International reactions to theYemeni revolution were not as pronounced asreactions to similar events during theArab Spring, but a number of governments and organisations made statements onYemen before and after the departure of longtime PresidentAli Abdullah Saleh from power in February 2012.
European Union – The EU leadership threw its support behind aGulf Co-operation Council initiative to end violence in Yemen and mandate a political transition in which PresidentAli Abdullah Saleh would gradually give up power and a new government would be democratically elected by the Yemeni people. Even after an assassination attempt left Saleh hospitalised and out of the country, High RepresentativeCatherine Ashton visitedSana'a in late July 2011 in a prolonged attempt to convince theYemeni government to accept the GCC deal.[1]
Gulf Cooperation Council – Starting in April 2011, the GCC endeavoured to mediate in the crisis in Yemen, a member state of the supranational body. Though a peace deal requiring aunity government to be formed and Saleh to leave power to make way for democratic elections was accepted by the Yemeni opposition,[2] the GCC's efforts were spurned by President Saleh three times before being suspended in late May.[3]
United Nations – On 20 March, UN Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moon urged the Yemeni government to institute "bold reforms" and engage in a national dialogue with the opposition. Ban also condemned state violence against protesters.[4] A UN special envoy warned on 25 July while in Sana'a that "Yemen is suffering from the collapse of the state" and reiterated the UN's support of efforts for a "conciliation dialogue".[1] The envoy also said the UN position is that any solution to the crisis, including aseparatist insurgency inSouth Yemen, asectarian insurgency inNorth Yemen, andconflict with the militant groupAl Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula that preceded but have overlapped and occasionally intersected with the popular uprising in the country, must be internal.[5] On 9 August, theUnited Nations Security Council issued a statement urging an end to the violence and entreating all sides to allow humanitarian aid and supplies to proceed normally.[6]
Australia – The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade warned Australians in Yemen to leave immediately and said Australians should not travel to Yemen. A statement on its website read in part, "It is unclear whether the security forces will be able to maintain law and order and there is a risk of open conflict between elements of the security forces and with opposition groups. These events heighten the risk of a spread of violence in Yemen and a breakdown in law and order, not only in Sana'a, but in other major cities and regional areas."[7]
Brazil – On 28 January, a statement issued by the Brazilian Foreign Ministry called for escalating unrest in Yemen to be resolved "peacefully and without external interference".[8]
Canada – On 6 March, the Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Department said, "Canadians should leave Yemen as soon as possible, the Department of Foreign Affairs reiterated Sunday, as new political violence swept the Middle Eastern nation."[9] At theG8 summit inFrance, on 26 May, Prime MinisterStephen Harper said, "I think everybody recognizes that it is time for the president of Yemen to depart and I think that's inevitable and the sooner it happens the better."[10]
Ethiopia – The Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs began evacuating Ethiopian nationals from Yemen on 20 June.[11]
France – A spokesman for the French Foreign Ministry said on 26 May that Saleh's only option to quell the uprising was to sign theGulf Co-operation Council deal. He said the government deplored the ongoing violence and "political impasse".[10]
Germany – While on a visit toHanoi,Vietnam, on 5 June, German Foreign MinisterGuido Westerwelle calledhuman rights violations in Yemen "not acceptable". In a statement emailed fromBerlin that included Westerwelle's remarks, the Foreign Ministry also announced the closure of its embassy inSana'a due to violence in the capital city.[12]
Iran – A spokesman for the Iranian Foreign Ministry condemned Yemeni authorities over the deaths of 52 protesters on 18 March and criticised unspecified "foreign forces" for their role in the crackdown. The comments were delivered the day after the incident.[citation needed]
Italy – The Italian Foreign Ministry suspended the operations of its embassy in Sana'a on 1 June, citing what it perceived to be the growing risk of violence againstEuropean diplomats and embassies in the country amidstreet clashes in the city.[13]
Japan – On 26 May, while attending the G8 summit inDeauville, France, a Japanese Foreign Ministry spokesman called the mounting casualties in Yemen "extremely regrettable" and urged Saleh to "follow through on his commitments to peacefully transfer power".[10]
Kuwait – The Kuwaiti government reacted to theBattle of Sana'a, an incident involving prolonged clashes in the capital city ofSana'a during late May and early June, by withdrawing diplomatic staff from its embassy in the city on 1 June.[14]
Netherlands – The Netherlands Embassy in Yemen issued a statement on 9 April condemning the violence and announcing the suspension of aid from the Netherlands through the Yemeni government. The statement also called for "inclusive dialogue" and insisted the government "respect ... all human rights and fundamental freedoms".[15]
People's Republic of China – At a 20 April emergency meeting of theUnited Nations Security Council, the PRC prevented a resolution condemning violence against Yemeni protesters from being considered.[16]
Philippines – On 20 March, the Philippines' Foreign Affairs SecretaryAlbert del Rosario visited Sana'a to meet with embassy staff and Yemeni officials to establish a contingency plan for Filipinos living in the country in case of a wider emergency. The Department of Foreign Affairs urged Filipino expatriates in Yemen on 24 March to avoid getting involved in political protests or activity.[17] On 31 May, it began offering free repatriation for Filipinos in Yemen and urged its citizens abroad in theArabian state to take advantage of the evacuation programme.[18]
