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Isotopes of sodium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
²²Na	trace	2.6019 y	β⁺	²²Ne
²³Na	100%	stable
²⁴Na	trace	14.956 h	β⁻	²⁴Mg

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Na)

22.98976928±0.00000002^[2]
22.990±0.001 (abridged)^[3]

There are 21 known isotopes ofsodium (₁₁Na), ranging from¹⁷
Na to³⁹
Na (except for³⁶Na and³⁸Na),^[4] and fiveisomers.²³
Na is the onlystable (and the onlyprimordial) isotope, making sodium amonoisotopic (andmononuclidic) element. Sodium has tworadioactive cosmogenic isotopes (²²
Na, with ahalf-life of 2.6019 years and²⁴
Na, with a half-life of 14.956 hours). With the exception of those two isotopes, all other isotopes have half-lives under a minute, most under a second.

Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclearcriticality accident) converts some of the stable²³
Na in human blood plasma to²⁴
Na. The neutron radiation dose absorbed by the patient can be assessed by measuring the concentration of the radioisotope.

²²
Na is apositron-emitting isotope with a relatively long half-life, about 2.6 years. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources forpositron emission tomography.

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[5] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Isotopic abundance
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Isotopic abundance
¹⁷ Na	11	6	17.037270(60)		p	¹⁶ Ne	(1/2+)
¹⁸ Na	11	7	18.02688(10)	1.3(4) zs	p ?^{[n 8]}	¹⁷ Ne	1−#
¹⁹ Na	11	8	19.013880(11)	>1 as	p	¹⁸ Ne	(5/2+)
²⁰ Na	11	9	20.0073543(12)	447.9(2.3) ms	β⁺ (75.0(4)%)	²⁰ Ne	2+
²⁰ Na	11	9	20.0073543(12)	447.9(2.3) ms	β⁺α (25.0(4)%)	¹⁶ O	2+
²¹ Na	11	10	20.99765446(5)	22.4550(54) s	β⁺	²¹ Ne	3/2+
²² Na	11	11	21.99443755(14)	2.6019(6) y^{[nb 1]}	β⁺ (90.57(8)%)	²² Ne	3+	Trace^{[n 9]}
²² Na	11	11	21.99443755(14)	2.6019(6) y^{[nb 1]}	ε (9.43(6)%)	²² Ne	3+	Trace^{[n 9]}
^22m1 Na	583.05(10) keV			243(2) ns	IT	²² Na	1+
^22m2 Na	657.00(14) keV			19.6(7) ps	IT	²² Na	0+
²³ Na	11	12	22.9897692820(19)	Stable			3/2+	1
²⁴ Na	11	13	23.990963012(18)	14.9560(15) h	β⁻	²⁴ Mg	4+	Trace^{[n 9]}
^24m Na	472.2074(8) keV			20.18(10) ms	IT (99.95%)	²⁴ Na	1+
^24m Na	472.2074(8) keV			20.18(10) ms	β⁻ (0.05%)	²⁴ Mg	1+
²⁵ Na	11	14	24.9899540(13)	59.1(6) s	β⁻	²⁵ Mg	5/2+
²⁶ Na	11	15	25.992635(4)	1.07128(25) s	β⁻	²⁶ Mg	3+
^26m Na	82.4(4) keV			4.35(16) μs	IT	²⁶ Na	1+
²⁷ Na	11	16	26.994076(4)	301(6) ms	β⁻ (99.902(24)%)	²⁷ Mg	5/2+
²⁷ Na	11	16	26.994076(4)	301(6) ms	β⁻n (0.098(24)%)	²⁶ Mg	5/2+
²⁸ Na	11	17	27.998939(11)	33.1(1.3) ms	β⁻ (99.42(12)%)	²⁸ Mg	1+
²⁸ Na	11	17	27.998939(11)	33.1(1.3) ms	β⁻n (0.58(12)%)	²⁷ Mg	1+
²⁹ Na	11	18	29.002877(8)	43.2(4) ms	β⁻ (78%)	²⁹ Mg	3/2+
					β⁻n (22(3)%)	²⁸ Mg
					β⁻2n ?	²⁷ Mg ?
³⁰ Na	11	19	30.009098(5)	45.9(7) ms	β⁻ (70.2(2.2)%)	³⁰ Mg	2+
					β⁻n (28.6(2.2)%)	²⁹ Mg
					β⁻2n (1.24(19)%)	²⁸ Mg
					β⁻α (5.5(2)%×10⁻⁵)	²⁶ Ne
³¹ Na	11	20	31.013147(15)	16.8(3) ms	β⁻ (>63.2(3.5)%)	³¹ Mg	3/2+
					β⁻n (36.0(3.5)%)	³⁰ Mg
					β⁻2n (0.73(9)%)	²⁹ Mg
					β⁻3n (<0.05%)	²⁸ Mg
³² Na	11	21	32.020010(40)	12.9(3) ms	β⁻ (66.4(6.2)%)	³² Mg	(3−)
					β⁻n (26(6)%)	³¹ Mg
					β⁻2n (7.6(1.5)%)	³⁰ Mg
^32m Na^[6]	625 keV			24(2) μs	IT	³² Na	(0+,6−)
³³ Na	11	22	33.02553(48)	8.2(4) ms	β⁻n (47(6)%)	³² Mg	(3/2+)
					β⁻ (40.0(6.7)%)	³³ Mg
					β⁻2n (13(3)%)	³¹ Mg
³⁴ Na	11	23	34.03401(64)	5.5(1.0) ms	β⁻2n (~50%)	³² Mg	1+
					β⁻ (~35%)	³⁴ Mg
					β⁻n (~15%)	³³ Mg
³⁵ Na	11	24	35.04061(72)#	1.5(5) ms	β⁻	³⁵ Mg	3/2+#
					β⁻n ?	³⁴ Mg ?
					β⁻2n ?	³³ Mg ?
³⁷ Na	11	26	37.05704(74)#	1# ms [>1.5 μs]	β⁻ ?	³⁷ Mg ?	3/2+#
					β⁻n ?	³⁶ Mg ?
					β⁻2n ?	³⁵ Mg ?
³⁹ Na^[4]	11	28	39.07512(80)#	1# ms [>400 ns]	β⁻ ?	³⁹ Mg ?	3/2+#
					β⁻n ?	³⁸ Mg ?
					β⁻2n ?	³⁷ Mg ?
This table header & footer: view

