| Majorca Majorca | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italian-occupied territory | |||||||||
| 1936–1939 | |||||||||
.svg) Coat of arms | |||||||||
 TheBalearic Islands during theSpanish Civil War. Majorca is the large central island. Light blue: Italian / Spanish Nationalist-occupied territory. Grey: Spanish Republican-occupied territory. | |||||||||
| Capital | Palma | ||||||||
| Government | |||||||||
| • Type | Occupation | ||||||||
| Proconsul | |||||||||
• 1936 | Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Established | 1936 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1939 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
TheItalian occupation of Majorca lasted throughout theSpanish Civil War. Italy intervened in the war with the intention of annexing the Balearic Islands andCeuta and creating aclient state inSpain.[1] The Italians sought to control the Balearic Islands because of their strategic position, from which they could disrupt lines of communication between France and its North African colonies, and between British Gibraltar and Malta.[2] Italian flags were flown over the island.[3] Italian forces dominated Majorca, with Italians openly manning the airfields atAlcúdia and Palma, as well as Italian warships being based in the harbour of Palma.[4]
Prior to open intervention by Italy,Benito Mussolini authorized "volunteers" to go to Spain. This resulted in the seizure of the largest Balearic island of Majorca by a force under Fascist Blackshirt leaderArconovaldo Bonaccorsi (also known as "Count Rossi"), who was sent to Majorca to act as Italianproconsul in the Balearics.[5] Bonaccorsi proclaimed that Italy would occupy the island in perpetuity[6] and initiated a brutal reign of terror, arranging the murder of 3,000 accusedCommunists, and emptying Majorca's prisons by having all prisoners shot.[5] In the aftermath of theBattle of Majorca, Bonaccorsi renamed the main street ofPalma de MajorcaVia Roma, and adorned it with statues ofRoman eagles.[7]Bonaccorsi was later rewarded by Italy for his activity in Majorca.[5]
Italian forces launched air raids from Majorca against Republican-held cities in mainland Spain.[3] Initially Mussolini only authorized a weak force of Italian bomber aircraft to be based in Majorca in 1936 to avoid antagonizing Britain and France. However, the weak response by Britain and France to Italy's actions in the region encouraged Mussolini to deploy twelve more bombers to Majorca, including one aircraft flown by his son,Bruno Mussolini.[8] By January 1938, Mussolini had doubled the number of bombers stationed in the Balearics and increased bomber attacks on shipping headed to support Spanish Republican forces.[9] The buildup of Italian bomber aircraft on the island's airfields and increased Italian air attacks on Republican-held ports and shipping headed to Republican ports was viewed byFrance as provocative.[8]
According to historianManuel Aguilera, in 1937 the desperate Republican government contacted Italian diplomats throughJosé Chapiro to negotiate for Italy's neutrality in the war.The Italian conditions were:
This last condition was the most adcceptable forLuis Araquistáin, the Republic's ambassador to France.[10]In 1950, former ministerFederica Montseny remembered that the government evaluated offering the Balearic Islands or theCanary Islands toNazi Germany.[10]
In 1938, the Italian Ministry of Finance bought a big estate in theS'Albufera area of Majorca through a proxy society,Celulosa Hispánica.[10]
The Spanish Nationalists won the civil war in 1939, and after Italy'sItalian invasion of Albania, Mussolini withdrew all Italian forces from Spain. This was in response to the suddenNazi occupation of Czechoslovakia.[11]
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