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Isotopes of samarium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
¹⁴⁴Sm	3.08%	stable
¹⁴⁵Sm	synth	340 d	ε	¹⁴⁵Pm
¹⁴⁶Sm	trace	9.20×10⁷ y^[2]	α	¹⁴²Nd
¹⁴⁷Sm	15%	1.066×10¹¹ y	α	¹⁴³Nd
¹⁴⁸Sm	11.3%	6.3×10¹⁵ y	α	¹⁴⁴Nd
¹⁴⁹Sm	13.8%	stable
¹⁵⁰Sm	7.37%	stable
¹⁵¹Sm	synth	94.6 y	β⁻	¹⁵¹Eu
¹⁵²Sm	26.7%	stable
¹⁵³Sm	synth	46.285 h	β⁻	¹⁵³Eu
¹⁵⁴Sm	22.7%	stable

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Sm)

150.36±0.02^[3]
150.36±0.02 (abridged)^[4]

Naturally occurringsamarium (₆₂Sm) is composed of five stableisotopes,¹⁴⁴Sm,¹⁴⁹Sm,¹⁵⁰Sm,¹⁵²Sm and¹⁵⁴Sm, and two extremely long-livedradioisotopes,¹⁴⁷Sm (half life: 1.066×10¹¹ y) and¹⁴⁸Sm (6.3×10¹⁵ y), with¹⁵²Sm being the most abundant (26.75%natural abundance).¹⁴⁶Sm (9.20×10⁷ y)^[2] is also fairly long-lived, but is not long-lived enough to have survived in significant quantities from the formation of the Solar System on Earth, although it remains useful in radiometric dating in the Solar System as anextinct radionuclide.^[5] It is the longest-lived nuclide that has not yet been confirmed to beprimordial. Its instability is due to having 84 neutrons (two more than 82, which is amagic number corresponding to a stable neutron configuration), and so it may emit analpha particle (which has 2 neutrons) to form neodymium-142 with 82 neutrons.

Other than those, the longest-lived radioisotopes are¹⁵¹Sm, which has ahalf-life of 94.6 years,^[6] and¹⁴⁵Sm, which has a half-life of 340 days. All of the remaining radioisotopes, which range from¹²⁹Sm to¹⁶⁸Sm, have half-lives that are less than two days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 48 seconds. The most stable of the knownisomers is^141mSm (half-life 22.6 minutes).

The long-lived isotopes,¹⁴⁶Sm,¹⁴⁷Sm, and¹⁴⁸Sm, decay byalpha emission toisotopes of neodymium. Lighter unstable isotopes of samarium primarily decay byelectron capture toisotopes of promethium, while heavier ones decay bybeta decay toisotopes of europium. A 2012 paper^[7] revising the estimated half-life of¹⁴⁶Sm from 10.3(5)×10⁷ y to 6.8(7)×10⁷ y was retracted (due to an experimental mistake) in 2023,^[7]^[8] and the current, more accurate, value published subsequently.

The isotope¹⁴⁷Sm is used insamarium–neodymium dating and as mentioned theextinct¹⁴⁶Sm can also be used for dating.

¹⁵¹Sm is amedium-lived fission product and acts as aneutron poison in thenuclear fuel cycle. The stablefission product¹⁴⁹Sm is also a neutron poison.

Samarium is the lightest element with evenatomic number with no theoretically stable isotopes (all isotopes of it can energetically decay by thealpha,beta, ordouble-beta modes), other such elements are those with atomic numbers > 66 (dysprosium, which has the heaviest theoretically stable nuclide,¹⁶⁴Dy).

