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Isotopes of potassium

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Main isotopes			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
³⁹K	93.3%	stable
⁴⁰K	0.0117%	1.248×10⁹ y	β⁻	⁴⁰Ca
			ε	⁴⁰Ar
			β⁺	⁴⁰Ar
⁴¹K	6.73%	stable

Standard atomic weightA_r°(K)

39.0983±0.0001^[1]
39.098±0.001 (abridged)^[2]

Potassium (
₁₉K) has 25 knownisotopes from³⁴
K to⁵⁷
K as well as³¹
K, as well as an unconfirmed report of⁵⁹
K.^[3] Three of those isotopes occur naturally: the two stable forms³⁹
K (93.26%) and⁴¹
K (6.72%), and the long-lived radioisotope⁴⁰
K (0.012%).

Naturally occurring radioactive⁴⁰
K decays with ahalf-life of 1.248×10⁹ years. 89% of those decays are to stable⁴⁰
Ca bybeta decay, whilst 11% are to⁴⁰
Ar by eitherelectron capture orpositron emission. This latter decay branch has produced an isotopic abundance of argon on Earth which differs greatly from that seen ingas giants and stellar spectra.⁴⁰
K has the longest known half-life for any positron-emittingnuclide.^[4] The long half-life of thisprimordial radioisotope is caused by a highlyspin-forbidden transition:⁴⁰
K has anuclear spin of 4, while both of its decay daughters areeven–even isotopes with spins of 0.

⁴⁰
K occurs in natural potassium in sufficient quantity that large bags ofpotassium chloride commercialsalt substitutes can be used as aradioactive source for classroom demonstrations.^{[citation needed]}⁴⁰
K is the largest source of natural radioactivity in healthy animals and humans, greater even than¹⁴
C. In a human body of 70 kg mass, about 4300 nuclei of⁴⁰
K decay per second.^[5]

The decay of⁴⁰
K to⁴⁰
Ar is used inpotassium-argon dating of rocks.Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic⁴⁰
Ar that has accumulated.⁴⁰
K has also been extensively used as aradioactive tracer in studies ofweathering.^{[citation needed]}

All other potassium isotopes have half-lives under a day, most under a minute. The unbound³¹
K was discovered in 2019 and emitsthreeprotons; its half-life was measured to be shorter than 10picoseconds.^[6]^[7]

Stable potassium isotopes have been used for severalnutrient cycling studies since potassium is amacronutrient required for life.^[8]

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[9] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[10] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[10]	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity^[10] ^{[n 6]}^{[n 4]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 4]}			Half-life^[10] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[10]	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity^[10] ^{[n 6]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion^[10]	Range of variation
³¹ K^[6]^[7]	19	12	31.03678(32)#	<10 ps	3p	²⁸S	3/2+#
³⁴K^[11]	19	15	33.998404(18)		p	³³Ar
³⁵K	19	16	34.98800541(55)	175.2(19) ms	β⁺ (99.63%)	³⁵Ar	3/2+
³⁵K	19	16	34.98800541(55)	175.2(19) ms	β⁺, p (0.37%)	³⁴Cl	3/2+
³⁶K	19	17	35.98130189(35)	341(3) ms	β⁺ (99.95%)	³⁶Ar	2+
					β⁺, p (0.048%)	³⁵Cl
					β⁺,α (0.0034%)	³²S
³⁷K	19	18	36.97337589(10)	1.23651(94) s	β⁺	³⁷Ar	3/2+
³⁸K	19	19	37.96908111(21)	7.651(19) min	β⁺	³⁸Ar	3+
^38m1K	130.15(4) keV			924.35(12) ms	β⁺ (99.97%)	³⁸Ar	0+
^38m1K	130.15(4) keV			924.35(12) ms	IT (0.0330%)	³⁸K	0+
^38m2K	3458.10(17) keV			21.95(11) μs	IT	³⁸K	(7)+
³⁹K	19	20	38.9637064848(49)	Stable			3/2+	0.932581(44)
⁴⁰K^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	19	21	39.963998165(60)	1.248(3)×10⁹ y	β⁻ (89.28%)	⁴⁰Ca	4−	1.17(1)×10⁻⁴
					EC (10.72%)	⁴⁰Ar
					β⁺ (0.001%)^[12]	⁴⁰Ar
^40mK	1643.638(11) keV			336(12) ns	IT	⁴⁰K	0+
⁴¹K	19	22	40.9618252561(40)	Stable			3/2+	0.067302(44)
⁴²K	19	23	41.96240231(11)	12.355(7) h	β⁻	⁴²Ca	2−
⁴³K	19	24	42.96073470(44)	22.3(1) h	β⁻	⁴³Ca	3/2+
^43mK	738.30(6) keV			200(5) ns	IT	⁴³K	7/2−
⁴⁴K	19	25	43.96158698(45)	22.13(19) min	β⁻	⁴⁴Ca	2−
⁴⁵K	19	26	44.96069149(56)	17.8(6) min	β⁻	⁴⁵Ca	3/2+
⁴⁶K	19	27	45.96198158(78)	96.30(8) s	β⁻	⁴⁶Ca	2−
⁴⁷K	19	28	46.9616616(15)	17.38(3) s	β⁻	⁴⁷Ca	1/2+
⁴⁸K	19	29	47.96534118(83)	6.83(14) s	β⁻ (98.86%)	⁴⁸Ca	1−
⁴⁸K	19	29	47.96534118(83)	6.83(14) s	β⁻,n (1.14%)	⁴⁷Ca	1−
⁴⁹K	19	30	48.96821075(86)	1.26(5) s	β⁻, n (86%)	⁴⁸Ca	1/2+
⁴⁹K	19	30	48.96821075(86)	1.26(5) s	β⁻ (14%)	⁴⁹Ca	1/2+
⁵⁰K	19	31	49.9723800(83)	472(4) ms	β⁻ (71.4%)	⁵⁰Ca	0−
					β⁻, n (28.6%)	⁴⁹Ca
					β⁻, 2n?	⁴⁸Ca
^50mK	172.0(4) keV			125(40) ns	IT	⁵⁰K	(2−)
⁵¹K	19	32	50.975828(14)	365(5) ms	β⁻, n (65%)	⁵⁰Ca	3/2+
					β⁻ (35%)	⁵¹Ca
					β⁻, 2n?	⁴⁹Ca
⁵²K	19	33	51.981602(36)	110(4) ms	β⁻, n (72.2%)	⁵¹Ca	2−#
					β⁻ (25.5%)	⁵²Ca
					β⁻, 2n (2.3%)	⁵⁰Ca
⁵³K	19	34	52.98680(12)	30(5) ms	β⁻, n (64%)	⁵²Ca	3/2+
					β⁻ (26%)	⁵³Ca
					β⁻, 2n (10%)	⁵¹Ca
⁵⁴K	19	35	53.99447(43)#	10(5) ms	β⁻	⁵⁴Ca	2−#
					β⁻, n?	⁵³Ca
					β⁻, 2n?	⁵²Ca
⁵⁵K	19	36	55.00051(54)#	10# ms [>620 ns]	β⁻?	⁵⁵Ca	3/2+#
					β⁻, n?	⁵⁴Ca
					β⁻, 2n?	⁵³Ca
⁵⁶K	19	37	56.00857(64)#	5# ms [>620 ns]	β⁻?	⁵⁶Ca	2−#
					β⁻, n?	⁵⁵Ca
					β⁻, 2n?	⁵⁴Ca
⁵⁷K	19	38	57.01517(64)#	2# ms [>400 ns]	β⁻?	⁵⁷Ca	3/2+#
					β⁻, n?	⁵⁶Ca
					β⁻, 2n?	⁵⁵Ca
⁵⁹K^[3]^{[n 9]}	19	40	59.03086(86)#	1# ms [>400 ns]	β⁻?	⁵⁹Ca	3/2+#
					β⁻, n?	⁵⁸Ca
					β⁻, 2n?	⁵⁷Ca
This table header & footer: view

