TheIraqi dinar (code:IQD;Arabic:الدينار العراقي),Arabic pronunciation:[diːˈnɑːr])[3] is the currency ofIraq. The Iraqi dinar is issued by theCentral Bank of Iraq (CBI). On 12 December 2025, the exchange rate with the US dollar was US$1 = 1418 dinars.[4]
The Iraqi dinar entered circulation on 1 April 1932,[5][6][7][8][9] replacing theIndian rupee, which had been the official currency since theBritish occupation of the country inWorld War I, at a rate of 1 dinar = 11 rupees. The dinar was pegged at par withsterling until 1959 when, without changing its value, the peg was switched to theUnited States dollar at the rate of IQD 1 = US$2.80. By not following the USdevaluations in 1971 and 1973, the official rate rose to US$3.3778, before a 5% devaluation reduced its rate to US$3.2169, a rate which remained until theGulf War in 1990, although in late 1989 the black market rate was reported at five to six times higher than the official rate.[10]
After the Gulf War in 1990, due toUN sanctions, Iraq was no longer able to place orders with the British security printing firmDe La Rue for further issues of the previously high quality notes, so new notes were produced. The pre-1990 notes became known asSwiss dinars while the new dinar notes were called Iraqidinars. Due to United States and the international sanctions on Iraq along with excessive government printing, the Iraqi dinar currency devalued quickly. By late 1995, US$1 was valued at 3,000 Iraqi dinars on the black market.
During theIraqi no-fly zones conflict, Swiss dinars notes continued to circulate in the then politically isolated Kurdish-populated northern Iraq. The northern Iraqi Kurdistan government that was created as a result, refused to accept the inflated Iraqi dinar notes (which were issued in huge amounts). Since the supply of Iraqi dinar notes increased while the supply of Swiss dinar notes remained stable (even decreased because of notes taken out of circulation), the Swiss dinar notes appreciated against the Iraqi dinar note. By having its own stable supply of the Swiss Iraqi dinars, the politically isolated region effectively evaded inflation, which ran rampant throughout the rest of the country.[11]
Between 15 October 2003 and 15 January 2004, theCoalition Provisional Authority issued new Iraqi dinar notes and coins, with the notes printed by De La Rue again, using modern anti-forgery techniques to "create a single unified currency that is used throughout all of Iraq and will also make money more convenient to use in people's everyday lives". Multiple trillions of dinars were shipped to Iraq and secured in the Central Bank[clarification needed] to exchange for Iraqi dinar notes.[12] Saddam dinar notes were exchanged for the new dinars at par, while Swiss dinar notes were exchanged at a rate of one Swiss dinar = 150 new dinars.
Inflation and depreciation of the currency has continued since. On 19 December 2020, Iraq's Central Bank devalued the dinar by 24% to improve the government's revenue, which was affected by theCOVID-19 pandemic and low oil prices.[13] On 2 March 2019, the Central Bank's indicative exchange rate was IQD 1,190 = US$1.[14] and on 18 June 2021 it was IQD 1,460.5000 = US$1.
There is considerable confusion (perhaps intentional on the part of dinar sellers) around the role of theInternational Monetary Fund in Iraq. The IMF as part of the rebuilding of Iraq is monitoring Iraq's finances and for this purpose uses a single rate (not a sell/buy) of IQD 1170 per US$. This "program rate"[15] is used for calculations in the IMF monitoring program and is not a rate imposed on Iraq by the IMF. For a wider history surrounding currency in the region, seeBritish currency in the Middle East.
Use in speculation and fraud since the Iraq war (2003–present)
There is little international demand for dinars, since Iraq has few exports other than oil, which is sold inUS dollars. Thus there is often an extremely highexchange rate for dinars compared with other currencies.
