Movatterモバイル変換

Isotopes of rubidium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Isotopes of rubidium" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Isotopes ofrubidium (₃₇Rb)

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
⁸²Rb	synth	1.2575 m	β⁺	⁸²Kr
⁸³Rb	synth	86.2 d	ε	⁸³Kr
⁸⁴Rb	synth	32.82 d	β⁺	⁸⁴Kr
⁸⁴Rb	synth	32.82 d	β⁻	⁸⁴Sr
⁸⁵Rb	72.2%	stable
⁸⁶Rb	synth	18.645 d	β⁻	⁸⁶Sr
⁸⁶Rb	synth	18.645 d	ε	⁸⁶Kr
⁸⁷Rb	27.8%	4.97×10¹⁰ y	β⁻	⁸⁷Sr

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Rb)

85.4678±0.0003^[2]
85.468±0.001 (abridged)^[3]

Rubidium (₃₇Rb) has 35 knownisotopes, from⁷²Rb to¹⁰⁶Rb, with naturally occurring rubidium composed of two: stable⁸⁵Rb (72.2%) andradioactive⁸⁷Rb (27.8%). Theprimordial radionuclide⁸⁷Rb has ahalf-life of4.97×10¹⁰ years,beta decaying to stable⁸⁷Sr. It is, as the element is, widespread on Earth as rubidium readily substitutes forpotassium in allminerals. The decay of⁸⁷Rb has been used extensively indating rocks; seerubidium–strontium dating for a more detailed discussion.

Other than⁸⁷Rb, the longest-livedradioisotopes are⁸³Rb with a half-life of 86.2 days,⁸⁴Rb with a half-life of 32.82 days, and⁸⁶Rb with a half-life of 18.645 days. All other radioisotopes have half-lives less than a day, most less than 20 minutes. Of the isomeric states the most stable is^82mRb at 6.472 hours.

The ground state of⁸²Rb has a much shorterhalf-life of 1.2575 minutes. It is used medically in somecardiac positron emission tomography scans to assessmyocardial perfusion. It is synthesized through the longer-lived⁸²Sr, made in a cyclotron, though agenerator. It may be administered as thechloride.

