| Internet |
|---|
 AnOpte Project visualization ofrouting paths through a portion of the Internet |
 Internet portal |
Internet censorship in South Korea is prevalent, and contains some unique elements such as the blocking of pro-North Korea websites, and to a lesser extent,Japanese websites, which led to it being categorized as "pervasive" in the conflict/security area byOpenNet Initiative. South Korea is also one of the few developed countries wherepornography is largelyillegal.[1] Also, South Korea is a country that blocks pornography or similar sites likeChina. Any and all material deemed "harmful" or subversive by the state is censored. The country also has a "cyber defamation law", which allow the police to crack down on comments deemed "hateful" without any reports from victims, with citizens being sentenced for such offenses.[2]
From 1995 to 2002, the government of South Korea passed the Telecommunications Business Act (TBA), the first internet censorship law in the world.[3] Passing of the act led to the establishment of the Internet Communications Ethics Committee (ICEC), which would monitor the Internet and make recommendations for content to be removed. The ICEC pursued criminal prosecutions of those who made unlawful statements and blocked several foreign websites. In the first eight months of 1996, the ICEC took down roughly 220,000 messages on Internet sites.[3]
From 2002 to 2008, the government passed a revision of the TBA legislation.[4] This allowed the ICEC to engage in more sophisticated internet policing and other bureaucratic entities to monitor the Internet for illegal speech or take down websites that violated the laws. During this time, there was political drive to increase extensive internet censorship, in part as a response to cases of suicide associated with online rumors. In 2007, over 200,000 incidents ofcyberbullying were reported.[5]
In 2008, the election of PresidentLee Myung-bak was followed by the inauguration of major increases in broadcast censorship. The South Korean government passed a law that created a new agency called theKorea Communications Standards Commission (KCSC) to replace the ICEC, becoming the new South Korean Internet regulation and censorship body.[5] The first major change by theLee Myung-bak government was to require websites with over 100,000 daily visitors to make their users register their real name and social security numbers.[5] A second change made by the government was to allow KCSC to suspend or delete any web posting or articles for 30 days as soon as a complaint is filed. The reason for the new law was to combat cyberbullying in South Korea. Every week, portions of the South Korean web are taken down by the KCSC. In 2013, around 23,000 South Korean webpages were deleted and another 63,000 blocked by the KCSC.[6]
South Korea's government maintains a broad-ranging approach toward the regulation of specific online content and imposes a substantial level of censorship on election-related discourse and on many websites that the government deems subversive or socially harmful.[7] Such policies are particularly pronounced with regard to anonymity on the Internet. TheOpenNet Initiative classifiesInternet censorship in South Korea as pervasive in the conflict/security area, as selective in the social area, with fewer evidence of filtering in the political and Internet tools areas.[7] In 2011 South Korea was included onReporters Without Borders list of countriesUnder Surveillance.[8] This designation persisted in 2012, shared withRussia andEgypt among other countries.[9]Freedom House has also reported that online harassment, particularly newer, digitally mediated forms of violence against women has continued.[citation needed]
In 2019, the South Korean government announced that it would use SNI snooping to censor HTTPS websites.[10] This was met with strong opposition, with more than 230,000 South Korean citizens signing a petition to protest the measure, but the opposition was disregarded by the government.[11] The South Korean government defended its decision by stating that theKorea Communications Standards Commission was an independent commission, a claim which turned out to be false, as most members of the commission were appointed by the president of the country.[12]
During themilitary dictatorships ofPark Chung-hee andChun Doo-hwan (1961–1987), anti-government speech was frequently suppressed with reference to theNational Security Act (NSA, 1948) and theBasic Press Law (1980). Although the Basic Press Law was abolished in 1987, the NSA remains in effect.[13] The government has used other "dictatorship-era" laws in order to prosecute critics in contemporary contexts; for example a law against the spreading of "false rumors" was used to charge a teenage protester during the2008 US beef protest in South Korea.[9]
According to the Telecommunication Business Law, three government agencies in South Korea have responsibility for Internet surveillance and censorship: theBroadcasting Regulation Committee, theKorea Media Rating Board, and theKorea Internet Safety Commission (KISCOM, 2005). KISCOM censors the Internet through orders tointernet service providers to block access to "subversive communication", "materials harmful to minors", "cyber defamation", "sexual violence", "cyber stalking", and "pornography and nudity".[13] Regulators have blocked or removed 15,000 Internet posts in 2008, and over 53,000 in 2011.[9]
In April 2020, thenational assembly passed a bill to handle the culprits of digital sex crimes. According to the bill, those who purchase, sell or watch media graphics of non-consensual sexual activity will be jailed for up to 3 years or fined up to 3 millionWon (US$2,600).[14]
Freedom to criticize government leaders, policies, and the military is limited to the extent that it "endangers national security" or is considered by censors to be "cyber defamation".[13] The government has cited "character assassinations and suicides caused by excessive insults, [and] the spreading of false rumors and defamation" to justify its censorship.[9]
In May 2002, KISCOM shut down the anti-conscription websitenon-serviam on the grounds that it "denied the legitimacy" of the South Korean military.[13] TheNavy of South Korea accused an activist ofcriminal libel when he criticized plans to build a controversial naval base in the country.[9]
The government has deleted theTwitter account of a user who cursed the president, and a judge who wrote critically about the President's Internet censorship policies was fired.[9] In 2010, the Prime Minister's Office authorizedsurveillance on a civilian who satirized PresidentLee Myung-bak.[9]
In 2007, numerous bloggers were censored and their posts deleted by police for expressing criticism of, or even support for, presidential candidates. This even led to some bloggers being arrested by the police.[15] Subsequently, in 2008, just before a new presidential election, new legislation that required all major Internet portal sites to require identity verification of their users was put into effect. This applies to all users who add any publicly viewable content. For example, to post a comment on a news article, a user registration and citizen identity number verification is required. For foreigners who do not have such numbers, a copy of passport must be faxed and verified. Although this law was initially met with public outcry, as of 2008, most of the major portals, including Daum,Naver, Nate, andYahoo Korea, enforce such verification before the user can post any material that is publicly viewable.[16]YouTube refused to conform to the law, instead opting to disable the commenting feature on its Korean site.[17]
South Korea has banned at least 65 sites considered sympathetic toNorth Korea through the use of IP blocking.[18][19] Most North Korean websites are hosted overseas in the United States, Japan and China. Critics say that the only practical way of blocking a webpage is by denying itsIP address, and since many of the North Korean sites are hosted on large servers together with hundreds of other sites, the number of real blocked pages increases significantly. Estimates are that over 3,000 additional webpages are rendered inaccessible.[citation needed]
In September 2004,North Korea launched the website ofKim Il-sung Open University [ko],Our Nation School. Three days later, Internet providers in South Korea were ordered by theNational Police Agency,National Intelligence Service (NIS) and theMinistry of Information and Communication (MIC) to block connections to the site, as well as more than 30 others, includingMinjok Tongshin,Choson Sinbo,Chosun Music,North Korea Info Bank,DPRK Stamp andUriminzokkiri.[citation needed]
In September 2007,Democratic Labor Party activistKim Kang-pil was sentenced to one year in prison for discussing North Korea on the party's website.[13]
In 2008, five South Koreans were arrested for distributing pro-North material online.[20]
In August 2010, the South Korean government blocked aTwitter account operated by the North.[21]
In January 2011, a South Korean man was arrested for praising North Korea throughsocial networking sites.[22] That same year another South Korean was arrested for posting 300 messages and 6 videos of pro-North content and sentenced to 10 months in jail.[23] A further 83 South Koreans were arrested for distributing pro-North material on the Internet.[20]
In January 2012, a South Korean freedom-of-speech activist was arrested forreblogging a post from a North Korean Twitter account.[20][24]
South Korean presidentLee Myung-bak's 2011 policies included cracking down on pro-North Korean comments on social network sites likeFacebook andTwitter.[25] Reporters Without Borders noted that the government "[had] intensified" its campaign to censor pro-North Korea material in 2012 as well.[9]
In 2018, a South Korean man was arrested for demanding abolishment of the National Security Law and praising North Korea. He was sentenced to one year in prison.[26]
TheGovernment of South Korea practiced censorship of gay-content websites from 2001 to 2003, through itsInformation and Communications Ethics Committee (정보통신윤리위원회), an official organ of theMinistry of Information and Communication, under its category of "obscenity and perversion"; for example, it shut down the websiteex-zone, a website about gay and lesbian issues, in 2001.[13] That practice has since been reversed.[27]
Since 2008, attempts by anybody to access "indecent Internet sites" featuring unrated games, pornography, gambling, etc., are automatically redirected to a warning page which states "This site is legally blocked by the government regulations."[28]
Search engines are required to verify age for some keywords deemed inappropriate for minors. For such keywords, age verification using anational identity number is required. For foreigners, a copy of their passport must be faxed for age verification. As of 2008, practically all large search engine companies in South Korea, including foreign-owned companies (e.g. Yahoo! Korea), have complied with this legislation.[29] In April 2009 when the Communication Commission ordered user verification be put on the system atYouTube, Google Korea blocked video uploading from users whose country setting is Korean.[30] In September 2012, Google re-enabled YouTube uploads in Korea following a three-year block.[31]
On December 21, 2010, theKorea Communications Commission announced that it planned to create guidelines about monitoring Internet content in case of a tense political situation, such as automatically deleting any online anti-government message.[32]
South Korea's authority still blocks sites related to nudity or obscenity, including porn-sites.[33] This is despite the fact that under South Korean law, purchasing, possessing, or viewing pornography is not illegal unless the video or image was filmed or distributed without the consent, or contains minor. There is criticism that sites that only deal with pornography that is filmed, produced, and distributed with voluntary consent, and even sites that only deal withcartoon pornography featuring only characters who are 19 or older, or who appear to be such, are subject to blanket blocking.[34]
The 2009 modification of thecopyright law of South Korea introducing thethree strikes policy has generated criticism, including regarding Internet freedoms and censorship.[35] Tens of thousands of Korean Internet users have been disconnected from the Internet after not three, but one strike.[36]
On September 6, 2011, theElectronic Frontier Foundation criticized theKorea Communications Standards Commission for proposing censorship and restriction on the blog of an Internet free speech activist, Dr. Gyeong-sin Park.[37][38] TheUnited Nations Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression warned South Korea's government about its censorship, noting among other things that South Korea's defamation laws are often used to punish statements "that are true and are in the public interest".[9]
Korean officials' rhetoric about censored material, including that it is "subversive", "illegal", "harmful" or related to "pornography and nudity", has been noted as similar to that of theirChinese counterparts.[13] Critics also say that the government takes prohibitions on profanity as "a convenient excuse to silence critics" andchill speech.[9]
South Korean conservative media outlets loyal to the Lee Myung-bak government are accused of advocating further Internet censorship, because the Internet is the main source of information for progressive South Korean youths.[39]
About blocking porn-sites, some argue in South Korea that blocking porn-sites is inevitable, as most countries lack an adult verification system unlike South Korea. However, theUnited Kingdom'sOnline Safety Act 2023 refutes this. The United Kingdom has a policy of blocking porn sites by default, but only allows those who pass age verification to have their access lifted. Even this met with strong opposition from civil society of the United Kingdom.[40] In contrast, South Korea is enforcing a blanket blocking policy, which is violating the sexual freedom of adults. This is why criticism is being raised that it is a similar idea to the "Confucian Taliban" (유교 탈레반,Yugyo talleban).[41]
South Korea is a country that blocks pornography or similar sites likeChina, and that is the subject of criticism. For this reason, some argue that internet censorship in South Korea is no different from theinternet censorship in China.[13][42] But the level of internet censorship inSouth Korea is lighter than that ofChina.
WhileChina regulates even VPNs and other means of circumvention,South Korea doesn't.[43] In 2017, the Chinese government effectively outlawedVPN services, which allow for internet bypass. Under the measures of the Chinese government, including VPNs, are prohibited from providing overseas internet access services without approval from the competent telecommunications authorities. Moreover, South Korea's political internet censorship is limited to propaganda sites byNorth Korea, their enemy. Also, South Korean authority does not blockGoogle,Facebook,Twitter, andYouTube. Of course, media outlets in theUnited States and European countries are not subject to blocking unlike China.[44]
Although the production and distribution of pornography (for distribution purposes) are prohibited in South Korea and China, the scope of permitted erotic creative works in South Korea is wider than in China. Since the 2010s, regulations have been relaxed in South Korea, and erotic works (including those that directly depict sexual acts) that were previously illegal have been legally classified as "harmful media for youth" (청소년유해매체물), primarily in the form of webtoons, subject to mandatory age verification. Of course, there are restrictions, so the genitals cannot be exposed (and cannot be blurred).[45]
Furthermore, legal penalties for distributing pornography are more lenient in South Korea. In South Korea, the statutory penalty for producing or distributing sexual videos or images is a prison sentence of up to 1 year or a fine of up to 10 million won, unless the video or images were produced without consent or involve minors. This is pursuant to Article 44-7 of the "Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Untilization and Information Protection" (정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률) and Article 74 of the same Act.[46][47] The actual application of the law is also lenient. As of the 2020s, at least, there have been no cases of improsonment. As of 2023, there have been cases of fines.[48]
However,China is stricter on punishment unlikeSouth Korea. According to relevant provisions of the China's Criminal Code, the basic penalty is imprisonment of up to 3 years or a fine, and in serious cases, imprisonment of at least 3 years and up to 10 years is possible. This policy led to the indictment of animator Shirakami, who createdcartoon pornography featuring characters fromFinal Fantasy VII andGenshin Impact, by Chinese police, and many Chinese artists have ceased their activities.[49] In June 2024, China's authority arrested dozen of adult web novel writers for writing on the adult web novel platform inTaiwan. Only some paid hefty fines, while others were sentenced to prison terms.[50]
