Mother Language Day is part of a broader initiative "to promote the preservation and protection of all languages used by people of the world" as adopted by the UN General Assembly on 16 May 2007 in UN resolution 61/266,[3] which also established 2008 as the International Year of Languages.[4][5][6]The idea to celebrate International Mother Language Day was the initiative ofBangladesh.
In Bangladesh, 21 February 1952 is the anniversary of the day when theBengalis of the then-Pakistani province ofEast Bengal (which is now the independent state of Bangladesh) fought for recognition of theirBengali language as an official central state language instead of a provincial language.[7] It is also observed by the IndianBengalis of the Indian states ofWest Bengal,Assam,Jharkhand,Tripura, and the union territory ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands.
Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in Dhaka
21 February was declared to be International Mother Language Day by UNESCO on 17 November 1999. It has been observed throughout the world since 21 February 2000. The declaration came up in tribute to the Language Movement done by theBangladeshis (then theEast Pakistanis).
When Pakistan was created in 1947, it had two geographically separate parts:East Pakistan (currently known asBangladesh) andWest Pakistan (currently known asPakistan). The two parts were very different from each other in the sense of culture and language, and were also separated by India in between.
In 1948, the government of Pakistan declaredUrdu to be the sole national language of Pakistan, even thoughBengali, or Bangla, was spoken by the majority of people combining East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The East Pakistan people protested since the majority of the population was from East Pakistan and their mother language was Bangla. They demanded Bangla to be at least one of the national languages, in addition to Urdu. The demand was raised first byDhirendranath Datta from East Pakistan on 23 February 1948, in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.
To demolish the protest, the government of Pakistan outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of theUniversity of Dhaka, with the support of the public, arranged massive rallies and meetings. On 21 February 1952, police opened fire on rallies.Abdus Salam,Abul Barkat,Rafiq Uddin Ahmed,Abdul Jabbar, andShafiur Rahman died, with hundreds of others injured. This was a rare incident in history where people sacrificed their lives for their mother tongue.[8][9]
Since then, Bangladeshis celebrate the International Mother Language Day as one of their tragic days. They visit theShaheed Minar, a monument built in memory of the martyrs, and its replicas to express their deep sorrow, respect. and gratitude to them.[citation needed][10][11]
International Mother Language Day is anational holiday in Bangladesh. The resolution was suggested byRafiqul Islam and Abdus Salam, Bengalis living inVancouver, Canada. They wrote a letter toKofi Annan on 9 January 1998 asking him to take a step to save the world's languages from extinction by declaring an International Mother Language Day. Rafiq proposed the date as 21 February to commemorate the 1952 killings in Dhaka during the Language Movement.
Languages are the most powerful instruments of preserving and developing our tangible and intangible heritage. All moves to promote the dissemination of mother tongues will serve not only to encourage linguistic diversity and multilingual education but also to develop fuller awareness of linguistic and cultural traditions throughout the world and to inspire solidarity based on understanding, tolerance and dialogue.
— From the United Nations International Mother Language Daymicrosite[12]
Rafiqul Islam's proposal was introduced in theBangladesh Parliament, and in due course (at the behest of Prime MinisterSheikh Hasina), a formal proposal was submitted to UNESCO by theGovernment of Bangladesh. The process of shepherding the proposal through UNESCO's regulatory system was undertaken bySyed Muazzem Ali, then Bangladesh ambassador to France and Permanent Representative to UNESCO, andTozammel Tony Huq, his predecessor, who was then a Special Adviser to UNESCO Secretary GeneralFederico Mayor. Finally, on 17 November 1999, the 30th General Assembly of UNESCO unanimously resolved that "21st February be proclaimed International Mother Language Day throughout the world to commemorate the martyrs who sacrificed their lives on this very day in 1952."[13]
1999: UNESCO proclaims 21 February (Ekushey February) as International Mother Language Day
2000: Inaugural celebration of International Mother Language Day[citation needed]
2002: Linguistic-diversity theme, featuring 3,000 endangered languages (motto: In the galaxy of languages, every word is a star.)[citation needed]
2004: Children-learning theme; the UNESCO observance included "a unique exhibition of children's exercise books from around the world illustrating the process by which children learn and master the use of written literacy skills in the classroom".[15]
UNESCO chooses a theme for each International Mother Language Day and sponsors related events at its Paris headquarters. In 2008, the International Year of Languages began on International Mother Language Day. It is celebrated in Chile, Russia, thePhilippines,Egypt, and Canada.[29]
Bangladeshis celebrate International Mother Language Day by placing flowers at theMartyrs' Monument and its replicas.[30] A public holiday in the country since 1953,[31] it is also known asShohid Dibôsh (Martyr Day). On 17 November 1999, the UNESCO General Conference recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day.[32] Bangladeshis organize social gatherings honoring their language and culture, hold literary competitions, drawalpana on the roads, eat festive meals, and listen to songs.[30][33]Bangla Academy arrangesEkushey Book Fair inDhaka for the whole month of February.[34]
In 2015,British Columbia andManitoba issued proclamations observing International Mother Language Day on 21 February.[37]Edmonton observed International Mother Language Day on 21 February 2017.[38]Edmonton Ekushey was observed by Bangladesh Heritage & Ethnic Society and Diverse Edmonton with due respect in Edmonton on 23 February 2020.[39]
As part of the Digital India initiative, digitized content will be made available in the country's 22scheduled languages and extended to India's other 234 recognized languages. Digitization began in June 2016 through the Bharatavani Project at theCentral Institute of Indian Languages inMysore, and by February 2017 content in 60 Indian languages had been made available free of charge.[42][43][44]
A replica of Dhaka's Shaheed Minar was built in London in 1999 inAltab Ali Park,Whitechapel. Members of the community come here to mark International Mother Language Day by laying wreaths and singing revolutionary songs.[45][46]
There is also a Shaheed Minar replica in Westwood, Greater Manchester. Community members come from across North England to mark International Mother Language Day at the monument.[47]
There is also an IMLM at Grangemoor Park in Cardiff. Its opening ceremony was held on 21 February 2019.[48]
TheLinguapax Prize is awarded annually on IMLD by the Linguapax Institute inBarcelona. The prize recognizes outstanding achievement in the preservation of linguistic diversity, the revitalization of linguistic communities, and the promotion ofmultilingualism.[49]
Recipients of the 2015 BHESA Ekushey Heritage Award
The annual Ekushey Heritage Award, introduced in 2014 by the Bangladesh Heritage and Ethnic Society of Alberta (BHESA), recognizes outstanding achievement in fields such as education, social work, and community service. The award is announced on International Mother Language Day.[50][51][38]
The Ekushey Youth Award, introduced in 2015 by Alberta's Mahinur Jahid Memorial Foundation (MJMF) and announced on IMLD, is awarded annually to recipients who inspire youth in the fields of education, sports, youth activities, literature, and community service. The award is open to Alberta residents.[52]
International Mother Language Day Celebration in Dhaka, with theMartyr's Monument in the background
International Mother Language day celebration at theUniversity of Calcutta Alipore campus in 2018
2017 International Mother Language Day celebration inBangalore
2015 Mother Tongue Day in Islamabad, with demonstrators demanding that Punjabi (the mother tongue of most Pakistanis) be made an official language of Pakistan