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[9] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 5]}			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
¹²⁹Sm	62	67	128.95456(54)#	550(100) ms	β⁺ (?%)	¹²⁹Pm	(1/2+,3/2+)
¹²⁹Sm	62	67	128.95456(54)#	550(100) ms	β⁺, p (?%)	¹²⁸Nd	(1/2+,3/2+)
¹³⁰Sm	62	68	129.94879(43)#	1# s			0+
¹³¹Sm	62	69	130.94602(43)#	1.2(2) s	β⁺	¹³¹Pm	5/2+#
¹³¹Sm	62	69	130.94602(43)#	1.2(2) s	β⁺, p (?%)	¹³⁰Nd	5/2+#
¹³²Sm	62	70	131.94081(32)#	4.0(3) s	β⁺	¹³²Pm	0+
¹³³Sm	62	71	132.93856(32)#	2.89(16) s	β⁺ (?%)	¹³³Pm	(5/2+)
¹³³Sm	62	71	132.93856(32)#	2.89(16) s	β⁺, p (?%)	¹³²Nd	(5/2+)
^133mSm	120(60)# keV			3.5(4) s	β⁺	¹³³Pm	(1/2−)
¹³⁴Sm	62	72	133.93411(21)#	9.5(8) s	β⁺	¹³⁴Pm	0+
¹³⁵Sm	62	73	134.93252(17)	10.3(5) s	β⁺ (99.98%)	¹³⁵Pm	(7/2+)
¹³⁵Sm	62	73	134.93252(17)	10.3(5) s	β⁺, p (0.02%)	¹³⁴Nd	(7/2+)
¹³⁶Sm	62	74	135.928276(13)	47(2) s	β⁺	¹³⁶Pm	0+
^136mSm	2264.7(11) keV			15(1) μs	IT	¹³⁶Sm	(8−)
¹³⁷Sm	62	75	136.927008(31)	45(1) s	β⁺	¹³⁷Pm	(9/2−)
¹³⁸Sm	62	76	137.923244(13)	3.1(2) min	β⁺	¹³⁸Pm	0+
¹³⁹Sm	62	77	138.922297(12)	2.57(10) min	β⁺	¹³⁹Pm	1/2+
^139mSm	457.38(23) keV			10.7(6) s	IT (93.7%)	¹³⁹Sm	11/2−
^139mSm	457.38(23) keV			10.7(6) s	β⁺ (6.3%)	¹³⁹Pm	11/2−
¹⁴⁰Sm	62	78	139.918995(13)	14.82(12) min	β⁺	¹⁴⁰Pm	0+
¹⁴¹Sm	62	79	140.9184815(92)	10.2(2) min	β⁺	¹⁴¹Pm	1/2+
^141mSm	175.9(3) keV			22.6(2) min	β⁺ (99.69%)	¹⁴¹Pm	11/2−
^141mSm	175.9(3) keV			22.6(2) min	IT (0.31%)	¹⁴¹Sm	11/2−
¹⁴²Sm	62	80	141.9152094(20)	72.49(5) min	EC (>95%)	¹⁴²Pm	0+
¹⁴²Sm	62	80	141.9152094(20)	72.49(5) min	β⁺ (<5%)	¹⁴²Pm	0+
^142m1Sm	2372.1(4) keV			170(2) ns	IT	¹⁴²Sm	7−
^142m2Sm	3662.2(7) keV			480(60) ns	IT	¹⁴²Sm	10+
¹⁴³Sm	62	81	142.9146348(30)	8.75(6) min	EC (60.0%)	¹⁴³Pm	3/2+
¹⁴³Sm	62	81	142.9146348(30)	8.75(6) min	β⁺ (40.0%)	¹⁴³Pm	3/2+
^143m1Sm	753.99(16) keV			66(2) s	IT (99.76%)	¹⁴³Sm	11/2−
^143m1Sm	753.99(16) keV			66(2) s	β⁺ (0.24%)	¹⁴³Pm	11/2−
^143m2Sm	2793.8(13) keV			30(3) ms	IT	¹⁴³Sm	23/2−
¹⁴⁴Sm	62	82	143.9120063(16)	Observationally stable^{[n 10]}			0+	0.0308(4)
^144mSm	2323.60(8) keV			880(25) ns	IT	¹⁴⁴Sm	6+
¹⁴⁵Sm	62	83	144.9134172(16)	340(3) d	EC	¹⁴⁵Pm	7/2−
^145mSm	8815(1) keV			3.52(16) μs	IT	¹⁴⁵Sm	49/2+
¹⁴⁶Sm	62	84	145.9130468(33)	9.20(26)×10⁷ y^[2]	α	¹⁴²Nd	0+	Trace
¹⁴⁷Sm^{[n 11]}^{[n 12]}^{[n 13]}	62	85	146.9149044(14)	1.066(5)×10¹¹ y	α	¹⁴³Nd	7/2−	0.1500(14)
¹⁴⁸Sm^{[n 11]}	62	86	147.9148292(13)	6.3(13)×10¹⁵ y	α	¹⁴⁴Nd	0+	0.1125(9)
