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Isotopes of cadmium

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Isotopes ofcadmium (₄₈Cd)

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
¹⁰⁶Cd	1.25%	stable
¹⁰⁷Cd	synth	6.50 h	ε	¹⁰⁷Ag
¹⁰⁸Cd	0.89%	stable
¹⁰⁹Cd	synth	461.3 d	ε	¹⁰⁹Ag
¹¹⁰Cd	12.5%	stable
¹¹¹Cd	12.8%	stable
¹¹²Cd	24.1%	stable
¹¹³Cd	12.2%	8.04×10¹⁵ y	β⁻	¹¹³In
^113mCd	synth	13.9 y	β⁻	¹¹³In
^113mCd	synth	13.9 y	IT	¹¹³Cd
¹¹⁴Cd	28.8%	stable
¹¹⁵Cd	synth	53.46 h	β⁻	¹¹⁵In
¹¹⁶Cd	7.51%	2.69×10¹⁹ y	β⁻β⁻	¹¹⁶Sn

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Cd)

112.414±0.004^[2]
112.41±0.01 (abridged)^[3]

Naturally occurringcadmium (₄₈Cd) is composed of 8isotopes. For two of them, naturalradioactivity has been observed, and three others are predicted to possibly decay though this has not been observed; it may be presumed the half-lives are extremely long. The two natural radioactive isotopes are¹¹³Cd (beta decay, half-life8.04×10¹⁵ years) and¹¹⁶Cd (double beta decay, half-life2.69×10¹⁹ years). The other three are¹⁰⁶Cd,¹⁰⁸Cd (double electron capture), and¹¹⁴Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their decays have been set. Only three isotopes—¹¹⁰Cd,¹¹¹Cd, and¹¹²Cd—are theoretically stable. Among the isotopes absent in natural cadmium, the most long-lived are¹⁰⁹Cd with a half-life of 461.3 days, and¹¹⁵Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 7 hours and the majority of these are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 12 knownmeta states, with the most stable being^113mCd (t_1/2 13.9 years),^115mCd (t_1/2 44.6 days) and^117mCd (t_1/2 3.44 hours).

The known isotopes of cadmium range from⁹⁵Cd to¹³²Cd. The primarydecay mode before the stable isotope¹¹²Cd iselectron capture toisotopes of silver, and after, beta emission toisotopes of indium.

A 2021 study has shown at high ionic strengths, cadmium isotope fractionation mainly depends on its complexation with carboxylic sites. At low ionic strengths, nonspecific cadmium binding induced by electrostatic attractions plays a dominant role and promotes cadmium isotope fractionation during complexation.^[4]

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[5] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 9]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 9]}			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 9]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
⁹⁴Cd	48	46	93.95659(54)#	80# ms [> 760 ns]			0+
⁹⁵Cd	48	47	94.94948(61)#	32(3) ms	β⁺ (95.4%)	⁹⁵Ag	9/2+#
⁹⁵Cd	48	47	94.94948(61)#	32(3) ms	β⁺,p (4.6%)	⁹⁴Pd	9/2+#
⁹⁶Cd	48	48	95.94034(44)#	1.003(47) s	β⁺ (98.4%)	⁹⁶Ag	0+
⁹⁶Cd	48	48	95.94034(44)#	1.003(47) s	β⁺, p (1.6%)	⁹⁵Pd	0+
^96m1Cd	6000(1400) keV			511(26) ms	β⁺ (84.6%)	⁹⁶Ag	16+
^96m1Cd	6000(1400) keV			511(26) ms	β⁺, p (15.4%)	⁹⁵Pd	16+
^96m2Cd	5605(5) keV			198(18) ns	IT	⁹⁶Cd	(12−,13−)
⁹⁷Cd	48	49	96.93480(45)	1.16(5) s	β⁺ (92.6%)	⁹⁷Ag	(9/2+)
⁹⁷Cd	48	49	96.93480(45)	1.16(5) s	β⁺, p (7.4%)	⁹⁶Pd	(9/2+)
^97m1Cd	1245.1(2) keV			730(70) μs	IT	⁹⁷Cd	(1/2−)
^97m2Cd	2620(580) keV			3.86(6) s	β⁺ (74.9%)	⁹⁷Ag	(25/2+)
^97m2Cd	2620(580) keV			3.86(6) s	β⁺, p (25.1%)	⁹⁶Pd	(25/2+)
⁹⁸Cd	48	50	97.927389(56)	9.29(10) s	β⁺ (>99.97%)	⁹⁸Ag	0+
⁹⁸Cd	48	50	97.927389(56)	9.29(10) s	β⁺, p (<0.029%)	⁹⁷Pd	0+
^98m1Cd	2428.3(4) keV			154(16) ns	IT	⁹⁸Cd	(8+)
^98m2Cd	6635(2) keV			224(5) ns	IT	⁹⁸Cd	(12+)
⁹⁹Cd	48	51	98.9249258(17)	17(1) s	β⁺ (99.79%)	⁹⁹Ag	5/2+#
					β⁺, p (0.21%)	⁹⁸Pd
					β⁺, α (<10⁻⁴%)	⁹⁵Rh
¹⁰⁰Cd	48	52	99.9203488(18)	49.1(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁰Ag	0+
¹⁰¹Cd	48	53	100.9185862(16)	1.36(5) min	β⁺	¹⁰¹Ag	5/2+
¹⁰²Cd	48	54	101.9144818(18)	5.5(5) min	β⁺	¹⁰²Ag	0+
¹⁰³Cd	48	55	102.9134169(19)	7.3(1) min	β⁺	¹⁰³Ag	5/2+
¹⁰⁴Cd	48	56	103.9098562(18)	57.7(10) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁴Ag	0+
¹⁰⁵Cd	48	57	104.9094639(15)	55.5(4) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁵Ag	5/2+
^105mCd	2517.6(5) keV			4.5(5) μs	IT	¹⁰⁵Cd	(21/2+)
¹⁰⁶Cd	48	58	105.9064598(12)	Observationally stable^{[n 10]}			0+	0.01245(22)
¹⁰⁷Cd	48	59	106.9066120(18)	6.50(2) h	β⁺	¹⁰⁷Ag	5/2+
¹⁰⁸Cd	48	60	107.9041836(12)	Observationally stable^{[n 11]}			0+	0.00888(11)
¹⁰⁹Cd	48	61	108.9049867(16)	461.3(5) d	EC	¹⁰⁹Ag	5/2+
^109m1Cd	59.60(7) keV			11.8(16) μs	IT	¹⁰⁹Cd	1/2+
^109m2Cd	463.10(11) keV			10.6(4) μs	IT	¹⁰⁹Cd	11/2−
¹¹⁰Cd	48	62	109.90300747(41)	Stable			0+	0.12470(61)
¹¹¹Cd^{[n 12]}	48	63	110.90418378(38)	Stable			1/2+	0.12795(12)
^111mCd	396.214(21) keV			48.50(9) min	IT	¹¹¹Cd	11/2−
¹¹²Cd^{[n 12]}	48	64	111.90276390(27)	Stable			0+	0.24109(7)
¹¹³Cd^{[n 12]}^{[n 13]}	48	65	112.90440811(26)	8.04(5)×10¹⁵ y	β⁻	¹¹³In	1/2+	0.12227(7)
^113mCd^{[n 12]}	263.54(3) keV			13.89(11) y	β⁻ (99.90%)	¹¹³In	11/2−
^113mCd^{[n 12]}	263.54(3) keV			13.89(11) y	IT (0.0964%)	¹¹³Cd	11/2−
¹¹⁴Cd^{[n 12]}	48	66	113.90336500(30)	Observationally stable^{[n 14]}			0+	0.28754(81)
¹¹⁵Cd^{[n 12]}	48	67	114.90543743(70)	53.46(5) h	β⁻	^115mIn	1/2+
^115mCd^{[n 12]}	181.0(5) keV			44.56(24) d	β⁻	¹¹⁵In	11/2−
¹¹⁶Cd^{[n 12]}^{[n 13]}	48	68	115.90476323(17)	2.69(9)×10¹⁹ y	β⁻β⁻	¹¹⁶Sn	0+	0.07512(54)
¹¹⁷Cd	48	69	116.9072260(11)	2.503(5) h	β⁻	¹¹⁷In	1/2+
^117mCd	136.4(2) keV			3.441(9) h	β⁻	¹¹⁷In	11/2−
¹¹⁸Cd	48	70	117.906922(21)	50.3(2) min	β⁻	¹¹⁸In	0+
¹¹⁹Cd	48	71	118.909847(40)	2.69(2) min	β⁻	¹¹⁹In	1/2+
^119mCd	146.54(11) keV			2.20(2) min	β⁻	¹¹⁹In	11/2−
¹²⁰Cd	48	72	119.9098681(40)	50.80(21) s	β⁻	¹²⁰In	0+
¹²¹Cd	48	73	120.9129637(21)	13.5(3) s	β⁻	¹²¹In	3/2+
^121mCd	214.86(15) keV			8.3(8) s	β⁻	¹²¹In	11/2−
¹²²Cd	48	74	121.9134591(25)	5.98(10) s^[6]	β⁻	¹²²In	0+
¹²³Cd	48	75	122.9168925(29)	2.10(2) s	β⁻	¹²³In	3/2+
^123mCd	143(4) keV			1.82(3) s	β⁻ (?%)	¹²³In	11/2−
^123mCd	143(4) keV			1.82(3) s	IT (?%)	¹²³Cd	11/2−
¹²⁴Cd	48	76	123.9176598(28)	1.25(2) s	β⁻	¹²⁴In	0+
¹²⁵Cd	48	77	124.9212576(31)	680(40) ms	β⁻	¹²⁵In	3/2+
^125m1Cd	186(4) keV			480(30) ms	β⁻	¹²⁵In	11/2−
^125m2Cd	1648(4) keV			19(3) μs	IT	¹²⁵Cd	(19/2+)
¹²⁶Cd	48	78	125.9224303(25)	512(5) ms	β⁻	¹²⁶In	0+
¹²⁷Cd	48	79	126.9262033(67)	480(100) ms	β⁻	¹²⁷In	3/2+
^127m1Cd	285(8) keV			360(40) ms	β⁻	¹²⁷In	11/2−
^127m2Cd	1845(8) keV			17.5(3) μs	IT	¹²⁷Cd	(19/2+)
¹²⁸Cd	48	80	127.9278168(69)	246(2) ms	β⁻	¹²⁸In	0+
^128m1Cd	1870.5(3) keV			270(7) ns	IT	¹²⁸Cd	(5−)
^128m2Cd	2714.6(4) keV			3.56(6) μs	IT	¹²⁸Cd	(10+)
^128m3Cd	4286.6(15) keV			6.3(8) ms	IT	¹²⁸Cd	(15−)
¹²⁹Cd	48	81	128.9322356(57)	147(3) ms	β⁻ (?%)	¹²⁹In	11/2−
¹²⁹Cd	48	81	128.9322356(57)	147(3) ms	β⁻,n (?%)	¹²⁸In	11/2−
^129m1Cd	343(8) keV			157(8) ms	β⁻ (?%)	¹²⁹In	3/2+
^129m1Cd	343(8) keV			157(8) ms	β⁻,n (?%)	¹²⁸In	3/2+
^129m2Cd	2283(8) keV			3.6(2) ms	IT	¹²⁹Cd	(21/2+)
¹³⁰Cd	48	82	129.934388(24)	126.8(18) ms	β⁻ (96.5%)	¹³⁰In	0+
¹³⁰Cd	48	82	129.934388(24)	126.8(18) ms	β⁻, n (3.5%)	¹²⁹In	0+
^130mCd	2129.6(10) keV			240(16) ns	IT	¹³⁰Cd	(8+)
¹³¹Cd	48	83	130.940728(21)	98(2) ms	β⁻ (96.5%)	¹³¹In	7/2−#
¹³¹Cd	48	83	130.940728(21)	98(2) ms	β⁻, n (3.5%)	¹³⁰In	7/2−#
¹³²Cd	48	84	131.945823(64)	84(5) ms	β⁻, n (60%)	¹³¹In	0+
¹³²Cd	48	84	131.945823(64)	84(5) ms	β⁻ (40%)	¹³²In	0+
¹³³Cd	48	85	132.95261(22)#	61(6) ms	β⁻ (?%)	¹³³In	7/2−#
¹³³Cd	48	85	132.95261(22)#	61(6) ms	β⁻, n (?%)	¹³²In	7/2−#
¹³⁴Cd	48	86	133.95764(32)#	65(15) ms	β⁻	¹³⁴In	0+
This table header & footer: view

