Movatterモバイル変換

Isotopes of gallium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
⁶⁶Ga	synth	9.304 h	β⁺	⁶⁶Zn
⁶⁷Ga	synth	3.2617 d	ε	⁶⁷Zn
⁶⁸Ga	synth	67.84 min	β⁺	⁶⁸Zn
⁶⁹Ga	60.1%	stable
⁷⁰Ga	synth	21.14 min	β⁻	⁷⁰Ge
⁷⁰Ga	synth	21.14 min	ε	⁷⁰Zn
⁷¹Ga	39.9%	stable
⁷²Ga	synth	14.025 h	β⁻	⁷²Ge
⁷³Ga	synth	4.86 h	β⁻	⁷³Ge

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Ga)

69.723±0.001^[2]
69.723±0.001 (abridged)^[3]

Naturalgallium (₃₁Ga) consists of a mixture of two stableisotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Syntheticradioisotopes are known withatomic masses ranging from 60 to 89, along with sevennuclear isomers. Most of the isotopes withatomic mass numbers below 69 decay byelectron capture andpositron emission to isotopes ofzinc, while most of the isotopes with masses above 71beta decay to isotopes ofgermanium.

The medically important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68, used for imaging, and further described below.

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[4] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
⁶⁰Ga	31	29	59.957041(16)^[5]	69.4(2) ms^[5]	β⁺ (98.4%)	⁶⁰Zn	(2+)
					β⁺,p (1.6%)	⁵⁹Cu
					β⁺,α? (<0.023%)	⁵⁶Ni
⁶¹Ga	31	30	60.949399(41)	165.9(25) ms	β⁺	⁶¹Zn	3/2−
⁶¹Ga	31	30	60.949399(41)	165.9(25) ms	β⁺, p? (<0.25%)	⁶⁰Cu	3/2−
⁶²Ga	31	31	61.94418964(68)	116.122(21) ms	β⁺	⁶²Zn	0+
⁶³Ga	31	32	62.9392942(14)	32.4(5) s	β⁺	⁶³Zn	3/2−
⁶⁴Ga	31	33	63.9368404(15)	2.627(12) min	β⁺	⁶⁴Zn	0(+#)
^64mGa	42.85(8) keV			21.9(7) μs	IT	⁶⁴Ga	(2+)
⁶⁵Ga	31	34	64.93273442(85)	15.133(28) min	β⁺	⁶⁵Zn	3/2−
⁶⁶Ga	31	35	65.9315898(12)	9.304(8) h	β⁺	⁶⁶Zn	0+
⁶⁷Ga^{[n 8]}	31	36	66.9282023(13)	3.2617(4) d	EC	⁶⁷Zn	3/2−
⁶⁸Ga^{[n 8]}	31	37	67.9279802(15)	67.842(16) min	β⁺	⁶⁸Zn	1+
⁶⁹Ga	31	38	68.9255735(13)	Stable			3/2−	0.60108(50)
⁷⁰Ga	31	39	69.9260219(13)	21.14(5) min	β⁻ (99.59%)	⁷⁰Ge	1+
⁷⁰Ga	31	39	69.9260219(13)	21.14(5) min	EC (0.41%)	⁷⁰Zn	1+
⁷¹Ga	31	40	70.92470255(87)	Stable			3/2−	0.39892(50)
⁷²Ga	31	41	71.92636745(88)	14.025(10) h	β⁻	⁷²Ge	3−
^72mGa	119.66(5) keV			39.68(13) ms	IT	⁷²Ga	(0+)
⁷³Ga	31	42	72.9251747(18)	4.86(3) h	β⁻	⁷³Ge	1/2−
^73mGa	0.15(9) keV			<200 ms	IT?	⁷³Ga	3/2−
^73mGa	0.15(9) keV			<200 ms	β⁻	⁷³Ge	3/2−