^^mNa – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^^a ^b# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Modes of decay:
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^Decay mode shown has been observed, but its intensity is not known experimentally.
^^a ^bCosmogenic nuclide

Sodium-22

[edit]

Sodium-22 is aradioactive isotope of sodium, undergoingpositron emission to²²
Ne with a half-life of 2.6019 years.²²
Na is being investigated as an efficient generator of "coldpositrons" (antimatter) to producemuons forcatalyzing fusion of deuterium.^{[citation needed]} It is also commonly used as a positron source inpositron annihilation spectroscopy.^[7]

Sodium-23

[edit]

Sodium-23 is the sole natural isotope of sodium, with an atomic mass of 22.98976928. Because of this, sodium-23 is used innuclear magnetic resonance in various research fields, including materials science and battery research.^[8] Sodium-23 relaxation has applications in studying cation-biomolecule interactions, intracellular and extracellular sodium, ion transport in batteries, and quantum information processing.^[9]

Sodium-24

[edit]

Sodium-24 is radioactive and is generally created from common sodium-23 byneutron activation. With a half-life of 14.956 hours,²⁴
Na decays to²⁴
Mg by emission of anelectron and, almost always, twogamma rays.^[10]^[11]

Exposure of the human body to intenseneutron radiation creates²⁴
Na in theblood plasma. Measurements of its quantity can be done to determine theabsorbed radiation dose of a patient.^[11] This can be used to determine the medical treatment required.

When sodium is used as coolant infast breeder reactors, radioactive²⁴
Na is created within the coolant. When the²⁴
Na decays, magnesium forms and builds up in the coolant. Since the half-life is short, the²⁴
Na portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor. Leakage of the hot sodium from the primary loop may cause radioactive fires,^[12] as it can ignite in contact with air (and explodes in contact with water). For this reason, the primary cooling loop is placed within the containment vessel.