However, the downfall ofSaddam Hussein resulted in the development of a multi-million-dollar industry involving the sale of dinars to speculators. Suchexchange services and companies sell dinars at an inflated price, pushing the idea that the dinar would sharplyincrease in value to a profitable exchange rate some time in the future, instead of beingredenominated. This activity can be either a legitimate service tocurrency speculators, orforeign exchange fraud: at least one major such currency exchange provider was convicted of fraud involving the dinar.[16] This trade revived after the election ofDonald Trump in November 2016, with many buyers believing that Trump would cause a sharp revaluation in the dinar (often referred to by the abbreviation "RV" by supporters of the dinar trade,) to an exchange rate comparable to the US dollar.[17]
In 2014, Keith Woodwell (director of the Utah Division of Securities) and Mike Rothschild (writer forSkeptoid blog) stated that the speculation over the Iraqi dinar originated from a misunderstanding of why the value of theKuwaiti dinar recovered after theFirst Gulf War, leading to an assumption that the Iraqi dinar would follow suit after the fall of Saddam: Woodwell and Rothschild noted substantial differences in economic and political stability between Iraq and Kuwait, with Iraq facing pervasive sectarian violence amid near-total reliance on oil exports.[18][19]
In response to the growing concerns aboutfraud and scams related to investment in the Iraqi dinar, State agencies such as Washington State,[20] Utah,[21] Oklahoma,[22] Alabama[23] and others issued statements and releases warning potential investors. Further alerts were issued by news agencies.[24] These alerts usually warn potential investors that there is no place outside Iraq to exchange the dinar, that they are typically sold by dealers at inflated prices, and that there is little evidence to substantiate the claims of significant appreciation of their investment due to revaluation of the currency.
In February 2014, theBetter Business Bureau included investing in the dinar as one of the ten most notable scams in 2013.[25]
Coins were introduced in 1931 and 1932 indenominations of round 1 and 2 fils in bronze, and scalloped 4 and 10 fils in nickel. 20, 50, and 200 fils were 50% silver. The 200 fils coin is also known as arial. Bronze substituted nickel in the 5 and 10 fils from 1938 to 1943 during the World War II period and reverted to nickel in 1953. Silver 100 fils coins were also introduced in 1953. These coins first depictedKing Faisal I from 1931 to 1933,King Ghazi from 1938, andKing Faisal II from 1943 until the end of the kingdom.
Following the establishment of the Iraqi Republic, a new series of coins was introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 fils, with the 25, 50, and 100 fils in silver until 1969. In this series an allegorical sun replaced the image of the king, shapes and sizes remained the same with the exception of the 1 fil which wasdecagon shaped. This image was then replaced by three palms in 1968. In 1970, 250 fils pieces were introduced, followed by 500 fils and IQD 1 coins in 1982. A number of the coins for 1982 were a commemorative series celebrating Babylonian achievements. During this period, many of the coins were identified by their shape due to being made of similar composition metals, as from 1980 onward 250 fils were octagonal, 500 fils square, and IQD 1 decagon shaped. Coin production ceased after 1990 due to the emergency conditions generated by theGulf War and international sanctions.
In 2004, a new series of coins were issued in denominations of IQD 25, IQD 50 and IQD 100 and were struck in bronze, brass, and nickel-plated steel respectively. They are sparse in design and depict an abstract map of Iraq and the main rivers.
ABa'athist-era IQD 5 banknote depicting former Iraqi PresidentSaddam Hussein.Counterfeit IQD 25,000 banknote, supposed to be of the 2010 series.
On 16 March 1932,banknotes were issued by the government in denominations of1⁄4,1⁄2, 1, 5, 10 and 100 dinars. The notes were printed in the United Kingdom by Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co.[27] From 1932 to 1947, the banknotes were issued by the Iraqi currency board for the government of Iraq and banknotes were convertible into pound sterling. From 1947, the banknotes were issued by theNational Bank of Iraq, then after 1954 by theCentral Bank of Iraq.
100 dinars notes ceased production in the 1940s, however, the same denominations were used until 1978, when IQD 25 notes were introduced. In 1991, IQD 50 were introduced and IQD 100 reintroduced, followed in 1995 by IQD 250 notes and IQD 10,000 notes in 2002.
Banknotes that were issued between 1990 and October 2003, along with an IQD 25 note issued in 1986, bear an idealized engraving of former Iraqi PresidentSaddam Hussein. Following the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq's currency was printed both locally and in China, using poor gradewood pulp paper (rather than cotton orlinen) and inferior qualitylithography (some notes were reputedly printed on presses designed for printing newspapers).
The primitive printing techniques resulted in a limitless variety in coloration and detail, one layer of the printing would be too faint while another would be too dark.Counterfeit banknotes often appeared to be of better quality than real notes[citation needed]. Some notes were very poorly cut, and some notes even lacked serial numbers. Despite the collapse in the value of the Iraqi dinar, the highest denomination printed until 2002 was IQD 250. In 2002, theCentral Bank of Iraq issued an IQD 10,000 banknote to be used for "larger, and inter-bank transactions". This note was rarely accepted in practice due to fears of looting and counterfeiting. This forced people to carry around stacks of IQD 250 note for everyday use. The other, smaller notes were so worthless that they largely fell into disuse. This situation meant that Iraq, for the most part, had only one denomination of currency in wide circulation.