⁷⁴Ga	31	43	73.9269457(32)	8.12(12) min	β⁻	⁷⁴Ge	(3−)
^74mGa	59.571(14) keV			9.5(10) s	IT (>75%)	⁷⁴Ga	(0)(+#)
^74mGa	59.571(14) keV			9.5(10) s	β⁻? (<25%)	⁷⁴Ge	(0)(+#)
⁷⁵Ga	31	44	74.92650448(72)	126(2) s	β⁻	⁷⁵Ge	3/2−
⁷⁶Ga	31	45	75.9288276(21)	30.6(6) s	β⁻	⁷⁶Ge	2−
⁷⁷Ga	31	46	76.9291543(26)	13.2(2) s	β⁻	^77mGe (88%)	3/2−
⁷⁷Ga	31	46	76.9291543(26)	13.2(2) s	β⁻	⁷⁷Ge (12%)	3/2−
⁷⁸Ga	31	47	77.9316109(11)	5.09(5) s	β⁻	⁷⁸Ge	2−
^78mGa	498.9(5) keV			110(3) ns	IT	⁷⁸Ga
⁷⁹Ga	31	48	78.9328516(13)	2.848(3) s	β⁻ (99.911%)	⁷⁹Ge	3/2−
⁷⁹Ga	31	48	78.9328516(13)	2.848(3) s	β⁻,n (0.089%)	⁷⁸Ge	3/2−
⁸⁰Ga	31	49	79.9364208(31)	1.9(1) s	β⁻ (99.14%)	⁸⁰Ge	6−
⁸⁰Ga	31	49	79.9364208(31)	1.9(1) s	β⁻, n (.86%)	⁷⁹Ge	6−
^80mGa^{[n 9]}	22.45(10) keV			1.3(2) s	β⁻	⁸⁰Ge	3−
					β⁻, n?	⁷⁹Ge
					IT	⁸⁰Ga
⁸¹Ga	31	50	80.9381338(35)	1.217(5) s	β⁻ (87.5%)	^81mGe	5/2−
⁸¹Ga	31	50	80.9381338(35)	1.217(5) s	β⁻, n (12.5%)	⁸⁰Ge	5/2−
⁸²Ga	31	51	81.9431765(26)	600(2) ms	β⁻ (78.8%)	⁸²Ge	2−
					β⁻, n (21.2%)	⁸¹Ge
					β⁻, 2n?	⁸⁰Ge
^82mGa	140.7(3) keV			93.5(67) ns	IT	⁸²Ga	(4−)
⁸³Ga	31	52	82.9471203(28)	310.0(7) ms	β⁻, n (85%)	⁸²Ge	5/2−#
					β⁻ (15%)	⁸³Ge
					β⁻, 2n?	⁸¹Ge
⁸⁴Ga	31	53	83.952663(32)	97.6(12) ms	β⁻ (55%)	⁸⁴Ge	0−#
					β⁻, n (43%)	⁸³Ge
					β⁻, 2n (1.6%)	⁸²Ge
⁸⁵Ga	31	54	84.957333(40)	95.3(10) ms	β⁻, n (77%)	⁸⁴Ge	(5/2−)
					β⁻ (22%)	⁸⁵Ge
					β⁻, 2n (1.3%)	⁸³Ge
⁸⁶Ga	31	55	85.96376(43)#	49(2) ms	β⁻, n (69%)	⁸⁵Ge
					β⁻, 2n (16.2%)	⁸⁴Ge
					β⁻ (15%)	⁸⁶Ge
⁸⁷Ga	31	56	86.96901(54)#	29(4) ms	β⁻, n (81%)	⁸⁶Ge	5/2−#
					β⁻, 2n (10.2%)	⁸⁵Ge
					β⁻ (9%)	⁸⁷Ge
⁸⁸Ga^[6]	31	57	87.97596(54)#		β⁻?	⁸⁸Ge
⁸⁸Ga^[6]	31	57	87.97596(54)#		β⁻, n?	⁸⁷Ge
⁸⁹Ga^[6]	31	58
This table header & footer: view

^^mGa – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^^a ^bMedicalradioisotope used in imaging
^Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

Gallium-67

[edit]

Gallium-67 (⁶⁷
Ga), the longest-lived radioactive isotope of gallium with a half-life of 3.2617 days, decays byelectron capture withgamma emission to stable zinc-67. It is aradiopharmaceutical used ingallium scans (as is gallium-68). This isotope is imaged by agamma camera.

It is usually used as the free ion, Ga³⁺.