¹⁴⁹Sm^{[n 12]}^{[n 14]}	62	87	148.9171912(12)	Observationally stable^{[n 15]}			7/2−	0.1382(10)
¹⁵⁰Sm	62	88	149.9172820(12)	Observationally stable^{[n 16]}			0+	0.0737(9)
¹⁵¹Sm^{[n 12]}^{[n 14]}	62	89	150.9199389(12)	94.6(6) y	β⁻	¹⁵¹Eu	5/2−
^151mSm	261.13(4) keV			1.4(1) μs	IT	¹⁵¹Sm	(11/2)−
¹⁵²Sm^{[n 12]}	62	90	151.9197386(11)	Observationally stable^{[n 17]}			0+	0.2674(9)
¹⁵³Sm^{[n 12]}	62	91	152.9221036(11)	46.2846(23) h	β⁻	¹⁵³Eu	3/2+
^153mSm	98.39(10) keV			10.6(3) ms	IT	¹⁵³Sm	11/2−
¹⁵⁴Sm^{[n 12]}	62	92	153.9222158(14)	Observationally stable^{[n 18]}			0+	0.2274(14)
¹⁵⁵Sm	62	93	154.9246466(14)	22.18(6) min	β⁻	¹⁵⁵Eu	3/2−
^155m1Sm	16.5467(19) keV			2.8(5) μs	IT	¹⁵⁵Sm	5/2+
^155m2Sm	538.03(19) keV			1.00(8) μs	IT	¹⁵⁵Sm	11/2−
¹⁵⁶Sm	62	94	155.9255382(91)	9.4(2) h	β⁻	¹⁵⁶Eu	0+
^156mSm	1397.55(9) keV			185(7) ns	IT	¹⁵⁶Sm	5−
¹⁵⁷Sm	62	95	156.9284186(48)	8.03(7) min	β⁻	¹⁵⁷Eu	3/2−#
¹⁵⁸Sm	62	96	157.9299493(51)	5.30(3) min	β⁻	¹⁵⁸Eu	0+
¹⁵⁹Sm	62	97	158.9332171(64)	11.37(15) s	β⁻	¹⁵⁹Eu	5/2−
^159mSm	1276.5(8) keV			116(8) ns	IT	¹⁵⁹Sm	(15/2+)
¹⁶⁰Sm	62	98	159.9353370(21)	9.6(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁰Eu	0+
^160m1Sm	1361.3(4) keV			120(46) ns	IT	¹⁶⁰Sm	(5−)
^160m2Sm	2757.3(4) keV			1.8(4) μs	IT	¹⁶⁰Sm	(11+)
¹⁶¹Sm	62	99	160.9391601(73)	4.8(4) s	β⁻	¹⁶¹Eu	7/2+#
^161mSm	1388.1(6) keV			2.6(4) μs	IT	¹⁶¹Sm	(17/2−)
¹⁶²Sm	62	100	161.9416217(38)	2.7(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶²Eu	0+
^162mSm	1009.4(5) keV			1.78(7) μs	IT	¹⁶²Sm	(4−)
¹⁶³Sm	62	101	162.9456791(79)	1.744+0.180 −0.204 s^[11]	β⁻	¹⁶³Eu	1/2−#
¹⁶³Sm	62	101	162.9456791(79)	1.744+0.180 −0.204 s^[11]	β⁻, n (<0.1%)	¹⁶²Eu	1/2−#
¹⁶⁴Sm	62	102	163.9485501(44)	1.422+0.54 −0.59 s^[11]	β⁻	¹⁶⁴Eu	0+
¹⁶⁴Sm	62	102	163.9485501(44)	1.422+0.54 −0.59 s^[11]	β⁻, n (<0.7%)	¹⁶³Eu	0+
^164mSm	1485.5(12) keV			600(140) ns	IT	¹⁶⁴Sm	(6−)
¹⁶⁵Sm	62	103	164.95329(43)#	592+51 −55 ms^[11]	β⁻ (98.64%)	¹⁶⁵Eu	5/2−#
¹⁶⁵Sm	62	103	164.95329(43)#	592+51 −55 ms^[11]	β⁻, n (1.36%)	¹⁶⁴Eu	5/2−#
¹⁶⁶Sm	62	104	165.95658(43)#	396+56 −63 ms^[11]	β⁻ (95.62%)	¹⁶⁶Eu	0+
¹⁶⁶Sm	62	104	165.95658(43)#	396+56 −63 ms^[11]	β⁻, n (4.38%)	¹⁶⁵Eu	0+
¹⁶⁷Sm	62	105	166.96207(54)#	334+83 −78 ms^[11]	β⁻	¹⁶⁷Eu	7/2−#
¹⁶⁷Sm	62	105	166.96207(54)#	334+83 −78 ms^[11]	β⁻, n (<16%)	¹⁶⁶Eu	7/2−#
¹⁶⁸Sm	62	106	167.96603(32)#	353+210 −164 ms^[11]	β⁻	¹⁶⁸Eu	0+#
¹⁶⁸Sm	62	106	167.96603(32)#	353+210 −164 ms^[11]	β⁻, n (<21%)	¹⁶⁷Eu	0+#
This table header & footer: view