Sodium has been proposed as a casing for asalted bomb, as it would convert to²⁴
Na and produce intense gamma-ray emissions for a few days.^[13]^[14]

Notes

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^Note that NUBASE2020 uses thetropical year to convert between years and other units of time, not theGregorian year. The relationship between years and other time units in NUBASE2020 is as follows:1 y = 365.2422 d = 31 556 926 s

References

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^^a ^b ^c ^dKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Sodium".CIAAW. 2005.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^^a ^bAhn, D.S.; et al. (2022-11-14)."Discovery of³⁹Na".Physical Review Letters.129 (21) 212502.Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129u2502A.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212502.PMID 36461972.S2CID 253591660.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^Gray, T. J.; Allmond, J. M.; Xu, Z.; King, T. T.; Lubna, R. S.; Crawford, H. L.; Tripathi, V.; Crider, B. P.; Grzywacz, R.; Liddick, S. N.; Macchiavelli, A. O.; Miyagi, T.; Poves, A.; Andalib, A.; Argo, E.; Benetti, C.; Bhattacharya, S.; Campbell, C. M.; Carpenter, M. P.; Chan, J.; Chester, A.; Christie, J.; Clark, B. R.; Cox, I.; Doetsch, A. A.; Dopfer, J.; Duarte, J. G.; Fallon, P.; Frotscher, A.; Gaballah, T.; Harke, J. T.; Heideman, J.; Huegen, H.; Holt, J. D.; Jain, R.; Kitamura, N.; Kolos, K.; Kondev, F. G.; Laminack, A.; Longfellow, B.; Luitel, S.; Madurga, M.; Mahajan, R.; Mogannam, M. J.; Morse, C.; Neupane, S.; Nowicki, A.; Ogunbeku, T. H.; Ong, W.-J.; Porzio, C.; Prokop, C. J.; Rasco, B. C.; Ronning, E. K.; Rubino, E.; Ruland, T. J.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Schaedig, L.; Seweryniak, D.; Siegl, K.; Singh, M.; Stuchbery, A. E.; Tabor, S. L.; Tang, T. L.; Wheeler, T.; Winger, J. A.; Wood, J. L. (13 June 2023). "Microsecond Isomer at the N = 20 Island of Shape Inversion Observed at FRIB".Physical Review Letters.130 (24) 242501.arXiv:2302.11607.Bibcode:2023PhRvL.130x2501G.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.242501.PMID 37390416.
^Saro, Matúš; Kršjak, Vladimír; Petriska, Martin; Slugeň, Vladimír (2019-07-29)."Sodium-22 source contribution determination in positron annihilation measurements using GEANT4".Applied Physics of Condensed Matter (APCOM 2019). Vol. 2131, art. 020039.Bibcode:2019AIPC.2131b0039S.doi:10.1063/1.5119492.ISSN 0094-243X.S2CID 201349680.
^Gotoh, Kazuma (8 February 2021)."23Na Solid-State NMR Analyses for Na-Ion Batteries and Materials".Batteries & Supercaps.4 (8):1267–127.doi:10.1002/batt.202000295.S2CID 233827472.
^Song, Yifan; Yin, Yu; Chen, Qinlong; Marchetti, Alessandro; Kong, Xueqian (2023)."23Na relaxometry: An overview of theory and applications".Magnetic Resonance Letters.3 (2):150–174.doi:10.1016/j.mrl.2023.04.001.PMID 40918001.
^National Nuclear Data Center."NuDat 3.0 database".Brookhaven National Laboratory.
^^a ^bEkendahl, Daniela; Rubovič, Peter; Žlebčík, Pavel; Hupka, Ivan; Huml, Ondřej; Bečková, Věra; Malá, Helena (7 November 2019). "Neutron dose assessment using samples of human blood and hair".Radiation Protection Dosimetry.186 (2–3):202–205.doi:10.1093/rpd/ncz202.PMID 31702764.
^Unusual occurrences during LMFR operation, Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting held in Vienna, 9–13 November 1998,IAEA. Pages 84, 122.
^"Science: fy for Doomsday".Time. November 24, 1961.Archived from the original on March 14, 2016.
^Clark, W. H. (1961). "Chemical and Thermonuclear Explosives".Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.17 (9):356–360.Bibcode:1961BuAtS..17i.356C.doi:10.1080/00963402.1961.11454268.

External links

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Sodium isotopes data fromThe Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102