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Isotopes of sulfur

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Isotopes ofsulfur (₁₆S)

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
³²S	94.8%	stable
³³S	0.760%	stable
³⁴S	4.37%	stable
³⁵S	trace	87.37 d	β⁻	³⁵Cl
³⁶S	0.02%	stable

³⁴S abundances vary greatly (between 3.96 and 4.77 percent) in natural samples.

Standard atomic weightA_r°(S)

[32.059, 32.076]^[2]
32.06±0.02 (abridged)^[3]

Sulfur (₁₆S) has 23 knownisotopes with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable:³²S (94.85%),³³S (0.76%),³⁴S (4.37%), and³⁶S (0.016%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of fivehelium-4 nuclei in thealpha process ofnucleosynthesis.

The main radioisotope³⁵S is formed fromcosmic ray spallation of⁴⁰Ar in theatmosphere. Otherradioactive isotopes of sulfur are all comparatively short-lived. The next longest-lived radioisotope is sulfur-38, with a half-life of 170 minutes. Isotopes lighter than³²S mostly decay toisotopes of phosphorus orsilicon, while³⁵S and heavier radioisotopes decay toisotopes of chlorine.

The beams of several radioactive isotopes (such as those of⁴⁴S) have been studied theoretically within the framework of the synthesis of superheavy elements, especially those ones in the vicinity ofisland of stability.^[4]^[5]

When sulfideminerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ³⁴S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. Theδ¹³C and δ³⁴S of coexistingcarbonates and sulfides can be used to determine thepH andoxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation.^{[citation needed]}

In mostforest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer inhydrologic studies. Differences in thenatural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the³⁴S of ecosystem components.Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δ³⁴S values from oceans believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate.^{[citation needed]}

List of isotopes

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Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[6] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
²⁷S	16	11	27.01878(43)#	16.3(2) ms	β⁺, p (61%)	²⁶Si	(5/2+)
					β⁺ (36%)	²⁷P
					β⁺, 2p (3.0%)	²⁵Al
²⁸S	16	12	28.00437(17)	125(10) ms	β⁺ (79.3%)	²⁸P	0+
²⁸S	16	12	28.00437(17)	125(10) ms	β⁺, p (20.7%)	²⁷Si	0+
²⁹S	16	13	28.996678(14)	188(4) ms	β⁺ (53.6%)	²⁹P	5/2+#
²⁹S	16	13	28.996678(14)	188(4) ms	β⁺, p (46.4%)	²⁸Si	5/2+#
³⁰S	16	14	29.98490677(22)	1.1798(3) s	β⁺	³⁰P	0+
³¹S	16	15	30.97955700(25)	2.5534(18) s	β⁺	³¹P	1/2+
³²S^{[n 8]}	16	16	31.9720711735(14)	Stable			0+	0.9485(255)
³³S	16	17	32.9714589086(14)	Stable			3/2+	0.00763(20)
³⁴S	16	18	33.967867011(47)	Stable			0+	0.04365(235)
³⁵S	16	19	34.969032321(43)	87.37(4) d	β⁻	³⁵Cl	3/2+	Trace^{[n 9]}
³⁶S	16	20	35.96708069(20)	Stable			0+	1.58(17)×10⁻⁴
³⁷S	16	21	36.97112550(21)	5.05(2) min	β⁻	³⁷Cl	7/2−
³⁸S	16	22	37.9711633(77)	170.3(7) min	β⁻	³⁸Cl	0+
³⁹S	16	23	38.975134(54)	11.5(5) s	β⁻	³⁹Cl	(7/2)−
⁴⁰S	16	24	39.9754826(43)	8.8(22) s	β⁻	⁴⁰Cl	0+
⁴¹S	16	25	40.9795935(44)	1.99(5) s	β⁻	⁴¹Cl	7/2−#
⁴²S	16	26	41.9810651(30)	1.016(15) s	β⁻ (>96%)	⁴²Cl	0+
⁴²S	16	26	41.9810651(30)	1.016(15) s	β⁻, n (<1%)	⁴¹Cl	0+
⁴³S	16	27	42.9869076(53)	265(13) ms	β⁻ (60%)	⁴³Cl	3/2−
⁴³S	16	27	42.9869076(53)	265(13) ms	β⁻, n (40%)	⁴²Cl	3/2−
^43mS	320.7(5) keV			415.0(26) ns	IT	⁴³S	(7/2−)
⁴⁴S	16	28	43.9901188(56)	100(1) ms	β⁻ (82%)	⁴⁴Cl	0+
⁴⁴S	16	28	43.9901188(56)	100(1) ms	β⁻, n (18%)	⁴³Cl	0+
^44mS	1365.0(8) keV			2.619(26) μs	IT	⁴⁴S	0+
⁴⁵S	16	29	44.99641(32)#	68(2) ms	β⁻, n (54%)	⁴⁴Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁵S	16	29	44.99641(32)#	68(2) ms	β⁻ (46%)	⁴⁵Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁶S	16	30	46.00069(43)#	50(8) ms	β⁻	⁴⁶Cl	0+
⁴⁷S	16	31	47.00773(43)#	24# ms [>200 ns]			3/2−#
⁴⁸S	16	32	48.01330(54)#	10# ms [>200 ns]			0+
⁴⁹S	16	33	49.02189(63)#	4# ms [>400 ns]			1/2−#
This table header & footer: view

^^mS – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Modes of decay:
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Heaviest theoretically stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons
^Cosmogenic

References

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^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur".CIAAW. 2009.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^Zagrebaev, Valery; Greiner, Walter (2008-09-24)."Synthesis of superheavy nuclei: A search for new production reactions".Physical Review C.78 (3) 034610.arXiv:0807.2537.Bibcode:2008PhRvC..78c4610Z.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034610.S2CID 122586703.
^Zhu, Long (2019-12-01)."Possibilities of producing superheavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions based on radioactive targets *".Chinese Physics C.43 (12) 124103.Bibcode:2019ChPhC..43l4103Z.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/43/12/124103.ISSN 1674-1137.S2CID 250673444.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

External links

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Sulfur isotopes data fromThe Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102

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