| Ioras | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Common iora (Aegithina tiphia) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Superfamily: | Malaconotoidea |
| Family: | Aegithinidae G. R. Gray, 1869 |
| Genus: | Aegithina Vieillot, 1816 |
| Type species | |
| Motacilla tiphia[1] Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Species | |
See text | |
Theioras are a small family,Aegithinidae, of fourpasserinebirdspecies found in south and southeastAsia. The family is composed of a single genus,Aegithina. They were formerly grouped with theleafbirds andfairy-bluebirds, in the family Irenidae.
The genusAegithina was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologistLouis Pierre Vieillot to accommodate thecommon iora.[2][3] The genus name is fromAncient Greekaigithos oraiginthos, a mythical bird mentioned byAristotle and other classical authors.[4]The common iora was described in 1758 and given thebinomial nameMotacilla tiphia byCarl Linnaeus, but there was a some confusion about the nature of bird Linnaeus was referring to. Early taxonomists considered it to variously be a warbler, flycatcher, finch or babbler. WhenG. R. Gray erected the family Aegithinidae in 1869 he included a number of babbler genera in it with the ioras.Edward Blyth, working in the 1850s, was the first to connect the ioras with the leafbirds and fairy-bluebirds, and included all these with the bulbuls.[5]
| Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Common iora | Aegithina tiphia | Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia |
 | Marshall's iora | Aegithina nigrolutea | India and Sri Lanka. |
.jpg) | Green iora | Aegithina viridissima | Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo |
 | Great iora | Aegithina lafresnayei | Cambodia, China, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
The ioras are small to medium small sized passerines, ranging from 11.5 to 15.5 cm (4.5–6.1 in) in length. Overall the males are larger than the females.[6] These are reminiscent of thebulbuls, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, the ioras are more brightly coloured. The group exhibitssexual dimorphism in its plumage, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens. Unlike the leafbirds, ioras have thin legs, and their bills are proportionately longer. Calls are strident whistles; songs are musical to human ears.[7][8]
Their habitats includeacacia scrub, forest edge, and closed forests, as well as agricultural land and (in thecommon iora) gardens.[7] They are generally lowland birds, with most reaching only as high as the submontane forests. They are generally highly arboreal and usually occur in the tree canopy, with only very rare records of this family coming down to the ground. The family is overwhelminglynon-migratory, although in West India there is some evidence thatMarshall's ioras andcommon ioras are partly migratory in the seasonal semi-desert fringe.[6]
Ioras eat insects and spiders, which they find by nimblygleaning the leaves of the slenderest outer twigs.[7]
In the two species whose male courtship displays are known, they are elaborate, culminating in the males' parachute-style descent looking like "green balls of fluff". The nests are compact open cups felted to branches with spiderweb. Females lay 2 or 3 eggs, which have pinkish speckles and red and purple lines. They incubate at night; the males, by day. Incubation lasts about 14 days.[7] Both parents are responsible for brooding and feeding the chicks.[6]
Ioras will commonly live close to humans and even lives in the suburbs of cites likeSingapore. They are mostly not threatened by human activities, although thegreen iora is listed asnear threatened by theIUCN,habitat loss being responsible for its decline. Unlike many other passerines they are not common species in the cage bird trade.
