Several different denominations and sects ofIslam are practised withinSyria, who collectively constitute approximately 87% of the population and form a majority in most of the districts of the country.^[1]

TheSunni Muslims make up the vast majority in the country, mainly of theHanafi andShafi'imadhhabs. TheAlawites are the biggest Muslim minority sect (10% of the country's population^[2]), followed byIsma'ili andTwelver Shia Muslims, which constitute about 3% percent of the country's population.^[3] SomeSufi orders are also active in the country, including theNaqshbandiya, theQadiriya and theShadhiliya orders, most of whom identify as Sunnis.Christianity is the second most popular religion in the country, and Christians comprise roughly 10% of the overall population.^[2] TheDruze make up 3% of the population, although their association with Islam is controversial.

Prior to theMuslim conquest of the Levant in 634, Syria was a center ofEastern Orthodox Christianity, the state religion of theByzantine empire. After 640, the conquest of Syria was finalized by theMuslim Arabs in the form of theRashidun army led byKhalid ibn al-Walid, under the overall leadership ofAbu Bakr, resulting in Syria becoming part of the successiveMuslim states and dynasties in the region. In 635,Damascus surrendered to the Muslims and its inhabitants on conditions of security for their lives, property and churches, with the payment of apoll tax (Jizya).^[4] TheUmayyads madeDamascus their capital, relying on the Syrian Arab tribes as their core military force, who ruled over a predominantlyAramaic-speaking population.^[5][6] After the demise of the Umayyads,Bilad al-Sham was a province of the successiveAbbasid,Fatimid andSeljuk states.

However, although the Muslim conquest began the process of Islamization, the early converts were mainly the Arab tribes living in Syria and theLevant before the conquest, including theTanukh andBalqayn, while in the rural sector, there is little evidence for Islamization before thetenth century. Islamization, on the other hand, mainly began in the big cities.^[7]

Albert Hourani published statistics from a general census of Syria in 1943 giving details of religious groups of the population and the rate of growth of each (citizens were not allowed to declare their ethnicity or mother tongue):

The largest religious group in Syria is theSunni Muslims. The majority are formed of indigenousSyrian but there is also a significant number of SunniKurds,Turkmen/Turkoman, andCircassians, as well as refugees who have arrived in the country, such asIraqis andPalestinians. Sunnis follow nearly all occupations, belong to all social groups and nearly every political party, and live in all parts of the country. All the largest cities and thirteen out of the fourteen governorates’ capitals of the country had a Sunni majority, except for the governorate and city ofSuwayda.^[10]

TheArabs form the largest Sunni Muslim community in the country.^[8] In 1991 ProfessorAlasdair Drysdale and Professor Raymond Hinnebusch said that approximately 60% of the country was formed ofArabic-speaking Sunni Muslims.^[11] More recently, Dr. Pierre Beckouche also said that the Arab Sunni Muslims formed 60% of the population, including 500,000 Palestinian refugees.^[12] Some Muslim minorities in Syria have beenArabized to some degree, particularly the smaller ethnic groups (such as theAlbanians,Bosnians,Cretan Muslims,Pashtuns,Persians, etc.), but also some members of the larger minorities, such as the Kurds and Turkmen.^[1]

TheKurds in Syria are the second largest ethnic group in the country (forming around 10.6% of the population) and are mainly Sunni Muslims.^[8] The majority live in the northeast, bordering onIraq andTurkey. There are also smaller Kurdish communities in central Syria, followed byKobanî andAfrin. In the capital of Damascus they areArabized and do not speakKurdish very well.^[13]

In 1973 Professor Moshe Ma'oz said that the non-Arabic-speaking Sunni Muslim Kurds formed 8.3% of the population.^[14] By 1979 Dr.Nikolaos van Dam claimed that the Syrian Kurds (forming 8.5% of the population at the time) were almost exclusively Sunni Muslims.^[15] Dr Henry Munson said that Sunni Muslim Kurds formed 9% of the population in 1988,^[16] whilst ProfessorAlasdair Drysdale and Professor Raymond Hinnebusch said that they formed 8.5% in 1991.^[11] In recent decades, the population of other religious minorities (particularly Christians and Jews) has decreased, therefore, estimates on the proportion of Sunni Kurds have increased. For example, Dr. Pierre Beckouche has said that before 2011 the Sunni Muslim Kurds formed 9-10% of the country's population.^[12]