Currency printed before the Gulf War was often called theSwiss dinar, a term of obscure and uncertain origins. These notes were manufactured in England byDe La Rue and were of significantly higher quality than those later produced under the economic sanctions that were imposed after the first Gulf War. After a change-over period, this currency was unendorsed by the Iraqi government. However, this old currency still circulated in Kurdish-populated parts of northern Iraq until it was replaced with the new dinar after the second Gulf War. During this time the Swiss dinar retained its value, whilst the new currency consistently lost value at sometimes 30% per annum.
In 2003, new banknotes were issued consisting of six denominations: IQD 50, IQD 250, IQD 1,000, IQD 5,000, IQD 10,000, and IQD 25,000. The notes were similar in design to notes issued by theCentral Bank of Iraq (CBI) in the 1970s and 1980s. An IQD 500 note was issued a year later, in October 2004. In theKurdistan Region, the IQD 50 note is not in circulation.
In March 2014, the CBI began replacing banknotes with anti-counterfeiting enhanced versions that include SPARK optical security features, scanner readable guarantee threads in addition to braille embossing to assist vision-impaired persons.[28][29][30][31]
In February 2015, the CBI announced the removal from circulation on 30 April 2015 of the IQD 50 notes. Persons holding these banknotes were advised to immediately redeem them at their nearest bank for the IQD 250 and higher denomination dinar notes at a one-to-one rate at no charge.[32]
In November 2015, the CBI announced the introduction of a new IQD 50,000 banknote. This is the first new denomination banknote since the new series was first issued in 2003, and also the largest ever printed by the CBI. The banknotes are printed using new security features fromGiesecke & Devrient &De La Rue and measure 156 × 65 mm. They feature an outline map of Iraq showing theEuphrates andTigris rivers as well as theGreat Mosque of Samarra and the head of a purebredArabian horse as a watermark.
In 2018, theCentral Bank of Iraq (CBI) released new designs for the 25,000, 10,000, 1,000, 500, and 250 dinar notes. However, the most notable change was with the 1,000-dinar note, which was redesigned after social media users noticed that SurahAl-Ikhlas was written in the center of its front side. In the new design, the Surah was replaced by theAssyrian flag.[33][34] Surah Al-Ikhlas is also written on the right side of the front of the 25,000-dinar note, and it remains in the new design.
Investing in the Iraqi dinar (IQD) represents a high-risk financial strategy that attractsspeculative investors hoping for potential future currency appreciation. The investment involves purchasing Iraqi dinars with U.S. dollars, based on speculation about Iraq's potential economic recovery.
The Iraqi dinar's value is strictly controlled bythe Iraqi government and does not freely float on global forex markets. This means that even if Iraq's economic conditions improve, the currency may not automatically increase in value. Investors face numerous significant challenges, including extremely limited trading volume, high transaction fees that can reach up to 20%, and widespread scams within the currency exchange market.
Financial experts consistently warn about the risks associated with dinar investments. The currency's value remains heavily dependent on Iraq's complex political landscape, ongoing economic instability, and fluctuating oil prices. Despite Iraq's substantial oil reserves, which could potentially support future economic growth, purchasing dinars is not considered a reliable investment strategy.
Alternative investment methods, such as investing directly in Iraqi stocks or companies, are generally recommended as more transparent and potentially more profitable approaches to engaging with Iraq's economic potential. The currency's fixed exchange rate and restricted trading options make it a particularly unattractive investment for international investors.
As of September 2024, one U.S. dollar remains worth approximately 1,310.6 Iraqi dinars, underscoring the currency's current limited international value and speculative nature.[35]
Saddam Hussein, buildings at Hatra, statuette of Ur-Nammu (2111 to 2094 BC), King of Ur
House (Mudhif) built by the marsh Arabs, or the Ma’dan, in southern Iraq, frieze from the Sumero-Akkadian period, eagle, found at Hatra, Sumerian weight stone ("duck weight"), golden head of a bull, decorating the front of a lyre covered with inlays
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