^^mSm – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer thanage of universe.
^^a ^b ^c# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Modes of decay:
IT: Isomeric transition

p: Proton emission
^Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^Believed to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to¹⁴⁴Nd
^^a ^bPrimordial radioisotope
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fFission product
^Used inSamarium–neodymium dating
^^a ^bNeutron poison in reactors
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁴⁵Nd with a half-life over2×10¹⁵ years^[10]
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁴⁶Nd^[10]
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁴⁸Nd^[10]
^Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to¹⁵⁴Gd with ahalf-life over2.3×10¹⁸ years

Samarium-149

[edit]

Samarium-149 (¹⁴⁹Sm) is an observationally stable isotope ofsamarium (predicted to decay, but no decays have ever been observed, giving it a half-life at least several orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe), and a product of the decay chain from thefission product¹⁴⁹Nd (yield 1.0888%).¹⁴⁹Sm is aneutron-absorbingnuclear poison with significant effect onnuclear reactor operation, second only to¹³⁵Xe. Itsneutron cross section is 40140barns forthermal neutrons.

The equilibrium concentration (and thus the poisoning effect) builds to an equilibrium value in about 500 hours (about 20 days) of reactor operation, and since¹⁴⁹Sm is stable, the concentration remains essentially constant during further reactor operation. This contrasts withxenon-135, which accumulates from the beta decay ofiodine-135 (a short livedfission product) and has a high neutron cross section, but itself decays with a half-life of 9.2 hours (so does not remain in constant concentration long after the reactor shutdown), causing the so-calledxenon pit.

Samarium-151

[edit]

Medium-lived fission products
v
t
e
Nuclide	t_1⁄2	Yield	Q^{[a 1]}	βγ
	(a)	(%)^{[a 2]}	(keV)
¹⁵⁵Eu	4.74	0.0803^{[a 3]}	252	βγ
⁸⁵Kr	10.73	0.2180^{[a 4]}	687	βγ
^113mCd	13.9	0.0008^{[a 3]}	316	β
⁹⁰Sr	28.91	4.505	2826^{[a 5]}	β
¹³⁷Cs	30.04	6.337	1176	βγ
^121mSn	43.9	0.00005	390	βγ
¹⁵¹Sm	94.6	0.5314^{[a 3]}	77	β
^Decay energy is split amongβ,neutrino, andγ if any. ^Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of²³⁵U and 35 of²³⁹Pu. ^^a ^b ^cNeutron poison; in thermal reactors, most is destroyed by further neutron capture. ^Less than 1/4 of mass-85 fission products as most bypass ground state:⁸⁵Br →^85mKr →⁸⁵Rb. ^Has decay energy 546 keV; its decay product⁹⁰Y has decay energy 2.28 MeV with weak gamma branching.

Yield, % perfission^[12]
	Thermal	Fast	14 MeV
²³²Th	notfissile	0.399 ± 0.065	0.165 ± 0.035
²³³U	0.333 ± 0.017	0.312 ± 0.014	0.49 ± 0.11
²³⁵U	0.4204 ± 0.0071	0.431 ± 0.015	0.388 ± 0.061
²³⁸U	notfissile	0.810 ± 0.012	0.800 ± 0.057
²³⁹Pu	0.776 ± 0.018	0.797 ± 0.037	?
²⁴¹Pu	0.86 ± 0.24	0.910 ± 0.025	?

Samarium-151 (¹⁵¹Sm) has ahalf-life of 94.6 years, undergoing low-energy beta decay, and has afission product yield of 0.4203% for thermal neutrons and²³⁵U, about 39% of¹⁴⁹Sm's yield. The yield is somewhat higher for²³⁹Pu.

Itsneutron absorption cross section forthermal neutrons is high at 15200barns, about 38% of¹⁴⁹Sm's absorption cross section, or about 20 times that of²³⁵U. Since the ratios between the production and absorption rates of¹⁵¹Sm and¹⁴⁹Sm are almost equal, the two isotopes should reach similar equilibrium concentrations. Since¹⁴⁹Sm reaches equilibrium in about 500 hours (20 days),¹⁵¹Sm should reach equilibrium in about 50 days. As this is still much shorter than its radioactive half-life, decay will hardly affect this equilibrium while in the reactor.

