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Isotopes of hafnium

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Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
¹⁷²Hf	synth	1.87 y	ε	¹⁷²Lu
¹⁷⁴Hf	0.16%	3.8×10¹⁶ y^[2]	α	¹⁷⁰Yb
¹⁷⁵Hf	synth	69.90 d^[3]	ε	¹⁷⁵Lu
¹⁷⁶Hf	5.26%	stable
¹⁷⁷Hf	18.6%	stable
¹⁷⁸Hf	27.3%	stable
^178m2Hf	synth	31 y	IT	¹⁷⁸Hf
¹⁷⁹Hf	13.6%	stable
¹⁸⁰Hf	35.1%	stable
¹⁸¹Hf	synth	42.39 d	β⁻	¹⁸¹Ta
¹⁸²Hf	synth	8.90×10⁶ y	β⁻	¹⁸²Ta

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Hf)

178.486±0.006^[4]
178.49±0.01 (abridged)^[5]

Naturalhafnium (₇₂Hf) consists of five observationally stableisotopes (¹⁷⁶Hf,¹⁷⁷Hf,¹⁷⁸Hf,¹⁷⁹Hf, and¹⁸⁰Hf) and one very long-livedradioisotope,¹⁷⁴Hf, with ahalf-life of3.8×10¹⁶ years.^[2] The next most stable radioisotope is¹⁸²Hf with a half-life of 8.90 million years, anextinct radionuclide used inhafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology ofplanetary differentiation.^[6]