TheTurkish-speakingTurkmen are the third largest ethnic group in the country (approximately 4% to 5% of the country's population) and are mainly Sunni Muslims.^[13] They mainly live in the urban centres and countryside of the following six governorates: theAleppo Governorate, theDamascus Governorate, theHoms Governorate, theHama Governorate, theLatakia Governorate and theQuneitra Governorate.^[13]

In 1973 Professor Moshe Ma'oz said that the non-Arabic-speaking Sunni Muslim Turkmen formed 3% of the population.^[14] According to Dr.Nikolaos van Dam the Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman (forming 3% of the population at the time) were almost exclusively Sunni Muslims.^[15] Similarly, Dr Henry Munson said that Sunni Muslim Turkmen formed 3% of the population in 1988,^[16] as did ProfessorAlasdair Drysdale and Professor Raymond Hinnebusch in 1991.^[11] In recent decades, the population of other religious minorities (particularly Christians and Jews) has decreased, therefore, estimates on the proportion of Sunni Turkmen has increased. For example, Dr. Pierre Beckouche said that before 2011 the Sunni Muslim Turkmen/Turkoman formed 4% of the country's population.^[12]

However, the Sunni Turkmen population is believed to be considerably higher ifArabized Turkmen are also taken into consideration (i.e.Arabic-speaking Turkmen who no longer speak their mother tongue), and some estimates indicate that the total Turkmen population (who are mostly Sunni) might be the second biggest group in the country, outnumbering the Kurds.^[13]

MostCircassians in Syria are Sunni Muslims.^[1] They form the fifth largest ethnic group in the country but the fourth largest Sunni Muslim community in Syria. They live mostly in three Syrian governorates:Hama,Homs, andQuneitra.^[13]

In 1991 ProfessorAlasdair Drysdale and Professor Raymond Hinnebusch said that less than 1% of the country was formed of Sunni Muslim Circassians.^[11] In recent decades, the population of other religious minorities (particularly Christians and Jews) has decreased, therefore, estimates on the proportion of Sunni Circassians has increased. For example, a more recent estimate suggested that Sunni Circassians formed 1.5% of Syria's population.^[13]

TheAlawites are the second largest religious group in Syria, after the Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.^[10]Hafez al-Assad and his son, former PresidentBashar al-Assad, belong to the Alawite sect.^[10]

Alawites are divided into two main groups: traditional Alawites, who form the majority, and the minorityMurshid Alawites (which rose from a modern schism in the Alawite sect at the beginning of the 20th century).^[10]

In 1991 ProfessorAlasdair Drysdale and Professor Raymond Hinnebusch said that Alawites formed approximately 11.5% of the country's population.^[11] More recently, Dr. Pierre Beckouche said that 11% of the country's population was Alawite before 2011.^[12] The CIA has estimated Alawites at 15% of the Syria's population.^[2]

The Alawites mainly live in theSyrian Coastal Mountain Range, particularly in the countryside of theLatakia Governorate and theTartus Governorate on the western side of the mountains, and in the countryside of theHoms Governorate andHama Governorate on their eastern side.^[10] They form a majority (around 60%) inLatakia andTartus. In theHoms andHama areas, they make up around 10% of the population in both the countryside and the cities, living inTalkalakh,Al-Mukharram,Al-Qabu,Shin,Al-Riqama, the Houla plain,Maryamin,Qarmas, Al Muhani, and the areas ofZahra and Naziha.^[10]

In northern Syria there are some Kurdish and TurkmenAlevi. The town ofMaabatli inAfrin district is majority inhabited by Kurdish Alevis.^[17] In 2014Hêvî Îbrahîm, an Alevi, became the Prime Minister of the Kurdish-controlledAfrin Canton. Thousands of Turkmen Alevis are living in Aleppo, though many of them fled to Turkey.^[18]

The second largest sect of Islam practiced in the country is theShia branch; this includes Ismailis and Twelvers. Before 2011, they formed a sizeable minority.^[12] These Muslim sects also include diverse ethnic groups, which included: the Arabs, Kurds, Turkmen, and other smaller communities.

