Iris Marion Young | |
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| Born | (1949-01-02)January 2, 1949 New York City, U.S. |
| Died | August 1, 2006(2006-08-01) (aged 57) Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Children | 1 |
| Education | |
| Education | |
| Philosophical work | |
| Institutions | |
| Main interests | Contemporarypolitical theory,feminist social theory, andpublic policy |
Iris Marion Young (2 January 1949 – 1 August 2006) was an American political theorist and socialist feminist[1] who focused on the nature of justice and social difference. She served as Professor ofPolitical Science at theUniversity of Chicago and was affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program there. Her research covered contemporarypolitical theory,feminist social theory, and normative analysis ofpublic policy. She believed in the importance of political activism and encouraged her students to involve themselves in their communities.[2]
Young was born inNew York City and studied philosophy and graduated with honors at Queens College. She was awarded aMaster's degree andPhD in philosophy byPennsylvania State University in 1974.[2]
Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at theUniversity of Pittsburgh, and before then taught philosophy at several institutions, including theWorcester Polytechnic Institute andMiami University.[2] During the summer term of 1995 Young was a visiting professor of philosophy at theJohann Wolfgang Goethe University inFrankfurt,Germany. Young held visiting fellowships at several universities and institutes around the world, including theInstitute for Advanced Study inPrinceton, New Jersey, theInstitute for Human Sciences inVienna, theAustralian National University, theUniversity of Canterbury inNew Zealand, and the Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa.
Young's interests ranged broadly, including contemporary theories ofjustice;democracy and difference;feminist political theory; continental political theory includingMichel Foucault andJürgen Habermas;ethics andinternational affairs;gender,race and public policy.
Central to Young's philosophy is the contention that concepts of justice were not limited to individualdesert. Instead, the recognition ofsocial groups was essential to redressingstructural inequalities. Because the social rules, laws, and institutional routines constraining certain people constrain them as a group, and because our awareness of injustice almost universally compares classes of people rather than individuals directly, our evaluations of inequality and injustice must recognize the salience of social groups as constituent of a complete theory of justice.[3]
Young's recognition of social groups impelled her to argue for a post-liberal "politics of difference," in which equal treatment of individuals does not override the redress of group-based oppression. Young contrasted her approach with contemporary liberal political philosophers likeJohn Rawls andRonald Dworkin, who she claims conflate the moral equivalence of people with procedural rules that treat all people equally.
Among Young's most widely disseminated ideas is her model of the "five faces of oppression", first published inJustice and the Politics of Difference (1990), in which she presented a relational approach to the question of justice, based upon a group theory of oppression.[4] Synthesizing feminist, queer, poststructuralist, and post-colonial critiques of classical Marxism, Young argued at least five distinct types of oppression could not be collapsed into more fundamental causes, and furthermore could not be reduced to dimensions of distributive justice.[5] Her "five faces" are:
One of Young's most well-known essays is "Throwing Like a Girl: A Phenomenology of Feminine Body Comportment Motility and Spatiality," first published inHuman Studies (1980). In it she explores differences in feminine and masculine movement in the context of a gendered and embodied phenomenological perspective[2] based on ideas fromSimone de Beauvoir andMaurice Merleau-Ponty. She discusses how girls are socialized and conditioned to restrict their body movement and think of their bodies as fragile, which then has repercussions for their confidence in accomplishing tasks and goals later in life. The essay also serves as a critique and extension ofSimone de Beauvoir's ideas of 'immanence' and 'transcendence'.
One of Young's contributions, of particular importance to moral and political philosophy, global ethics and global justice are the concepts of structural injustice and its associated approach to responsibility: the social connection model. In an idea developed at length inResponsibility for Justice,[6] a collection of Young's work published after her death as well as in several other writings,[7][8] Young argues that structural (social) injustice "exists when social processes put large categories of persons under a systematic threat of domination or deprivation of the means to develop and exercise their capacities, at the same time as these processes enable others to dominate or have a wide range of opportunities for developing and exercising their capacities".[9] Because most of us are implicated at some level in contributing to structural injustice, this also gives rise to what Young calls asocial connection model of responsibility.[2] In this model, we are to ask ourselves how agents and institutions are to think of themselves in relation to structural injustice. This is starkly contrasted with a 'liability for harm' model of responsibility, which is more focused on finding guilt, blame or fault for a particular harm. According to Young, the main reason why the liability model fails to address structural injustice is that structures are produced and reproduced by a large number of people acting within accepted norms, rules and practices, and so harm cannot always be traced back to the actions or motivations of particular individuals. The social connection model, in contrast, is forward-looking suggesting that all those who contribute through their actions to structural processes that result in injustice[8] have a (political) responsibility to remedy that injustice. In this, she departs from and contrasts her approach to other political philosophers such asJohn Rawls andDavid Miller and the focus ondistributive andstatist approaches to justice, and draws much inspiration fromHannah Arendt's work.
Young applied her model of responsibility to a wide range of real-world scenarios, but perhaps most to global labour justice.[10] For example, in connection to the unjust conditions ofsweatshop labour,[11] and the political responsibility of consumers in high income countries to remedy it. The social connection model has five main features. It is (1)Not isolating (unlike the liability model which seeks to define specific liable actors), it (2) judges thebackground conditions that other models would find normal or acceptable, it is (3) forward-looking not backward-looking, it is a model of (4)shared responsibilities, and it can only be (5)discharged through collective action (e.g. through community engagement rather than personal action).
Young married David Alexander, and gave birth to a daughter, Morgen Alexander-Young.
After an 18-month struggle withesophageal cancer, Young died at her home in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago on 1 August 2006 at the age of 57.[12][13]
In recognition of her work with the Center for Gender Studies at the University of Chicago, the center's distinguished faculty lecture series was renamed in her honor in November 2006. In addition, theUniversity of PittsburghGender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies Program, in collaboration with theUniversity of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, created the Iris Marion Young Award for Political Engagement in 2008 to honor Young's memory and to recognize faculty/staff, graduate, and undergraduate members of the university who impact the community.[14]
Young was also honored at Penn State University through a series of gifts which created the Iris Marion Young Diversity Scholar Award as part of the association for Feminist Ethics and Social Theory's and the Rock Ethics Institute's Philosophy in an Inclusive Key Summer Institute.[15] This Institute is designed to encourage undergraduate students from under-represented groups to consider future study in the field of philosophy. Students who are part of this summer institute are awarded the Iris Marion Young Diversity Award and their studies during the institute include her work.
In 2009, the Oxford University Press published an edited volume dedicated to Young's philosophy titledDancing with Iris: The Philosophy of Iris Marion Young.[16]
TheAmerican Political Science Association awards the Okin-Young Award in Feminist Political Theory, named in honor of Young andSusan Moller Okin.[17]
Her writings have been translated into several languages, includingGerman,Italian,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Swedish andCroatian, and she lectured widely inNorth America,Europe,Australia andSouth Africa.
Iris Young defined herself as a socialist feminist
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