Qatar – On 6 April, Qatari Prime MinisterHamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani said GCC member states "hope to reach a deal with the Yemeni president to step down".[19] However, the prime minister withdrew Qatar from the GCC's efforts to mediate an end to the crisis in Yemen on 13 May, citing "indecision and delays in the signature of the proposed agreement" and "the intensity of the clashes" throughout Yemen as his reason for doing so.[20]
Russia – In its capacity as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, Russia helped block a resolution condemning the Yemeni government over its response to the crackdown on 20 April.[16] Foreign MinisterSergei Lavrov expressed his government's strong support for Yemeni authorities in late June, telling Acting PresidentAbd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi by phone that he had Russia's "[unlimited] support".[21]
Saudi Arabia – The Saudi government was instrumental in orchestrating the GCC peace deal, even offering its capital ofRiyadh as a venue for the official signing ceremony. After Saleh rebuffed the agreement multiple times before being badly injured in a 3 June bombing of the presidential compound,[22] Saudi Arabia invited the president and other top Yemeni officials hurt in the attack to undergo intensive treatment at a hospital in Riyadh.[23] On 17 June,Agence France-Presse reported a Saudi official said Saleh would not be allowed to return to Yemen.[24]
United Arab Emirates – UAE Foreign MinisterAbdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan urged Yemen to adopt the GCC deal "as an integrated formula to resolve the Yemeni crisis" during a 23 April meeting with his Yemeni counterpart.[25] When pro-government gunmen briefly besieged the UAE embassy in Sana'a on 22 May, stranding Emirati, GCC, andWestern diplomats inside, he urged the Yemeni government to secure the embassy.[26]
United Kingdom – On 19 February, theBBC News reported that UK Foreign SecretaryWilliam Hague said he was "deeply concerned" by the "unacceptable violence" used against protesters.[27] On 18 February, theUK government had announced that in light of the unrest it was considering revoking some arms export licenses stating that "licenses will not be issued when officials judge that there is a risk that the exports may provoke regional or internal conflicts or be used to facilitate internal repression".[28] On 4 June, the UK Foreign Secretary advised any Britons still in Yemen to leave immediately while commercial flights are still in operation, as theUK Government cannot guarantee evacuation under the circumstances. However, on 6 June it was reported that UKRoyal Navy forces are on standby off the coast of Yemen to assist with any possible evacuation. Prime MinisterDavid Cameron and US PresidentBarack Obama urged Saleh to resign in a joint press conference on 25 May.[29]
United States – On 27 January, US Assistant Secretary of State for Public AffairsPhilip J. Crowley told reporters that the US government backed the right of Yemenis to "express themselves and assemble freely".[30] The US also later said that it had hopes reform attempts would stave off protests similar to Egypt.[31] On 18 February,U.S. PresidentBarack Obama said that he was "deeply concerned" by the violence.[32] On the same day,The Washington Post reported that the United States Embassy in Yemen wrote in a statement that it had seen "a disturbing rise in the number and violence of attacks against Yemeni citizens gathering peacefully to express their views on the current political situation", adding, "We have also seen reports that Government of Yemen officials were present during these attacks", and asked the Yemeni government to "prevent any further attacks on peaceful demonstrations".[33] On 1 March,The New York Times reported that after clericAbdul Majid al-Zindani, a one-time mentor ofOsama bin Laden, publicly called for an Islamic state to replace Saleh, one counterterrorism official in theObama administration said Saleh's government was "the best partner we'll have ... and hopefully it will survive".[34] However, on 3 April, theTimes reported that US diplomats had begun quietly pushing for a "negotiated exit" for Saleh and believed he should hand over power to Vice President Hadi pending elections.[35] On 8 April, State Department spokesmanMark Toner announced the administration's support for the GCC deal, a centerpiece of which was Saleh's timely resignation, saying in a statement, "We strongly encourage all sides to engage in this urgently needed dialogue to reach a solution supported by the Yemeni people. ... To succeed, all parties must participate in a process that addresses the legitimate concerns of the Yemeni people, including their political and economic aspirations."[36] Secretary of StateHillary Clinton expressed disappointment on 23 May after Saleh backed away from signing the GCC deal for the third time, saying Saleh "is turning his back on his commitments and disregarding the legitimate aspirations of the Yemeni people" and urging him to accept the initiative.[37] Speaking alongside British Prime MinisterDavid Cameron on 25 May, President Obama said, "We call upon President Saleh to move immediately on his commitment to transfer power."[29] After Saleh was hospitalised inSaudi Arabia following an assassination attempt, the US assisted the Yemeni government in investigating the bombing while reportedly pushing for Saleh to not be allowed to return to Yemen, though Assistant Secretary for Near Eastern AffairsJeffrey Feltman said on a visit to Sana'a on 23 June, "We expect the president to take a decision in the best interests of the Yemeni people. It is a Yemeni decision, not an American decision."[38]White House counterterrorism adviserJohn O. Brennan held a televised meeting with Saleh in hisRiyadh hospital on 11 July to reiterate the US position that the president should accept the GCC initiative.[39] Relations between the U.S. and the Yemeni government appeared to warm following Saleh's return toSana'a and the death ofAnwar al-Awlaki in a U.S. airstrike coordinated with Yemeni authorities, but U.S. State Department spokeswomanVictoria Nuland continued to articulate her government's position that Saleh should step down.[40]On 2 February,Brent Crude crossed US$100 on concern over instability.[41] The following day, crude oil rose for the fifth day in a row on speculation of spreading protests and the prospect of uncertainty.[42]
Regional financial stock market indices fell on 20 February on concern of spreading instability.[43]