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[4] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 5]}			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
⁷²Rb	37	35	71.95885(54)#	103(22) ns	p	⁷¹Kr	1+#
⁷³Rb	37	36	72.950605(44)	<81 ns	p	⁷²Kr	3/2−#
⁷⁴Rb	37	37	73.9442659(32)	64.78(3) ms	β⁺	⁷⁴Kr	0+
⁷⁵Rb	37	38	74.9385732(13)	19.0(12) s	β⁺	⁷⁵Kr	3/2−
⁷⁶Rb	37	39	75.9350730(10)	36.5(6) s	β⁺	⁷⁶Kr	1−
⁷⁶Rb	37	39	75.9350730(10)	36.5(6) s	β⁺,α (3.8×10⁻⁷%)	⁷²Se	1−
^76mRb	316.93(8) keV			3.050(7) μs	IT	⁷⁶Rb	(4+)
⁷⁷Rb	37	40	76.9304016(14)	3.78(4) min	β⁺	⁷⁷Kr	3/2−
⁷⁸Rb	37	41	77.9281419(35)	17.66(3) min	β⁺	⁷⁸Kr	0+
^78m1Rb	46.84(14) keV			910(40) ns	IT	⁷⁸Rb	(1−)
^78m2Rb	111.19(22) keV			5.74(3) min	β⁺ (91%)	⁷⁸Kr	4−
^78m2Rb	111.19(22) keV			5.74(3) min	IT (9%)	⁷⁸Rb	4−
⁷⁹Rb	37	42	78.9239901(21)	22.9(5) min	β⁺	⁷⁹Kr	5/2+
⁸⁰Rb	37	43	79.9225164(20)	33.4(7) s	β⁺	⁸⁰Kr	1+
^80mRb	493.9(5) keV			1.63(4) μs	IT	⁸⁰Rb	(6+)
⁸¹Rb	37	44	80.9189939(53)	4.572(4) h	β⁺	⁸¹Kr	3/2−
^81mRb	86.31(7) keV			30.5(3) min	IT (97.6%)	⁸¹Rb	9/2+
^81mRb	86.31(7) keV			30.5(3) min	β⁺ (2.4%)	⁸¹Kr	9/2+
⁸²Rb	37	45	81.9182090(32)	1.2575(2) min	β⁺	⁸²Kr	1+
^82mRb	69.0(15) keV			6.472(6) h	β⁺	⁸²Kr	5−
⁸³Rb	37	46	82.9151142(25)	86.2(1) d	EC	⁸³Kr	5/2−
^83mRb	42.0780(20) keV			7.8(7) ms	IT	⁸³Rb	9/2+
⁸⁴Rb	37	47	83.9143752(24)	32.82(7) d	β⁺ (96.1%)	⁸⁴Kr	2−
⁸⁴Rb	37	47	83.9143752(24)	32.82(7) d	β⁻ (3.9%)	⁸⁴Sr	2−
^84mRb	463.59(8) keV			20.26(4) min	IT	⁸⁴Rb	6−
⁸⁵Rb^{[n 10]}	37	48	84.9117897360(54)	Stable			5/2−	0.7217(2)
^85mRb	514.0065(22) keV			1.015(1) μs	IT	⁸⁵Rb	9/2+
⁸⁶Rb	37	49	85.91116744(21)	18.645(8) d	β⁻ (99.9948%)	⁸⁶Sr	2−
⁸⁶Rb	37	49	85.91116744(21)	18.645(8) d	EC (0.0052%)	⁸⁶Kr	2−
^86mRb	556.05(18) keV			1.017(3) min	IT	⁸⁶Rb	6−
⁸⁷Rb^{[n 10]}^{[n 11]}^{[n 12]}	37	50	86.909180529(6)	4.97(3)×10¹⁰ y	β⁻	⁸⁷Sr	3/2−	0.2783(2)
⁸⁸Rb	37	51	87.91131559(17)	17.78(3) min	β⁻	⁸⁸Sr	2−
^88mRb	1373.8(3) keV			123(13) ns	IT	⁸⁸Rb	(7+)
⁸⁹Rb	37	52	88.9122781(58)	15.32(10) min	β⁻	⁸⁹Sr	3/2−
⁹⁰Rb	37	53	89.9147976(69)	158(5) s	β⁻	⁹⁰Sr	0−
^90mRb	106.90(3) keV			258(4) s	β⁻ (97.4%)	⁹⁰Sr	3−
^90mRb	106.90(3) keV			258(4) s	IT (2.6%)	⁹⁰ Rb	3−
⁹¹Rb	37	54	90.9165373(84)	58.2(3) s	β⁻	⁹¹Sr	3/2−
⁹²Rb	37	55	91.9197285(66)	4.48(3) s	β⁻ (99.99%)	⁹²Sr	0−
⁹²Rb	37	55	91.9197285(66)	4.48(3) s	β⁻,n (0.0107%)	⁹¹Sr	0−
⁹³Rb	37	56	92.9220393(84)	5.84(2) s	β⁻ (98.61%)	⁹³Sr	5/2−
⁹³Rb	37	56	92.9220393(84)	5.84(2) s	β⁻, n (1.39%)	⁹²Sr	5/2−
^93mRb	4423.1(15) keV			111(11) ns	IT	⁹³Rb	(27/2−)
⁹⁴Rb	37	57	93.9263948(22)	2.702(5) s	β⁻ (89.7%)	⁹⁴Sr	3−
⁹⁴Rb	37	57	93.9263948(22)	2.702(5) s	β⁻, n (10.3%)	⁹³Sr	3−
^94m1Rb	104.2(2) keV			130(15) ns	IT	⁹⁴Rb	(0−)
^94m2Rb	2074.9(14) keV			107(16) ns	IT	⁹⁴Rb	(10−)
⁹⁵Rb	37	58	94.929264(22)	377.7(8) ms	β⁻ (91.3%)	⁹⁵Sr	5/2−
⁹⁵Rb	37	58	94.929264(22)	377.7(8) ms	β⁻, n (8.7%)	⁹⁴Sr	5/2−
^95mRb	835.0(6) keV			<500 ns	IT	⁹⁵Rb	9/2+#
⁹⁶Rb	37	59	95.9341334(36)	201.5(9) ms	β⁻ (86.3%)	⁹⁶Sr	2−
⁹⁶Rb	37	59	95.9341334(36)	201.5(9) ms	β⁻, n (13.7%)	⁹⁵Sr	2−
^96m1Rb^{[n 13]}	0(200)# keV			200# ms [>1 ms]			1(+#)
^96m2Rb	1134.6(11) keV			1.80(4) μs	IT	⁹⁶Rb	(10−)
⁹⁷Rb	37	60	96.9371771(21)	169.1(6) ms	β⁻ (74.5%)	⁹⁷Sr	3/2+
⁹⁷Rb	37	60	96.9371771(21)	169.1(6) ms	β⁻, n (25.5%)	⁹⁶Sr	3/2+
^97mRb	76.6(2) keV			5.7(6) μs	IT	⁹⁷Rb	(1/2,3/2)−
⁹⁸Rb	37	61	97.941632(17)	115(6) ms	β⁻(85.65%)	⁹⁸Sr	(0−)
					β⁻, n (14.3%)	⁹⁷Sr
					β⁻, 2n (0.054%)	⁹⁶Sr
^98m1Rb	73(26) keV			96(3) ms	β⁻	⁹⁸Sr	(3+)
^98m2Rb	178.5(4) keV			358(7) ns	IT	⁹⁸Rb	(2−)
⁹⁹Rb	37	62	98.9451192(43)	54(4) ms	β⁻ (82.7%)	⁹⁹Sr	(3/2+)
⁹⁹Rb	37	62	98.9451192(43)	54(4) ms	β⁻, n (17.3%)	⁹⁸Sr	(3/2+)
¹⁰⁰Rb	37	63	99.950332(14)	51.3(16) ms	β⁻ (94.3%)	¹⁰⁰Sr	4−#
					β⁻, n (5.6%)	⁹⁹Sr
					β⁻, 2n (0.15%)	⁹⁸Sr
¹⁰¹Rb	37	64	100.954302(22)	31.8(33) ms	β⁻ (72%)	¹⁰¹Sr	3/2+#
¹⁰¹Rb	37	64	100.954302(22)	31.8(33) ms	β⁻, n (28%)	¹⁰⁰Sr	3/2+#
¹⁰²Rb	37	65	101.960008(89)	37(4) ms	β⁻, n (65%)	¹⁰¹Sr	(4+)
¹⁰²Rb	37	65	101.960008(89)	37(4) ms	β⁻ (35%)	¹⁰²Sr	(4+)
¹⁰³Rb	37	66	102.96440(43)#	26(11) ms	β⁻	¹⁰³Sr	3/2+#
¹⁰⁴Rb	37	67	103.97053(54)#	35# ms [>550 ns]
¹⁰⁵Rb^[5]	37	68
¹⁰⁶Rb^[5]	37	69
This table header & footer: view

