Beer in Israel is manufactured primarily by two majorbreweries –Tempo Beer Industries andIsrael Beer Breweries. Over the past decade numerousmicrobreweries have established themselves throughout the country. Beer festivals are held annually in Israel, of which one of the largest is inJerusalem.

Like the Phoenicians, the Greeks and the Romans, the ancientIsraelites were far more drawn towine than they were tobeer. After theexile of the Jews to Babylonia in the sixth century BC, they began embracing beer and several rabbis became established brewers.^[1] Two notableBabylonian Jewish brewers wereRav Chisda and his pupilRav Papa, both of whom lived in the vicinity ofSura during the fourth century CE.^[2][3]

In1934–35James Armand de Rothschild, identifying a demand for beer on the part of British nationals residing in Palestine, established the first local commercial brewery in partnership with Gaston Dreyfus, inRishon LeZion. In 1940 the Palestine Brewery (Hebrew:תעשיות בירה א"י) – or, as it was also known, the Nesher Brewery – was commissioned by theAACI to supply beer toAustralian troops stationed in Palestine. By 1942 the brewery was compelled to enlarge its plant in order to meet increased demand, generated by both military and civilian consumers.^{[1][4][5][6][7]}

Construction of what was at the time the largest brewery in the Middle East, the National Brewery, began in April 1952 in the city ofNetanya, founded by a group of investors led by Louis Herzberg. Upon completion in May 1953, the National Brewery had an annual production capacity of 400,000 barrels. In 1954 it shipped what was theretofore "[t]he largest single shipment of imported beer ever to enter the United States" – 180,000 bottles of its Abir label beer.^[8][9] The National Brewery merged with the Palestine Brewery and the Galilee Brewery in 1973, whereby it came to control 90% of Israel's beer market. The company was acquired in 1976 by Canadian land developer Murray Goldman for$8 million. In 1980 a canned beer bearing a label indicating its origin as the National Brewery in Netanya was being sold inEgypt in spite of an Egyptian boycott of Israeli products. Called O.K. beer, it proved more successful thanHeineken andTuborg and was consumed at premier bars inCairo and other locations in Egypt, even as conservative religious Muslim leaders campaigned to ban the sale of alcoholic drinks in the country.^[10][11] After entering into a license agreement withAnheuser-Busch International in 1983 for production of the firstAmerican beer in Israel, the National Brewery began producingBudweiser in 1984.^[12][13]

The National Brewery was acquired byTempo Beer Industries in 1985.^[14]

Since the 1950s, the Israeli beer industry has been dominated by no more than two companies at a time. Beginning in the 1990s with the establishment of Israel Beer Breweries, it and Tempo Beer Industries control 70% of Israel's beer market. Tempo produces the Goldstar and Maccabee labels, while Israel Beer produces Carlsberg and Tuborg.^[15][16] In addition, around two dozen licensed commercial microbreweries operate in the country.^[17]

Netanya-based Tempo is the largest brewery in Israel. In 1999 Tempo's Goldstar and Maccabee beers accounted for 60% of all beer sales in the country. Tempo also importsHeineken andAmstel.^[18] Israel Beer Breweries entered the market in1991–92 as a partnership betweenCarlsberg Group and the localCoca-Cola company. In 1996 it began distributingGuinness.^[19] Israel Beer Breweries operates a beer-themed visitor center inAshkelon.^[20]

Craft brewing began to develop midway through the first decade of the 2000s.^[21] Journalist Shai Cooper, along with brewer Gadi Deviri, founded the 'Israeli Beer Club' in 2002, unofficially uniting most of the homebrewers in Israel at the time. The two also organized several homebrewing competitions, initially attended by a few brewers, but already in the third edition, dozens of contestants participated. Many of them, such as Uri Shagai from Alexander Brewery, David Cohen from Dancing Camel Brewery, the Shapira brothers from Shapira Brewery, Asaf Levi who foundedMalka Brewery, and brewers who later founded additional boutique breweries, all took part and later became owners of their own boutique breweries. At one point, Tempo Beer Industries sponsored Cooper and Deviri's homebrewing competition and the Israeli Beer Club, under the name 'Samuel Adams Long Shot', similarly to the competition in theUnited States. Later on, Shai Cooper himself founded a homebrewing competition called the 'Stout Challenge', along with theCarlsberg Brewery inAshkelon.

TheDancing Camel Brewery, which opened inTel Aviv in 2006, was the first microbrewery to open in Israel. Later that year theGolan Brewery opened up in theGolan Heights region of Israel. Jem's Beer Factory, Israel's first kosher microbrewery, opened inPetah Tikva in 2009.^{[22][23][24][25]} By the end of 2009 there were microbreweries operating fromDekel andQiryat Gat in Israel's south; throughSal'it, Petah Tikva and Tel Aviv; up toHaifa, theJezreel Valley,Ramot Naftali, andYehi'am; and as far asQatzrin in the Golan Heights.^[26] 2010 was an especially active year for new microbreweries.^[27]

The first native beer label to emerge in what would soon become theState of Israel wasNesher, in the 1930s. In its early years it was the leading beer label locally and was produced in quantities of10,000 liters per year. Two varieties of Nesher were available at that time – apilsner lager and amalt beer.^[8][19] Nesher Malt continues to be known in Hebrew asbira shechora ("black beer").^[1]