^^mCd – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer thanage of universe.
^Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
^Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^^a ^b# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Believed to decay by β⁺β⁺ to¹⁰⁶Pd with a half-life over 1.1×10²¹ years
^Believed to decay by β⁺β⁺ to¹⁰⁸Pd with a half-life over 4.1×10¹⁷ years
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^hFission product
^^a ^bPrimordial radionuclide
^Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to¹¹⁴Sn with a half-life over 9.2×10¹⁶ years

Cadmium-113m

[edit]

Medium-lived fission products
v
t
e
Nuclide	t_1⁄2	Yield	Q^{[a 1]}	βγ
	(a)	(%)^{[a 2]}	(keV)
¹⁵⁵Eu	4.74	0.0803^{[a 3]}	252	βγ
⁸⁵Kr	10.73	0.2180^{[a 4]}	687	βγ
^113mCd	13.9	0.0008^{[a 3]}	316	β
⁹⁰Sr	28.91	4.505	2826^{[a 5]}	β
¹³⁷Cs	30.04	6.337	1176	βγ
^121mSn	43.9	0.00005	390	βγ
¹⁵¹Sm	94.6	0.5314^{[a 3]}	77	β
^Decay energy is split amongβ,neutrino, andγ if any. ^Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of²³⁵U and 35 of²³⁹Pu. ^^a ^b ^cNeutron poison; in thermal reactors, most is destroyed by further neutron capture. ^Less than 1/4 of mass-85 fission products as most bypass ground state:⁸⁵Br →^85mKr →⁸⁵Rb. ^Has decay energy 546 keV; its decay product⁹⁰Y has decay energy 2.28 MeV with weak gamma branching.

Cadmium-113m is a cadmiumradioisotope andnuclear isomer with a half-life of 13.9 years. In a normalthermal reactor, it has a very lowfission product yield, plus its largeneutron capture cross section means that most of even the small amount produced is destroyed in the course of thenuclear fuel's burnup; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor tonuclear waste.

Fast fission or fission of some heavieractinides^[which?] will produce^113mCd at higher yields.

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Cadmium".CIAAW. 2013.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^Ratié, Gildas; Chrastný, Vladislav; Guinoiseau, Damien; Marsac, Rémi; Vaňková, Zuzana; Komárek, Michael (2021-06-01)."Cadmium Isotope Fractionation during Complexation with Humic Acid".Environmental Science & Technology.55 (11):7430–7444.Bibcode:2021EnST...55.7430R.doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00646.ISSN 0013-936X.PMID 33970606.S2CID 234361430.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^Nesterenko, D. A.; Ruotsalainen, J.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Al Ayoubi, L.; Beliuskina, O.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T.; Flayol, M.; Ge, Z.; Gins, W.; Hukkanen, M.; Jaries, A.; Kahl, D.; Kumar, D.; Nikas, S.; Ortiz-Cortes, A.; Penttilä, H.; Pitman-Weymouth, D.; Raggio, A.; Ramalho, M.; Reponen, M.; Rinta-Antila, S.; Romero, J.; de Roubin, A.; Srivastava, P. C.; Suhonen, J.; Virtanen, V.; Zadvornaya, A. (1 November 2023). "High-precision measurements of low-lying isomeric states in In 120 – 124 with the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap".Physical Review C.108 (5) 054301.arXiv:2306.11505.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.054301.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003),"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties",Nuclear Physics A,729:3–128,Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A,doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003)."Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.75 (6):683–800.doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006)."Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.78 (11):2051–2066.doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised".International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003),"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties",Nuclear Physics A,729:3–128,Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A,doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center."NuDat 3.0 database".Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.).Boca Raton, Florida:CRC Press.ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102