^^mRb – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer thanage of universe.
^^a ^b ^c# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
^Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^^a ^bFission product
^Primordial radionuclide
^Used inrubidium–strontium dating
^Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

Rubidium-87

[edit]

Rubidium-87 is one of two natural isotopes of rubidium, with an abundance of 27.835%, and a half-life of4.97×10¹⁰ years, withbeta decay tostrontium-87, a stable isotope.

During fractional crystallization ofigneous rock, Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase, leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Hence, the Rb/Sr ratio in residual magma may increase over time, resulting in rocks with increasing Rb/Sr ratios with increasing differentiation. The highest ratios (10 or higher) occur in pegmatites. The age of a mineral, if it has not been subsequently altered, is determined by the parent and daughter abundances, the half-life, and the original content of the daughter, here strontium; the⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio helps in its calculation. Seerubidium-strontium dating for further detail.

Rubidium-87 was the first and the most popular atom for makingBose–Einstein condensates in diluteatomic gases. Even thoughrubidium-85 is more abundant, rubidium-87 has a positive scattering length, which means it is mutually repulsive, at low temperatures. This prevents a collapse of all but the smallest condensates. It is also easy to evaporatively cool, with a consistent strong mutual scattering. There is also a strong supply of cheap uncoateddiode lasers typically used inCD writers, which can operate at the correct wavelength.

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Rubidium".CIAAW. 1969.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^^a ^bSumikama, T.; et al. (2021)."Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of 110Zr".Physical Review C.103 (1) 014614.Bibcode:2021PhRvC.103a4614S.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614.hdl:10261/260248.S2CID 234019083.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_rubidium&oldid=1314209776"

Categories:

Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭

EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission

Movatterモバイル変換

List of isotopes

Rubidium-87

See also

References