The ShiaIsmailis form the largest branch ofShia Islam in Syria, forming 3% of Syria's population. The split from the greater branch occurred over the recognition of the Seventh Imam. Shia Ismailis believe thatJa'far al-Sadiq, the Sixth Imam, appointedIsma'il to be the Seventh Imam, a line that continues unbroken to the present day, the office currently sitting with His Highness theAga Khan. The ShiaIthna Asharia, however, believe that Jafar appointedIsma'il's brotherMusa al Kadhim to be the Seventh Imam, a line of Imamat that ended with the 12th Imam of the Ithna Asharia. Little is known of the early history of the sect, but it was firmly established by the end of the ninth century. From 969 to 1171, an Ismaili dynasty, theFatimids, ruled as caliphs in Egypt. The Ismaili power in Syria was stamped out by theMamluk dynasty of Egypt, after the former offered the Crusaders their allegiance and conversion to Christianity – which were rejected by theKnights Templar.^[19]

Ismailis are divided into two major groups: theMustali and theNizari.

According to ProfessorAlasdair Drysdale and Professor Raymond Hinnebusch the Ismailis formed 1.5% of the country's population in 1991.^[11] They mainly in live in two governorates: in theHama Governorate the Ismailis mainly live in the city ofSalamiyah, which is considered to be the "Ismaili capital". They also live in the city ofMasyaf and in the surrounding countryside, as well as a small minority living in the city ofHama. In addition, Ismailis also live in theTartus Governorate, particularly in the town ofQadmus and its surrounding countryside and in the district and villages ofNahr al-Khawabi.^[20]

Forming the smallest of the Islamic sects in Syria at 2%, theTwelverShia play only a minor role in Syrian politics. In religious affairs, they look to Shia centers inIraq, especiallyKarbala andNajaf, and toIran. However,Iran's 1979 Islamic Revolution and Syria's alliance with Iran in its war with Iraq, have elevated the prestige of Syria's Shia minority. As hundreds of Iranian tourists began to visit Damascus each week, the Shia shrine of thetomb of Sayyida Zaynab, granddaughter of Muhammad, located in Al-Ghutah outside Damascus, became a major pilgrimage destination, replacing those areas no longer accessible in Iraq. Moreover, the Syrian Shia Twelvers have close links to theShia Twelvers in Lebanon.^[21]

TheSyrian Druze community constitute the third largest Islamic influenced sect in the country, they are not traditionally considered as Muslims,^[22] forming approximately 4% of the population of Syria. The main centre of the Druze population is inAs-Suwayda; the small towns and villages under its authority is called theJabal al-Druze (the "Mountain of the Druze"). The rest of the community mainly live in theQuneitra Governorate, theRif Dimashq Governorate, and theIdlib Governorate.^[23] Even though the faith originally developed out ofIsmaili Islam, mostDruze do not identify asMuslims,^{[24][25][26][27][28]} and they do not accept thefive pillars of Islam.^[29]

There are many Syrian Druze that are also living abroad, particularly inLatin America, who have been living there for over the past hundred years.^[23] InVenezuela alone there are approximately half a million Druze of Syrian origin.^[23]

The history of the movement in Syria begins in the 1920s, when the second caliph of the Community,Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad visited Damascus, as part of his tour ofEurope and the Middle East. The caliph appointed Sayyid Zayn al'Abidin Waliullah Shah and Jalal al-Din Shams to be sent for missionary work in Damascus. Along with Maulvi Abu'l-'Ata Jalandhari, who arrived for a mission in Jerusalem, the three missionaries spent their time spreading Ahmadi teachings in major towns and cities across the Middle East, includingHaifa,Beirut andCairo.^[30]

There is also aQuraniya orQuranist community withinSyria, whose early documentation began forming in the 19th century and followed the teachings set forth by the Indian theologian Seyyid Ahmed Khan Hindi and then spread to Syria soon afterwards via intermediary pilgrims. However,Ahl al-Qur'an adherents precede these 19th century developments in the form of Mu'tazilites such asIbrahim al-Nazzam, who lived for some period in these environs. Contemporary adherents of the Quranist point of view in Syria includeMuhammad Shahrur.^[31]

• Islamization
• Spread of Islam
• Muslim conquests
• List of mosques in Syria
• Religion in Syria

• Islamic Education in Syria

• Islam in Syria
• Islamization
• Muslim conquest of the Levant

• CS1 errors: periodical ignored
• CS1 Austrian German-language sources (de-at)
• CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata