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Isotopes of berkelium

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Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
²⁴⁵Bk	synth	4.94 d	ε	²⁴⁵Cm
²⁴⁵Bk	synth	4.94 d	α	²⁴¹Am
²⁴⁶Bk	synth	1.80 d	β⁺	²⁴⁶Cm
²⁴⁶Bk	synth	1.80 d	α	²⁴²Am
²⁴⁷Bk	synth	1380 y	α	²⁴³Am
²⁴⁸Bk	synth	>9 y^[2]	α	²⁴⁴Am
²⁴⁹Bk	synth	327.2 d	β⁻	²⁴⁹Cf
			α	²⁴⁵Am
			SF	–

Berkelium (₉₇Bk) is anartificial element, and thus astandard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has nostable isotopes. The firstisotope to be synthesized was²⁴³Bk in 1949. There are nineteen knownradioisotopes, from²³³Bk to²⁵³Bk (except²³⁵Bk and²³⁷Bk), and sevennuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope known is²⁴⁷Bk with ahalf-life of 1,380 years; however²⁴⁸Bk, which has not been observed to decay, may live longer.

The isotope commonly used in study, though, is²⁴⁹Bk as is it the only that can be usefully extracted from reactoractinides and the only ever available in weighable quantity.

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[3] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 5]}^{[n 6]}
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 6]}			Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 5]}^{[n 6]}
²³³Bk	97	136	233.05665(25)#	40(30) s	α (82%)	²²⁹Am	3/2−#
²³³Bk	97	136	233.05665(25)#	40(30) s	β⁺? (18%)	²³³Cm	3/2−#
²³⁴Bk	97	137	234.05732(16)#	20(5) s	α (>80%)	²³⁰Am	3−#
²³⁴Bk	97	137	234.05732(16)#	20(5) s	β⁺ (<20%)	²³⁴Cm	3−#
²³⁶Bk	97	139	236.05748(39)#	26(10) s	β⁺ (99.96%)	²³⁶Cm	4+#
²³⁶Bk	97	139	236.05748(39)#	26(10) s	β⁺, SF (0.04%)	(various)	4+#
²³⁸Bk	97	141	238.05820(28)#	2.40(8) min	β⁺ (99.95%)	²³⁸Cm	1#
²³⁸Bk	97	141	238.05820(28)#	2.40(8) min	β⁺, SF (0.048%)	(various)	1#
²³⁹Bk	97	142	239.05824(22)#	100# s	β⁺	²³⁹Cm	(7/2+)
²⁴⁰Bk	97	143	240.05976(16)#	4.8(8) min	β⁺?	²⁴⁰Cm	7−#
					α?	²³⁶Am
					β⁺, SF (0.0013%)	(various)
²⁴¹Bk	97	144	241.06010(18)#	4.6(4) min	β⁺	²⁴¹Cm	(7/2+)
²⁴²Bk	97	145	242.06200(14)#	7.0(13) min	β⁺	²⁴²Cm	3+#
²⁴²Bk	97	145	242.06200(14)#	7.0(13) min	β⁺, SF (<3×10⁻⁵%)	(various)	3+#
^242mBk	2000(200)# keV			600(100) ns	SF	(various)
²⁴³Bk	97	146	243.063006(5)	4.6(2) h	β⁺ (99.85%)	²⁴³Cm	3/2−
²⁴³Bk	97	146	243.063006(5)	4.6(2) h	α (0.15%)	²³⁹Am	3/2−
²⁴⁴Bk	97	147	244.065179(15)	5.02(3) h	β⁺ (99.994%)^{[n 7]}	²⁴⁴Cm	4−
²⁴⁴Bk	97	147	244.065179(15)	5.02(3) h	α (0.006%)	²⁴⁰Am	4−
^244mBk	1500(500)# keV			820(60) ns	SF	(various)
²⁴⁵Bk	97	148	245.0663598(19)	4.95(3) d	EC (99.88%)	²⁴⁵Cm	3/2−
²⁴⁵Bk	97	148	245.0663598(19)	4.95(3) d	α (0.12%)	²⁴¹Am	3/2−
²⁴⁶Bk	97	149	246.06867(6)	1.80(2) d	β⁺	²⁴⁶Cm	2(−)
²⁴⁷Bk	97	150	247.070306(6)	1.38(25)×10³ y	α	²⁴³Am	3/2−
²⁴⁷Bk	97	150	247.070306(6)	1.38(25)×10³ y	SF?	(various)	3/2−
²⁴⁸Bk	97	151	248.07314(5)	>9 y	α?	²⁴⁴Am	6+#
					EC?	²⁴⁸Cm
					β⁻?	²⁴⁸Cf
^248mBk^{[n 8]}	−20(50) keV			23.7(2) h	β⁻ (70%)	²⁴⁸Cf	1(−)
^248mBk^{[n 8]}	−20(50) keV			23.7(2) h	EC (30%)	²⁴⁸Cm	1(−)
²⁴⁹Bk^{[n 9]}	97	152	249.0749831(13)	327.2(3) d	β⁻	²⁴⁹Cf	7/2+
					α (0.00145%)	²⁴⁵Am
					SF (4.7×10⁻⁸%)	(various)
^249mBk	8.777(14) keV			300 μs	IT	²⁴⁹Bk	3/2−
²⁵⁰Bk	97	153	250.078317(3)	3.212(5) h	β⁻	²⁵⁰Cf	2−
^250m1Bk	35.59(10) keV			29(1) μs	IT	²⁵⁰Bk	4+
^250m2Bk	85.6(16) keV			213(8) μs	IT	²⁵⁰Bk	7+
²⁵¹Bk	97	154	251.080761(12)	55.6(11) min	β⁻	²⁵¹Cf	(3/2−)
^251mBk	35.5(13) keV			58(4) μs	IT	²⁵¹Bk	(7/2+)
²⁵²Bk	97	155	252.08431(22)#	1.8(5) min	β⁻	²⁵²Cf
²⁵³Bk	97	156	253.08688(39)#	60# min	β⁻?	²⁵³Cf	3/2-#
This table header & footer: view