Since nuclear fuel is used for several years (burnup) in anuclear power plant, the final amount of¹⁵¹Sm in thespent nuclear fuel at discharge is only a small fraction of the total¹⁵¹Sm produced during the use of the fuel. According to one study, the mass fraction of¹⁵¹Sm in spent fuel is about 0.0025 for heavy loading ofMOX fuel and about half that for uranium fuel, which is roughly two orders of magnitude less than the mass fraction of about 0.15 for themedium-lived fission product ¹³⁷Cs.^[13] Thedecay energy of¹⁵¹Sm is also about an order of magnitude less than that of¹³⁷Cs. The low yield, low survival rate, and lowdecay energy mean that¹⁵¹Sm has insignificantnuclear waste impact compared to the two mainmedium-lived fission products¹³⁷Cs and⁹⁰Sr.

ANL factsheet

Samarium-153

[edit]

Samarium-153 (¹⁵³Sm) has a half-life of 46.285 hours, undergoing β⁻ decay into stable¹⁵³Eu. As a component ofsamarium lexidronam, it is used in palliation ofbone cancer.^[14] It is treated by the body in a similar manner to calcium, and it localizes selectively tobone.

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^^a ^b ^cChiera, Nadine M.; Sprung, Peter; Amelin, Yuri; Dressler, Rugard; Schumann, Dorothea; Talip, Zeynep (1 August 2024)."The¹⁴⁶Sm half-life re-measured: consolidating the chronometer for events in the early Solar System".Scientific Reports.14 (1).doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64104-6.PMC 11294585.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Samarium".CIAAW. 2005.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^Samir Maji; et al. (2006). "Separation of samarium and neodymium: a prerequisite for getting signals from nuclear synthesis".Analyst.131 (12):1332–1334.Bibcode:2006Ana...131.1332M.doi:10.1039/b608157f.PMID 17124541.
^He, M.; Shen, H.; Shi, G.; Yin, X.; Tian, W.; Jiang, S. (2009). "Half-life of¹⁵¹Sm remeasured".Physical Review C.80 (6) 064305.Bibcode:2009PhRvC..80f4305H.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.80.064305.
^^a ^bKinoshita, N.; Paul, M.; Kashiv, Y.; Collon, P.; Deibel, C. M.; DiGiovine, B.; Greene, J. P.; Henderson, D. J.; Jiang, C. L.; Marley, S. T.; Nakanishi, T.; Pardo, R. C.; Rehm, K. E.; Robertson, D.; Scott, R.; Schmitt, C.; Tang, X. D.; Vondrasek, R.; Yokoyama, A. (30 March 2012). "A Shorter 146Sm Half-Life Measured and Implications for 146Sm-142Nd Chronology in the Solar System".Science.335 (6076):1614–1617.arXiv:1109.4805.Bibcode:2012Sci...335.1614K.doi:10.1126/science.1215510.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 22461609.S2CID 206538240. (Retracted, seedoi:10.1126/science.adh7739, PMID 36996231, Retraction Watch)
^
- Kinoshita, N.; Paul, M.; Kashiv, Y.; Collon, P.; Deibel, C. M.; DiGiovine, B.; Greene, J. P.; Jiang, C. L.; Marley, S. T.; Pardo, R. C.; Rehm, K. E.; Robertson, D.; Scott, R.; Schmitt, C.; Tang, X. D.; Vondrasek, R.; Yokoyama, A. (30 March 2023)."Retraction".Science.379 (6639): 1307.Bibcode:2023Sci...379.1307K.doi:10.1126/science.adh7739.PMID 36996231.S2CID 236990856.
- Joelving, Frederik (30 March 2023)."One small error for a physicist, one giant blunder for planetary science".Retraction Watch. Retrieved30 March 2023.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^^a ^b ^cBelli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; Incicchitti, A.; Tretyak, V. I. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays".European Physical Journal A.55 (140):4–6.arXiv:1908.11458.Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B.doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2.S2CID 201664098.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fKiss, G. G.; Vitéz-Sveiczer, A.; Saito, Y.; et al. (2022)."Measuring the β-decay properties of neutron-rich exotic Pm, Sm, Eu, and Gd isotopes to constrain the nucleosynthesis yields in the rare-earth region".The Astrophysical Journal.936 (107): 107.Bibcode:2022ApJ...936..107K.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac80fc.hdl:2117/375253.
^https://www-nds.iaea.org/sgnucdat/c3.htm Cumulative Fission Yields,IAEA
^Christophe Demazière.Reactor Physics Calculations on MOX Fuel in Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs)(PDF) (Report). OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. Figure 2, page 6
^Ballantyne, Jane C; Fishman, Scott M; Rathmell, James P. (2009-10-01).Bonica's Management of Pain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 655–.ISBN 978-0-7817-6827-6. Retrieved19 July 2011.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102