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 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 20,709 (2015) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| North and northwestAlaska (United States) | |
| Languages | |
| English,Inupiaq[1] | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity,Animism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Inuit,Yupik |
| Iñu- / nuna "person" / "land" | |
|---|---|
| Person | Iñupiaq Dual: Iñupiak |
| People | Inupiat |
| Language | Iñupiatun Urraaraq |
| Country | Inuit Nunaat |
TheInupiat[2] (singular: Iñupiaq[3]) are a group ofAlaska Natives whose traditional territory roughly spans northeast fromNorton Sound on theBering Sea to the northernmost part of theCanada–United States border.[4][5][6][7] Their current communities include 34 villages acrossIñupiat Nunaat (Iñupiaq lands), including sevenAlaskan villages in theNorth Slope Borough, affiliated with theArctic Slope Regional Corporation; eleven villages inNorthwest Arctic Borough; and sixteen villages affiliated with theBering Straits Regional Corporation.[8] They often claim to be the first people of theKauwerak.[9]
Inupiat (IPA:[iɲupiɐt]) is the plural form of the name for the people (e.g., the Inupiat live in several communities.). The singular form isIñupiaq (IPA:[iɲupiɑq]) (e.g., She is an Iñupiaq), which also sometimes refers to the language (e.g., She speaks Iñupiaq).[2] In English, both Inupiat and Iñupiaq are used as modifiers (e.g., An Inupiat/Iñupiaq librarian, Inupiat/Iñupiaq songs).[10] The language is calledInupiatun in Inupiatun and frequently in English as well.Iñupiak (IPA:[iɲupiɐk]) is thedual form.
Theroots areiñuk "person" and-piaq "real", i.e., anendonym meaning "real people".[11][12]
The Inupiat are made up of the following communities
In 1971, theAlaskan Native Claims Settlement Act established thirteenAlaskan Native Regional Corporations. The purpose of the regional corporations were to create institutions in which Native Alaskans would generate venues to provide services for its members, who were incorporated as "shareholders".[15] Three regional corporations are located in the lands of the Inupiat. These are the following.
Prior to colonization, the Inupiat exercised sovereignty based on complex social structures and order. Despite the transfer of land from Russia to the U.S. and eventual annexation of Alaska, Inupiat sovereignty continues to be articulated in various ways. A limited form of this sovereignty has been recognized by Federal Indian Law, which outlines the relationship between the federal government and American Indians. The Federal Indian Law recognized Tribal governments as having limitedself-determination. In 1993, the federal government extended federal recognition to Alaskan Natives tribes.[16] Tribal governments created avenues for tribes to contract with the federal government to manage programs that directly benefit Native peoples.[16] Throughout Inupiat lands, there are various regional and village tribal governments. The tribal governments vary in structure and services provided, but often are related to the social well-being of the communities. Services included but are not limited to education, housing, tribal services, and supporting healthy families and cultural connection to place and community.
The following Alaska Nativetribal entities for the Inupiat are recognized by the United StatesBureau of Indian Affairs:
| Community | Native tribal entities | Native Village Corporation | Native Regional Corporation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alatna (Alaasuq) | Alatna Village | None | Doyon, Limited |
| Ambler (Ivisaappaat) | Native Village of Ambler | None | NANA Corporation |
| Anaktuvuk Pass (Anaqtuuvak/Naqsraq) | Village of Anaktuvuk Pass | Nunamiut Corporation | Arctic Slope Regional Corporation |
| Atqasuk (Atqasuk) | Native Village of Atqasuk | Atqasuk Corporation | Arctic Slope Regional Corporation |
| Utqiaġvik | Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government | Ukpeagvik Corporation | Arctic Slope Regional Corporation |
| Buckland (Nunatchiaq/Kaŋiq) | Native Village of Buckland | None | NANA Corporation |
| Brevig Mission (Sitaisaq/Sinauraq) | Native Village of Brevig Mission | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Council (Akauchak/Kaułiq) | Native Village of Council | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Deering (Ipnatchiaq) | Native Village of Deering | None | NANA Corporation |
| Diomede (Iŋaliq) | Native Village of Diomede | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Kaktovik (Qaaktuġvik) | Kaktovik Village | Kaktovik Inupiat Corporation | Arctic Slope Regional Corporation |
| Kiana (Katyaaq) | Native Village of Kiana | None | NANA Corporation |
| King Island (Ugiuvak) | King Island Native Community | King Island Native Corporation | Bering Straits Regional Corporation |
| Kivalina (Kivalliñiq) | Native Village of Kivalina | None | NANA Corporation |
| Kotzebue (Qikiqtaġruk) | Native Village of Kotzebue | Kikiktagruk Corporation | NANA Corporation |
| Kobuk (Laugviik) | Native Village of Kobuk | None | NANA Corporation |
| Koyuk (Kuuyuk) | Native Village of Koyuk | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Mary's Igloo (Qawiaraq/Iglu) | Native Village of Mary's Igloo | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Nuiqsut (Nuiqsat) | Native Village of Nuiqsut | Kuukpik | Arctic Slope Native Corporation |
| Noatak (Nuataaq) | Native Village of Noatak | None | NANA Corporation |
| Noorvik (Nuurvik) | Noorvik Native Community | None | NANA Corporation |
| Point Hope (Tikiġaq) | Native Village of Point Hope | Tikiġaq Corporation | Arctic Slope Regional Corporation |
| Point Lay (Kali) | Native Village of Point Lay | Cully Corporation | Arctic Slope Regional Corporation |
| Selawik (Akuliġaq/Siiḷivik) | Native Village of Selawik | None | NANA Corporation |
| Shaktoolik (Saqtuliq) | Native Village of Shaktoolik | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Shishmaref (Qigiqtaq) | Native Village of Shishmaref | Shismaref Native Corporation | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Shungnak (Isiŋnaq) | Native Village of Shungnak | None | NANA Corporation |
| Solomon (Aaŋuutaq) | Village of Solomon | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Teller (Tala/Iġaluŋniaġvik) | Native Village of Teller | Teller Native Corporation | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Unalakleet (Uŋalaqłiq) | Native Village of Unalakleet | Unalakleet Native Corporation | Bering Straits Regional Corporation |
| Wainwright (Ulġuniq) | Village of Wainwright | Olgoonik Corporation | Arctic Slope Regional Corporation |
| Wales (Kiŋigin) | Native Village of Wales | None | Bering Straits Regional Corporation |
| White Mountain (Nachizrvik) | Native Village of White Mountain | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Golovin (Siŋik/Chiŋik) | Chinik Eskimo Community | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Nome (Sitnasuaq) | Nome Eskimo Community | Sitnasuak Corporation | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
| Elim (Nivviaqhchauġluq) | Native Village of Elim | None | Bering Straits Native Corporation |
Inuit, the language and the people, extend borders and dialects across the Circumpolar North.Inuit are the Native inhabitants of Northern Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.Inuit languages have differing names depending on the region it is spoken in. In Northern Alaskan, the Inuit language is calledIñupiatun.[17] Within Iñupiatun, there are four major dialects: North Slope, Malimiut, Bering Straits, and Qawiaraq.[17] Before European contact, the Iñupiaq dialects flourished. Due to harsh assimilation efforts inNative American boarding schools, Natives were punished for speaking their language.[8][16] Now only 2,000 of the approximately 24,500 Inupiat can speak their Native tongue.[17]
Revitalization efforts have focused on Alaskan Native languages and ways of life. Located inKotzebue, Alaska, an Iñupiaq language immersion school called Nikaitchuat Iḷisaġviat was established in 1998. The immersion school's mission is to "instill the knowledge of Iñupiaq identity, dignity, respect and to cultivate a love of lifelong learning".[18] June Nelson Elementary school is another school in Kotzebue that is working to include more content into their curriculum about Iñupiaq language and culture.[19] Nome Elementary School inNome, Alaska has also put in place plans to incorporate an Iñupiaq language immersion program.[20] There are many courses being offered at the various campuses a part of theUniversity of Alaska system.University of Alaska Fairbanks offers several course in the Iñupiaq language.University of Alaska Anchorage offers multiple levels of Elementary Iñupiaq Language and Alaskan Native language apprenticeship and fluency intensive courses.[21]
Since 2017, a grassroots group of Iñupiaq language learners have organized Iḷisaqativut, a two-week Iñupiaq language intensive that is held throughout communities in the Inupiaq region.[22] The first gathering was held inUtqiaġvik in 2017, Siqnasuaq (Nome) in 2018, and Qikiqtaġruk (Kotzebue) in 2019.[23]
Kawerak, a nonprofit organization from the Bering Strait region, has created a language glossary that features terms from Iñupiaq, as well as terms from English, Yup'ik, and St. Lawrence Island Yupik.[24]
Several Inupiat developed pictographic writing systems in the early twentieth century. It is known asAlaskan Picture Writing.[8]
Along with otherInuit groups, the Iñupiaq originate from theThule culture. Circa 300 B.C., the Thule migrated from islands in the Bering Sea to what now is Alaska.
Iñupiaq groups, in common withInuit-speaking groups, often have a name ending in "miut," which means 'a people of'. One example is theNunamiut, a generic term for inland Iñupiaqcaribou hunters. During a period ofstarvation and aninfluenza epidemic introduced by American and European whaling crews,[25] most of these people moved to the coast or other parts of Alaska between 1890 and 1910. A number of Nunamiut returned to the mountains in the 1930s.
By 1950, most Nunamiut groups, such as the Killikmiut, had coalesced inAnaktuvuk Pass, a village in north-central Alaska. Some of the Nunamiut remained nomadic until the 1950s.
TheIditarod Trail's antecedents were the native trails of theDena'ina andDeg Hit'an Athabaskan American Indians and the Inupiat.[26]
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Inupiat arehunter-gatherers, as are mostArctic peoples. Inupiat continue to rely heavily on subsistence hunting and fishing. Depending on their location, they harvest walrus, seal, whale, polar bears, caribou, and fish.[13] Both the inland (Nunamiut) and coastal (Tikiġaġmiut) Inupiat depend greatly on fish. Throughout the seasons, when they are available, food staples also include ducks, geese, rabbits, berries, roots, and shoots.
The inland Inupiat also huntcaribou,Dall sheep,grizzly bear, andmoose. The coastal Inupiat huntwalrus,seals,beluga whales, andbowhead whales. Cautiously,polar bear also is hunted.
The capture of awhale benefits each member of an Inupiat community, as the animal is butchered and its meat andblubber are allocated according to a traditional formula. Even city-dwelling relatives, thousands of miles away, are entitled to a share of each whale killed by the hunters of their ancestral village.Maktak, which is the skin and blubber ofbowhead and other whales, is rich in vitaminsA andC.[27][28] The vitamin C content of meats is destroyed by cooking, so consumption of raw meats and these vitamin-rich foods contributes to good health in a population with limited access to fruits and vegetables.
A major value within subsistence hunting is the utilization of the whole catch or animal. This is demonstrated in the utilization of the hides to turn into clothing, as seen with seal skin, moose and caribou hides, polar bear hides. Fur from rabbits, beaver, marten, otter, and squirrels are also utilized to adorn clothing for warmth. These hides and furs are used to make parkas, mukluks, hats, gloves, and slippers.Qiviut is also gathered asMuskox shed their underlayer of fur and it is spun into wool to make scarves, hats, and gloves. The use of the animal's hides and fur have kept Inupiat warm throughout the harsh conditions of their homelands, as many of the materials provide natural waterproof or windproof qualities. Other animal parts that have been utilized are the walrus intestines that are made into dance drums andqayaq orumiaq, traditional skin boats.
The walrus tusks ofivory and the baleen ofbowhead whales are also utilized as Native expressions of art or tools. The use of these sensitive materials are inline with the practice of utilizing the gifts from the animals that are subsisted. There are protective policies on the harvesting of walrus and whales.[29] The harvest of walrus solely for the use of ivory is highly looked down upon as well as prohibited by federal law with lengthy and costly punishments.
Since the 1970s,oil and other resources have been an important revenue source for the Inupiat. TheAlaska Pipeline connects thePrudhoe Bay wells with the port ofValdez in south-central Alaska. Because of the oil drilling in Alaska's arid north, however, the traditional way of whaling is coming into conflict with one of the modern world's most pressing demands: finding more oil.[30]
The Inupiat eat a variety of berries and when mixed with tallow, make a traditional dessert. They also mix the berries withrosehips andhighbush cranberries and boil them into a syrup.[31]
Historically, some Inupiat lived in sedentary communities, while others were nomadic. Some villages in the area have been occupied by Indigenous groups for more than 10,000 years.
TheNalukataq is a spring whaling festival among Inupiat. The festival celebrates traditional whale hunting and honors the whale's spirit as it gave its physical body to feed entire villages. The whale's spirit is honored by dance groups from across the North performing songs and dances.
TheIñupiat Ilitqusiat is a list of values that define Inupiat. It was created by elders inKotzebue, Alaska,[32] yet the values resonate with and have been articulated similarly by other Iñupiat communities.[33][34] These values include: respect for elders, hard work, hunter's success, family roles, humor, respect for nature, knowledge of family tree, respect for others, sharing, love for children, cooperation, avoid conflict, responsibility to tribe, humility, and spirituality.[32]
These values serve as guideposts of how Inupiat are to live their lives. They inform and can be derived from Iñupiaq subsistence practices.
There is one Iñupiaq culture-oriented institute of higher education,Iḷisaġvik College, located in Utqiaġvik.
Inupiat have grown more concerned in recent years thatclimate change is threatening their traditional lifestyle. The warming trend in theArctic affects their lifestyle in numerous ways, for example: thinningsea ice[35] makes it more difficult to harvestbowhead whales,seals,walrus, and other traditional foods as it changes the migration patterns of marine mammals that rely on iceflows and the thinning sea ice can result in people falling through the ice; warmer winters make travel more dangerous and less predictable as more storms form; later-formingsea ice contributes to increased flooding anderosion along the coast as there is an increase in fall storms, directly imperiling many coastal villages.[36] TheInuit Circumpolar Council, a group representing indigenous peoples of the Arctic, has made the case that climate change represents a threat to their human rights.[37]
As of the 2000 U.S. Census, the Inupiat population in the United States numbered more than 19,000.[citation needed] Most of them live in Alaska.
TheNorth Slope Borough has the following citiesAnaktuvuk Pass (Anaqtuuvak, Naqsraq),Atqasuk (Atqasuk),Utqiaġvik (Utqiaġvik, Ukpiaġvik),Kaktovik (Qaaktuġvik),Nuiqsut (Nuiqsat),Point Hope (Tikiġaq),Point Lay (Kali),Wainwright (Ulġuniq)
TheNorthwest Arctic Borough has the following citiesAmbler (Ivisaappaat),Buckland (Nunatchiaq, Kaŋiq),Deering (Ipnatchiaq),Kiana (Katyaak, Katyaaq),Kivalina (Kivalliñiq),Kobuk (Laugviik),Kotzebue (Qikiqtaġruk),Noatak (Nuataaq),Noorvik (Nuurvik),Selawik (Siilvik, Akuligaq),Shungnak (Isiŋnaq, Nuurviuraq)
TheNome Census Area has the following citiesBrevig Mission (Sitaisaq, Sinauraq),Diomede (Iŋalik),Golovin (Siŋik),Koyuk (Kuuyuk),Nome (Siqnazuaq, Sitŋasuaq),Shaktoolik (Saqtuliq),Shishmaref (Qigiqtaq),Teller (Tala, Iġaluŋniaġvik),Wales (Kiŋigin),White Mountain (Natchirsvik),Unalakleet (Uŋalaqłiq)