Other isotopes have been synthesized running from¹⁵³Hf to¹⁹²Hf, but none of the 33 others has a half-life over 1.87 years, and most have half-lives under five minutes. There are also at least 41nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is^178m2Hf with a half-life of 31 years. All isotopes of hafnium are either radioactive orobservationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[7] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 5]}			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
¹⁵³Hf	72	81	152.97069(32)#	400# ms [>200 ns]			1/2+#
¹⁵⁴Hf	72	82	153.96486(32)#	2(1) s	β⁺	¹⁵⁴Lu	0+
¹⁵⁴Hf	72	82	153.96486(32)#	2(1) s	α (rare)	¹⁵⁰Yb	0+
^154mHf	2721(50)# keV			9(4) μs	IT	¹⁵⁴Hf	(10+)
¹⁵⁵Hf	72	83	154.96317(32)#	843(30) ms	β⁺	¹⁵⁵Lu	7/2−#
¹⁵⁶Hf	72	84	155.95940(16)	23(1) ms	α	¹⁵²Yb	0+
^156mHf	1958.8(10) keV			480(40) μs	α	¹⁵²Yb	(8+)
¹⁵⁷Hf	72	85	156.95829(22)#	115(1) ms	α (94%)	¹⁵³Yb	7/2−
¹⁵⁷Hf	72	85	156.95829(22)#	115(1) ms	β⁺ (6%)	¹⁵⁷Lu	7/2−
¹⁵⁸Hf	72	86	157.954801(19)	2.85(7) s	β⁺ (55.7%)	¹⁵⁸Lu	0+
¹⁵⁸Hf	72	86	157.954801(19)	2.85(7) s	α (44.3%)	¹⁵⁴Yb	0+
¹⁵⁹Hf	72	87	158.953996(18)	5.20(10) s	β⁺ (65%)	¹⁵⁹Lu	7/2−
¹⁵⁹Hf	72	87	158.953996(18)	5.20(10) s	α (35%)	¹⁵⁵Yb	7/2−
¹⁶⁰Hf	72	88	159.950683(10)	13.6(2) s	β⁺ (99.3%)	¹⁶⁰Lu	0+
¹⁶⁰Hf	72	88	159.950683(10)	13.6(2) s	α (0.7%)	¹⁵⁶Yb	0+
¹⁶¹Hf	72	89	160.950278(25)	18.4(4) s	β⁺ (99.71%)	¹⁶¹Lu	(7/2−)
¹⁶¹Hf	72	89	160.950278(25)	18.4(4) s	α (0.29%)	¹⁵⁷Yb	(7/2−)
^161mHf	329.0(5) keV			4.8(2) μs	IT	¹⁶¹Hf	(13/2+)
¹⁶²Hf	72	90	161.9472155(96)	39.4(9) s	β⁺ (99.99%)	¹⁶²Lu	0+
¹⁶²Hf	72	90	161.9472155(96)	39.4(9) s	α (0.008%)	¹⁵⁸Yb	0+
¹⁶³Hf	72	91	162.947107(28)	40.0(6) s	β⁺	¹⁶³Lu	(5/2−)
¹⁶⁴Hf	72	92	163.944371(17)	111(8) s	β⁺	¹⁶⁴Lu	0+
¹⁶⁵Hf	72	93	164.944567(30)	76(4) s	β⁺	¹⁶⁵Lu	(5/2−)
¹⁶⁶Hf	72	94	165.942180(30)	6.77(30) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁶Lu	0+
¹⁶⁷Hf	72	95	166.942600(30)	2.05(5) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁷Lu	(5/2)−
¹⁶⁸Hf	72	96	167.940568(30)	25.95(20) min	EC (98%)	¹⁶⁸Lu	0+
¹⁶⁸Hf	72	96	167.940568(30)	25.95(20) min	β⁺ (2%)	¹⁶⁸Lu	0+
¹⁶⁹Hf	72	97	168.941259(30)	3.24(4) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁹Lu	(5/2−)
¹⁷⁰Hf	72	98	169.939609(30)	16.01(13) h	EC	¹⁷⁰Lu	0+
¹⁷¹Hf	72	99	170.940492(31)	12.1(4) h	β⁺	¹⁷¹Lu	7/2+
^171mHf	21.93(9) keV			29.5(9) s	IT	¹⁷¹Hf	1/2−
¹⁷²Hf	72	100	171.939450(26)	1.87(3) y	EC	¹⁷²Lu	0+
^172mHf	2005.84(11) keV			163(3) ns	IT	¹⁷²Hf	(8−)
¹⁷³Hf	72	101	172.940513(30)	23.6(1) h	β⁺	¹⁷³Lu	1/2−
^173m1Hf	107.16(5) keV			180(8) ns	IT	¹⁷³Hf	5/2−
^173m2Hf	197.47(10) keV			160(40) ns	IT	¹⁷³Hf	7/2+
¹⁷⁴Hf^{[n 9]}	72	102	173.9400484(24)	3.8+1.7 −0.9×10¹⁶ y^[2]	α^{[n 10]}	¹⁷⁰Yb	0+	0.0016(12)
^174m1Hf	1549.26(4) keV			138(4) ns	IT	¹⁷⁴Hf	6+
^174m2Hf	1797.59(7) keV			2.39(4) μs	IT	¹⁷⁴Hf	8−
^174m3Hf	3312.07(6) keV			3.7(2) μs	IT	¹⁷⁴Hf	14+
¹⁷⁵Hf	72	103	174.9415114(25)	69.90(7) d^[3]	EC	¹⁷⁵Lu	5/2−
^175m1Hf	125.89(12) keV			53.7(15) μs	IT	¹⁷⁵Hf	1/2−
^175m2Hf	1433.41(12) keV			1.10(8) μs	IT	¹⁷⁵Hf	19/2+
^175m3Hf	3015.6(4) keV			1.21(15) μs	IT	¹⁷⁵Hf	35/2−
^175m4Hf	4636.2(12) keV			1.9(1) μs	IT	¹⁷⁵Hf	45/2+
¹⁷⁶Hf^{[n 11]}	72	104	175.9414098(16)	Observationally Stable^{[n 12]}			0+	0.0526(70)
^176m1Hf	1333.07(7) keV			9.6(3) μs	IT	¹⁷⁶Hf	6+
^176m2Hf	1559.31(9) keV			9.9(2) μs	IT	¹⁷⁶Hf	8−
^176m3Hf	2865.8(7) keV			401(6) μs	IT	¹⁷⁶Hf	14−
^176m4Hf	4863.6(9) keV			43(4) μs	IT	¹⁷⁶Hf	22−
¹⁷⁷Hf	72	105	176.9432302(15)	Observationally Stable^{[n 13]}			7/2−	0.1860(16)
^177m1Hf	1315.4502(8) keV			1.09(5) s	IT	¹⁷⁷Hf	23/2+
^177m2Hf	1342.4(10) keV			55.9(12) μs	IT	¹⁷⁷Hf	(19/2−)
^177m3Hf	2740.02(15) keV			51.4(5) min	IT	¹⁷⁷Hf	37/2−
¹⁷⁸Hf	72	106	177.9437083(15)	Observationally Stable^{[n 14]}			0+	0.2728(28)
^178m1Hf	1147.416(6) keV			4.0(2) s	IT	¹⁷⁸Hf	8−
^178m2Hf	2446.09(8) keV			31(1) y	IT	¹⁷⁸Hf	16+
^178m3Hf	2572.4(3) keV			68(2) μs	IT	¹⁷⁸Hf	14−
¹⁷⁹Hf	72	107	178.9458257(15)	Observationally Stable^{[n 15]}			9/2+	0.1362(11)
^179m1Hf	375.0352(25) keV			18.67(4) s	IT	¹⁷⁹Hf	1/2−
^179m2Hf	1106.412(33) keV			25.00(17) d	IT	¹⁷⁹Hf	25/2−
^179m3Hf	3775.2(21) keV			15(5) μs	IT	¹⁷⁹Hf	(43/2+)
¹⁸⁰Hf	72	108	179.9465595(15)	Observationally Stable^{[n 16]}			0+	0.3508(33)
^180m1Hf	1141.552(15) keV			5.53(2) h	IT (99.69%)	¹⁸⁰Hf	8−
^180m1Hf	1141.552(15) keV			5.53(2) h	β⁻ (0.31%)	^180m1Ta^[8]	8−
^180m2Hf	1374.36(4) keV			570(20) μs	IT	¹⁸⁰Hf	4−
^180m3Hf	2485.5(5) keV			0.94(11) μs	IT	¹⁸⁰Hf	12+
^180m4Hf	3599.0(10) keV			90(10) μs	IT	¹⁸⁰Hf	(18−)
¹⁸¹Hf	72	109	180.9491108(15)	42.39(6) d	β⁻	¹⁸¹Ta	1/2−
^181m1Hf	595.27(4) keV			80(5) μs	IT	¹⁸¹Hf	(9/2+)
^181m2Hf	1043.5(8) keV			~100 μs	IT	¹⁸¹Hf	(17/2+)
^181m3Hf	1741.9(13) keV			1.5(5) ms	IT	¹⁸¹Hf	(25/2−)
¹⁸²Hf^{[n 17]}	72	110	181.9505637(66)	8.90(9)×10⁶ y	β⁻	¹⁸²Ta	0+
^182m1Hf	1172.87(18) keV			61.5(15) min	β⁻ (54%)	¹⁸²Ta	8−
^182m1Hf	1172.87(18) keV			61.5(15) min	IT (46%)	¹⁸²Hf	8−
^182m2Hf	2571.3(12) keV			40(10) μs	IT	¹⁸²Hf	(13+)
¹⁸³Hf	72	111	182.953533(32)	1.018(2) h	β⁻	¹⁸³Ta	(3/2−)
^183mHf	1464(64) keV			40(30) s	IT	¹⁸³Hf	27/2−#
¹⁸⁴Hf	72	112	183.955449(43)	4.12(5) h	β⁻	¹⁸⁴Ta	0+
^184m1Hf	1272.2(4) keV			48(10) s	IT	¹⁸⁴Hf	8−
^184m2Hf	2477(10) keV			16(7) min			15+#
¹⁸⁵Hf	72	113	184.958862(69)	3.5(6) min	β⁻	¹⁸⁵Ta	(9/2−)
¹⁸⁶Hf	72	114	185.960897(55)	2.6(12) min	β⁻	¹⁸⁶Ta	0+
^186mHf	2968(43) keV			>20 s			17+#
¹⁸⁷Hf	72	115	186.96457(22)#	14# s [>300 ns]			9/2−#
^187mHf	500(300)# keV			270(80) ns	IT	¹⁸⁷Hf	3/2−#
¹⁸⁸Hf	72	116	187.96690(32)#	7# s [>300 ns]			0+
¹⁸⁹Hf	72	117	188.97085(32)#	400# ms [>300 ns]			3/2−#
¹⁹⁰Hf	72	118	189.97338(43)#	600# ms [>300 ns]			0+
¹⁹¹Hf^[9]	72	119
¹⁹²Hf^[9]	72	120					0+
This table header & footer: view

