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The fortress of Izmail, then known asLicovrissi, was built byGenoese merchants in the 12th century. It belonged for a short period of time toWallachia (14th century) – as the territory north of the Danube was one of the possessions of theBasarabs (later the land being named after them,Bessarabia). The town was first mentioned with the nameIsmailiye, derived from the name of theOttomangrand vizierAyaşlı Ismail Pasha. The city was founded by a decree of SultanMurad III, with a deed where he made the land around the crossing point, property ofHabeshi Mehmed Agha which was the head of his harem.[7] The city that Mehmed Agha founded was called after himMehmedabad and in its significance it was even compared toBaghdad - although the scale, of course, is not the same.
From the end of the 14th century, Izmail was under the rule ofMoldavia. In 1484, the Ottoman state conquered the territory, which became from that moment an Ottoman protectorate (under direct rule from 1538). Since the early 16th century it was the main Ottoman fortress in theBudjak region. In 1569SultanSelim II settled Izmail with hisNogai subjects, originally from theNorth Caucasus.
Suvorov "announced the capture of Ismail in 1791 to theTsarina Catherine in adoggerel couplet, after the assault had been pressed from house to house, room to room, and nearly every Muslim man, woman and child in the city had been killed in three days of uncontrolled massacre, 40,000 Turks dead, a few hundred taken into captivity. For all his bluffness, Suvorov later told anEnglish traveler that when the massacre was over he went back to his tent and wept."[8]
At the end of the war, Izmail was returned to the Ottoman Empire, but Russian forces took it for the third time on 14 September 1809. After it was ceded to Russia with the rest ofBessarabia by the 1812Treaty of Bucharest, the town was rebuilt thoroughly. The Intercession Cathedral (1822–36), the churches of Nativity (1823),St. Nicholas (1833) and several others date back to that time. Izmail's oldest building is the small Turkishmosque, erected either in the 15th or 16th centuries, converted into a church in 1810[9] and currently housing a museum dedicated to the 1790 storm of Izmail.
The entrance to the territory of the Izmail FortressSuvorov MuseumSmall MosquePort of IzmailDanube RiverIzmail city garden
In 1940, and again duringWorld War II, it was occupied by the SovietRed Army and included (August 1940, as a result ofMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact ) in theUkrainian SSR; the region was occupied in 1941 by theRomanian Army participating inOperation Barbarossa. The 678 Jews recorded in the September 1, 1941 Romanian census were deported to Transnistria by the Romanian authorities in 1941, where a large majority of them died.[10] During theSoviet period followingWorld War II, manyRussians andUkrainians migrated to the town, gradually changing its ethnic composition.[citation needed]Izmail Oblast was formed in 1940 and the town remained its administrative center until the oblast was merged toOdesa Oblast in 1954. Since 24 August 1991, Izmail has been part of independentUkraine.
Until 18 July 2020, Izmail was incorporated as acity of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Izmail Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven, the city of Izmail was merged into Izmail Raion.[11][12]
Following the full-scaleRussian invasion of Ukraine, The monument to Alexander Suvorov in Izmail's city centre was placed in temporary storage on 12 November 2022, until city deputies decide where it will be kept permanently.[13] On 27 September 2024, Izmail suffered a Russian missile and drone attack.[14]
The city is located in theDanube Delta on the left-bank of itsChilia branch. On the opposite side of the river belongs toRomania. The city is surrounded by several lakes among which areYalpuh,Kuhurluy,Kotlabuh and many smaller ones.
The city is located in area known as theBudjak steppe which is a southern portion ofBessarabia. The opposite bank of Danube elevates as theTulcea Hills.
Under theKöppen climate classification, Izmail falls within either ahot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm is used or ahumid subtropical climate (Cfa) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. Izmail experiences four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round, typical for the inlandSouth. Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures somewhat moderated by the city's elevation[dubious –discuss]. Winters are cool but variable, with an average of 48 freezing days per year.
Climate data for Izmail (1991–2020, extremes 1886–present)
Before 1920, the population of Izmail was estimated at 37,000. During that time, approximately 11,000 of the population wereJewish, 8,000Romanians and 6,000Germans. Additional members of the population were Russians,Bulgarians, Turks andCossacks.[17]
The city of Izmail, the largest city of Ukrainian southern Bessarabia, which was also the same as theIzmail urban hromada, had 85,098 inhabitants in 2001, including 32,500 who identified themselves as ethnic Ukrainians (38.2%), 37,166 as ethnic Russians (43.67%), 8,609 as Bulgarians (10.1%), 3,670 asMoldovans (4.31%), 788 as Gagauz (2.42%) and 31 as Romanians (0.04%).[20] In 2001, the population of the city of Izmail included 15,353 Ukrainian-speakers (18.04%), 1,538 Romanian-speakers (1.81%), 3,898 Bulgarian-speakers (4.58%), 63,180 Russian-speakers (74.24%), and 327 Gagauz-speakers (0.38%). Most ethnic Moldovans, Ukrainians, Bulgarians and Gagauz in the city were Russian-speakers in 2001.[21]Izmail Raion, in its boundaries at that time, and excluding the city of Izmail, had 54,692 inhabitants in 2001, including 15,798 who identified themselves as ethnic Ukrainians (28.89%), 15,083 as Moldovans (27.58%), 14,072 as Bulgarians (25.73%), 8,870 as Russians (16.22%), 230 as Gagauz (0.42%) and 34 as Romanians (0.06%).[22]Izmail Raion, within its boundaries at that time, had 54,692 inhabitants in 2001, including 26.34% Ukrainian-speakers, 26.21% Romanian-speakers, 21.56% Russian-speakers, 24.88% Bulgarian-speaking and 0.26% Gagauz-speaking.[23][24] The population also consists of many other nationalities: Greeks, Jews, Armenians, etc. - 75 nationalities in total.
^See Radu Ioanid,The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of the Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), p. 129, 131-132, 199, 201. See the census results in Publikationstelle Wien,Die Bevölkerungzählung in Rumänien, 1941, Viena 1943.
^Погода и Климат – Климат Измаил [Weather and Climate – The Climate of Izmail] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved29 October 2021.
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