings ofkanji present in the previousjōyō kanji list. Twenty-eightkanji gained new readings, threekanji lost obscure readings and thekun'yomi of側 was changed fromkawa (かわ) togawa (がわ).^[3] The 196 additional characters are:^[3]^[4]

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Note: Characters inbold are used in the names ofprefectures.Jōyō kanji followed by a character in brackets are not included inJIS X 0208; the character in brackets is the unofficial print variant JIS X 0208 does have. JIS X 0208 also lacks𠮟, but does include the official variant叱. Thejōyō kanji茨,韓,牙, and栃 also have official variants.^[5]

TheMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology instructed teachers to start teaching the new characters infiscal 2012, so thatjunior high school students would be able to read them andhigh school students would be able to write them. High schools and universities started using the characters in their entrance exams in the 2015 academic year.^[6]