^^mK – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^^a ^b ^c# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^Used inpotassium-argon dating
^Primordial radionuclide
^Discovery of this isotope is unconfirmed.

References

[edit]

^"Standard Atomic Weights: Potassium".CIAAW. 1979.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^^a ^bNeufcourt, Léo; Cao, Yuchen; Nazarewicz, Witold; et al. (14 February 2019). "Neutron Drip Line in the Ca Region from Bayesian Model Averaging".Physical Review Letters.122 (6) 062502.arXiv:1901.07632.Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122f2502N.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502.PMID 30822058.
^Of longer ones, only⁵⁰V and¹³⁸La are theoretically capable of it, but they are still more forbidden and have very low energy release.
^Rowland RE."The Radioactivity of the Normal Adult Body".rerowland.com. Archived fromthe original on 2011-02-05.
^^a ^b"A peculiar atom shakes up assumptions of nuclear structure".Nature.573 (7773): 167. 6 September 2019.Bibcode:2019Natur.573T.167..doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02655-9.PMID 31506620.
^^a ^bKostyleva, D.; et al. (2019). "Towards the Limits of Existence of Nuclear Structure: Observation and First Spectroscopy of the Isotope³¹K by Measuring Its Three-Proton Decay".Physical Review Letters.123 (9) 092502.arXiv:1905.08154.Bibcode:2019PhRvL.123i2502K.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.092502.PMID 31524489.S2CID 159041565.
^"Soil potassium isotope composition during four million years of ecosystem development in Hawaiʻi".par.nsf.gov. June 2022.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^^a ^b ^c ^dKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^Dronchi, N.; Charity, R. J.; Sobotka, L. G.; Brown, B. A.; Weisshaar, D.; Gade, A.; Brown, K. W.; Reviol, W.; Bazin, D.; Farris, P. J.; Hill, A. M.; Li, J.; Longfellow, B.; Rhodes, D.; Paneru, S. N.; Gillespie, S. A.; Anthony, A. K.; Rubino, E.; Biswas, S. (2024-09-12). "Evolution of shell gaps in the neutron-poor calcium region from invariant-mass spectroscopy of^37,38Sc,³⁵Ca, and³⁴K".Physical Review C.110 (3).doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.110.L031302.ISSN 2469-9985.OSTI 2441307.
^Engelkemeir, D. W.; Flynn, K. F.; Glendenin, L. E. (1962). "Positron Emission in the Decay of K40".Physical Review.126 (5): 1818.Bibcode:1962PhRv..126.1818E.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.126.1818.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102

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