^^mBk – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture

SF: Spontaneous fission
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^^a ^b# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^NUBASE2020 question-marks this decay, but it has been observed directly, see e.g. the IAEA Chart of Nuclides.
^Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
^Most common isotope

Actinides vs fission products

[edit]

Actinides and fission products by half-life v t e
Actinides^[4] bydecay chain				Half-life range (a)	Fission products of²³⁵U byyield^[5]
4n (Thorium)	4n + 1 (Neptunium)	4n + 2 (Radium)	4n + 3 (Actinium)	Half-life range (a)	4.5–7%	0.04–1.25%	<0.001%
²²⁸Ra^№				4–6 a		¹⁵⁵Eu^þ
²⁴⁸Bk^[6]				> 9 a
²⁴⁴Cm^ƒ	²⁴¹Pu^ƒ	²⁵⁰Cf	²²⁷Ac^№	10–29 a	⁹⁰Sr	⁸⁵Kr	^113mCd^þ
²³²U^ƒ		²³⁸Pu^ƒ	²⁴³Cm^ƒ	29–97 a	¹³⁷Cs	¹⁵¹Sm^þ	^121mSn
	²⁴⁹Cf^ƒ	^242mAm^ƒ		141–351 a	No fission products have ahalf-life in the range of 100 a–210 ka ...
	²⁴¹Am^ƒ		²⁵¹Cf^ƒ^[7]	430–900 a
		²²⁶Ra^№	²⁴⁷Bk	1.3–1.6 ka
²⁴⁰Pu	²²⁹Th	²⁴⁶Cm^ƒ	²⁴³Am^ƒ	4.7–7.4 ka
	²⁴⁵Cm^ƒ	²⁵⁰Cm		8.3–8.5 ka
			²³⁹Pu^ƒ	24.1 ka
		²³⁰Th^№	²³¹Pa^№	32–76 ka
²³⁶Np^ƒ	²³³U^ƒ	²³⁴U^№		150–250 ka	⁹⁹Tc^₡	¹²⁶Sn
²⁴⁸Cm		²⁴²Pu		327–375 ka		⁷⁹Se^₡
				1.33 Ma	¹³⁵Cs^₡
	²³⁷Np^ƒ			1.61–6.5 Ma	⁹³Zr	¹⁰⁷Pd
²³⁶U			²⁴⁷Cm^ƒ	15–24 Ma		¹²⁹I^₡
²⁴⁴Pu				80 Ma	... nor beyond 15.7 Ma^[8]
²³²Th^№		²³⁸U^№	²³⁵U^ƒ№	0.7–14.1 Ga	... nor beyond 15.7 Ma^[8]
₡, has thermalneutron capture cross section in the range of 8–50 barns ƒ, fissile №, primarily anaturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) þ, neutron poison (thermal neutron capture cross section greater than 3k barns)

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^dKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248".Nuclear Physics.71 (2): 299.doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability afterpolonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap isradon-222 with a half life of less than fourdays). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
^Specifically fromthermal neutron fission of uranium-235, e.g. in a typicalnuclear reactor.
^Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248".Nuclear Physics.71 (2): 299.Bibcode:1965NucPh..71..299M.doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk²⁴⁸ with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf²⁴⁸ was detected, and a lower limit for the β⁻ half-life can be set at about 10⁴ [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."
^This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability".
^Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of²³²Th; e.g., while^113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of¹¹³Cd is eightquadrillion years.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003),"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties",Nuclear Physics A,729:3–128,Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A,doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003),"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties",Nuclear Physics A,729:3–128,Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A,doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center."NuDat 3.0 database".Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.).Boca Raton, Florida:CRC Press.ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102

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