^^mHf – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer thanage of universe.
^^a ^b ^c# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^primordial radionuclide
^Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to¹⁷⁴Yb
^Used inlutetium-hafnium dating
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁷²Yb
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁷³Yb with a half-life over 1.3×10¹⁸ y.
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁷⁴Yb
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁷⁵Yb
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁷⁶Yb
^Extinct radionuclide, used inhafnium–tungsten dating^[6]

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^^a ^b ^cBelli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Cappella, F.; Caracciolo, V.; Cerulli, R.; Incicchitti, A.; Laubenstein, M.; Leoncini, A.; Merlo, V.; Nagorny, S.S.; Nahorna, V.V.; Nisi, S.; Wang, P. (January 2025). "A new measurement of 174Hf alpha decay".Nuclear Physics A.1053 122976.doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2024.122976.
^^a ^bKmak, K. N.; Neupane, S.; Kolos, K.; et al. (2025)."Measurement of the¹⁷⁵Hf half-life".Physical Review C.111 (024308).doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.111.024308.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Hafnium".CIAAW. 2019.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^^a ^bKleine T, Walker RJ (August 2017)."Tungsten Isotopes in Planets".Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences.45 (1):389–417.Bibcode:2017AREPS..45..389K.doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020037.PMC 6398955.PMID 30842690.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^McCutchan, E.A. (May 2015)."Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 180".Nuclear Data Sheets.126:151–372.doi:10.1016/j.nds.2015.05.002.
^^a ^bHaak, K.; Tarasov, O. B.; Chowdhury, P.; et al. (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of¹⁹⁸Pt".Physical Review C.108 (34608) 034608.Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108c4608H.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608.S2CID 261649436.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102

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