Goldstar, apale lager brewed in Israel since 1950, was originally produced at the Cabeer Brewery in Rishon LeZion. In the years between 1952 and the mid-1980s a popular beer brewed in Israel was Abir. Maccabee, a pilsner invented bybrewmaster Menachem Berliner, was introduced in 1968 and competed with Goldstar for market share until the 1970s. Goldstar and Maccabee were acquired in 1975 by a single partnership and were sold to Tempo in 1986.^{[1][8][28][29]} Goldstar won aMonde Selection gold medal in 2007, and in 2011 it won an Israeli Product of the Year award.^[30]

The brews produced by the Dancing Camel microbrewery are adapted to accommodate Israel's palate which, according to founder David Cohen, eschews bitter flavors. Thus the Dancing CamelIPA offsets the bitterness of its hops withsilan, a syrup extracted fromdates. Dancing Camel also produces seasonal beers inspired by the Jewish holidays: forRosh Hashanah Dancing Camel releases a pomegranate beer, and forSukkoth awheat beer made withetrog.^[31]

The firstIrish pub in Israel was Molly Bloom's, which opened in centralTel Aviv in 2000 as a partnership between Israel Beer Breweries and an Irish entrepreneur. By 2004 there were Irish pubs in Tel Aviv,Herzliya,Rehovoth, and Glilot.^[32] Porter and Sons in Tel Aviv, which opened in 2010, has the most beerson tap of any establishment in Israel – 50 as of 2012. In the category of Best Beer Restaurant in Israel,Beers.co.il awarded Porter and Sons first place in 2012.^[19][33][34]In June 2012 a new bar was opened next toShuk HaCarmel calledBeer Bazaar. They serve over 80 Israeli beers, more than 10 Israeliciders and also have their own beer on tap.

TheJerusalem Beer Festival is one of the largestbeer festivals in Israel, held annually in the summer since 2004.^[35][36] The festival is held for two days usually between August 28–29. Other festivals are held in Tel Aviv, Haifa and theMateh Yehuda region.^[37][38][39] A wine and beer festival is held annually inBeer Sheva.^[40] The city ofAshdod held its first beer festival in 2011.^[41]

In 2002 the Israeli Beer Club was established by Shai Cooper and Gadi Deviri in order to promote the culture of beer in Israel and specifically to serve as a platform for helping small-scale brewers and importers to get their products onto the market. The club offershomebrewing andbeer tasting workshops and is involved in organizing beer competitions.^[42]

At the end of the second decade of the 21st century, there was significant activity on the internet centered around local beer brewers and the import of beers from abroad. The communities, led by the Facebook group "One Beer a Day"^[43] have driven producers and importers to significantly increase the variety of beers in the country, as well as to introduce the production of new styles that have been revealed to the growing audience.

In 1937, in an effort to protect the local brewing industry from competition issuing from neighboring breweries inSyria andLebanon, the BritishHigh Commissioner for Palestine ordered a tariff of10mils on each liter of imported beer.^[44]

In the late 1990s beer sales in Israel totaled$100 million, of which Tempo accounted for 73%. Themalt beverage industry generated a separate$10 million in sales. Between 1992 and 1997 the share of international labels in the market grew from 9% to 36%, with a concomitant decline in the share of domestic labels over the same period from 91% to 64%.^[45] The value of Israel's beer market was estimated at₪1.2 billion in 2009.^[24] Its size in 2010 was estimated at 950,000–1,000,000 hectoliters, up from 800,000 in 2005.^[46]

With a strong local economy the alcoholic drinks market in general is growing within Israel, with particular growth in beer sales.^[47] The leading beer companies, such asTempo Beer Industries andIsrael Beer Breweries, launched new beer brands in 2007, with the most significant introductions being Goldstar Light, Tuborg T andSamuel Adams.^[48]Goldstar and Maccabee are the overall leading brands in Israel.^[48] Over 75% of beer sales in Israel are fromoff-sales locations such as supermarkets, rather than bars.^[48]

In 2012 Israel's finance minister signed an order to raise the purchase tax on beer fromNIS2.18 to NIS4.19 per liter.^[49] The move was opposed byEli Yishai of theShas party, who said it would have fatal repercussions vis-a-vis Israel's local boutique breweries.^[50]

According to Ludwig Horlein of the Hartmannsdorf Brewery in Germany, with respect to ingredients there is no difference betweenkosher and non-kosher beer.^[51] In general, observant Jews will only drink unflavored beers without a kosher certification (compared to flavored beers, which do require a kosher certification).^[52] But according to Israeli beer expert Gad Deviri, kosher certification is not a consideration for many observant Jews in Israel.^[53] However, while unflavored beers with no additives are acceptable even without Kosher certification, some beers may contain additives that are not kosher.^[54] It is also generally accepted that, as a beverage made with grains such asbarley, beer is consideredchametz and never kosher forPassover.

One Beer a Day - Facebook community

• Beer and breweries by region
• Beer in Palestine

• Davis, Marni (2012).Jews and Booze: Becoming American in the Age of Prohibition.New York:New York University Press.ISBN 978-0-8147-2028-8.
• Snyder, Charles R. (1958).Alcohol and the Jews: A Cultural Study of Drinking and Sobriety.Glencoe, Illinois:Free Press.

• Beer in Israel
• Israeli alcoholic beverages

• CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)
• CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)
• All articles with dead external links
• Articles with dead external links from October 2016
• Articles with permanently dead external links
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles containing Hebrew-language text