Gallium-68

[edit]

Gallium-68 (⁶⁸
Ga) is apositron emitter with a half-life of 67.84 minutes, decaying to stable zinc-68. It is used as aradiopharmaceutical,generatedin situ from theelectron capture of germanium-68 (half-life 271.05 days) owing to its short half-life. The isotope, where acyclotron is available, can be made in greater quantities by proton bombardment of⁶⁸Zn.^[7]^[8] This positron-emitting isotope can be imaged efficiently by PET scan: seegallium scan. Gallium-68 is normally used as a radioactive label for a ligand which binds to certain tissues, such asDOTATOC andDOTATATE,^[9] which aresomatostatin analogues useful for imagingneuroendocrine tumors, which gives it a different tissue uptake specificity from the free ion gallium-67 is usually used as. Such scans are useful in locatingneuroendocrine tumors andpancreatic cancer.^[10] Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors (usingindium-111) is being increasingly replaced bygallium-68 DOTATOC scan.^[11]

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium".CIAAW. 1987.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^^a ^bOrrigo, S. E. A.; Rubio, B.; Gelletly, W.; Aguilera, P.; Algora, A.; Morales, A. I.; Agramunt, J.; Ahn, D. S.; Ascher, P.; Blank, B.; Borcea, C.; Boso, A.; Cakirli, R. B.; Chiba, J.; de Angelis, G.; de France, G.; Diel, F.; Doornenbal, P.; Fujita, Y.; Fukuda, N.; Ganioğlu, E.; Gerbaux, M.; Giovinazzo, J.; Go, S.; Goigoux, T.; Grévy, S.; Guadilla, V.; Inabe, N.; Kiss, G. G.; Kubo, T.; Kubono, S.; Kurtukian-Nieto, T.; Lubos, D.; Magron, C.; Molina, F.; Montaner-Pizá, A.; Napoli, D.; Nishimura, D.; Nishimura, S.; Oikawa, H.; Phong, V. H.; Sakurai, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Sidong, C.; Söderström, P.-A.; Sumikama, T.; Suzuki, H.; Takeda, H.; Takei, Y.; Tanaka, M.; Wu, J.; Yagi, S. (29 January 2021). "β decay of the very neutron-deficient Ge 60 and Ge 62 nuclei".Physical Review C.103 (1) 014324.arXiv:2008.10576.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014324.
^^a ^bShimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam".Physical Review C.109 (4) 044313.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.
^Kumlin, J; Dam, J; Langkjaer, N; Chua, C.J.; Borjian, S.; Kassaian, A; Hook, B; Zeisler, S; Schaffer, P; Helge, Thisgaard (October 2019)."Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron".Conference: EANM'19. Retrieved13 December 2019.
^Thisgaard, Helge; Kumlin, Joel; Langkjær, Niels; Chua, Jansen; Hook, Brian; Jensen, Mikael; Kassaian, Amir; Zeisler, Stefan; Borjian, Sogol; Cross, Michael; Schaffer, Paul (2021-01-07)."Multi-curie production of gallium-68 on a biomedical cyclotron and automated radiolabelling of PSMA-11 and DOTATATE".EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry.6 (1) 1.doi:10.1186/s41181-020-00114-9.ISSN 2365-421X.PMC 7790954.PMID 33411034.
^Chauhan, Aman; El-Khouli, Riham; Waits, Timothy; Agrawal, Rohitashva; Siddiqui, Fariha; Tarter, Zachary; Horn, Millicent; Weiss, Heidi; Oates, Elizabeth; Evers, B. Mark; Anthony, Lowell (2020-08-11)."Post FDA approval analysis of 200 gallium-68 DOTATATE imaging: A retrospective analysis in neuroendocrine tumor patients".Oncotarget.11 (32):3061–3068.doi:10.18632/oncotarget.27695.ISSN 1949-2553.PMC 7429177.PMID 32850010.
^Hofman, M.S.; Kong, G.; Neels, O.C.; Eu, P.; Hong, E.; Hicks, R.J. (2012)."High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours".Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology.56 (1):40–47.doi:10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x.PMID 22339744.S2CID 21843609.
^Scott, A, et al. (2018)."Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors".Journal of Oncology Practice.14 (8):471–482.doi:10.1200/JOP.18.00135.PMC 6091496.PMID 30096273.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102