Itinerarium Burdigalense ("Bordeaux Itinerary"), also known asItinerarium Hierosolymitanum ("Jerusalem Itinerary"), is the oldest known Christianitinerarium. It was written by the "Pilgrim of Bordeaux", an anonymouspilgrim from the city of Burdigala (nowBordeaux,France) in the Roman province ofGallia Aquitania.[1]
It recounts the writer's journey throughout theRoman Empire to theHoly Land in 333 and 334[2] as he travelled by land through northernItaly and theDanube valley toConstantinople; then through the provinces ofAsia andSyria toJerusalem in the province ofSyria-Palaestina; and then back by way ofMacedonia,Otranto,Rome, andMilan.
According to theCatholic Encyclopedia, the report is a dry enumeration of the cities through which the writer passed and the places where he stopped or changed horses, with their respective distances. For the Holy Land he also briefly notes the important events which he believes to be connected with the various places. Here he makes some "strange blunders", as when he places theTransfiguration onMount Olivet. His description of Jerusalem, though short, contains information of great value for the topography of the city.[citation needed]
Jaś Elsner notes that twenty-one years afterConstantine legalized Christianity, "theHoly Land to which the pilgrim went had to be entirely reinvented in those years, since its main site – ancient Jerusalem – had been sacked under theEmperor Hadrian and refounded asAelia Capitolina." Elsner found to his surprise "how swiftly a Christian author was willing implicitly to re-arrange and redefine deeply entrenched institutional norms, while none the less writing on an entirely traditional model [i.e., the established Greco-Roman genre oftravel writing]."[3]
The compiler of the itinerary cites the boundaries from oneRoman province to the next and distinguishes between each change of horses (mutatio) and stopover place (mansio). He also differentiates between simple clusters of habitations (vicus) and the fortress (castellum) or city (civitas). The segments of the journey are summarised; they are delineated by major cities, with major summaries at Rome and Milan, long-established centers of culture and administration, and Constantinople, refounded by Constantine only three years previously, and the "non-city" of Jerusalem.[4]
Glenn Bowman argues that it is a carefully structured work relating profoundly to Old and New Biblical dispensations via the medium of water and baptism imagery.[5]
Some scholars of early Christianity maintain that the book is not a first-person account of a Christian pilgrimage to Byzantine Palestine but a collection of secondhand stories compiled by someone living in Bordeaux.[6]
TheItinerarium survives in four manuscripts, all written between the 8th and 10th centuries. Two give only the Judean portion of the trip, which is fullest in topographical glosses on the sites, in a range of landscape detail missing from the other sections, and Christian legend.[7]
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