 International lunar research station countries map | |
| Program overview | |
|---|---|
| Country | |
| Purpose | Crewed lunar exploration and research |
| Program history | |
| Duration | Reconnaissance: 2021–2025 Construction: 2026–2035 Utilization: from 2036 |
TheInternational Lunar Research Station (ILRS) (Chinese:国际月球科研站,Russian:Международная научная лунная станция) is a plannedlunar base currently being led byRoscosmos and theChina National Space Administration (CNSA). The ILRS will serve as a comprehensive scientific experiment base built on the lunar surface or inlunar orbit that can carry out multi-disciplinary and multi-objective scientific research activities including exploration and utilization, lunar-based observation, basic scientific experiment and technical verification, and long-term autonomous operation. Statements from Roscosmos and CNSA underline that the project will be "open to all interested countries and international partners."[10][11][12][13] ILRS construction missions are expected to begin after the completion of theChang'e 8 mission in 2028.
On 9 March 2021, China and Russia signed a “Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation Regarding Cooperation for the Construction of the International Lunar Research Station.”[14] On 16 June 2021,Roscosmos and theChina National Space Administration (CNSA) held a joint session in St. Petersburg, Russia, on the auspices of the Global Space Exploration Conference (GLEX 2021), dedicated to the presentation of the Roadmap for the creation of the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS). The session was attended by Sergei Saveliev, the Deputy Director General of Roscosmos for International Cooperation and Wu Yanhua, the Vice Administrator of CNSA (remotely).[citation needed]
Roscosmos and CNSA representatives held consultations on a draft declaration in September 2021, together with experts fromGermany,France,Italy, theNetherlands,Malaysia,Thailand and theUN Office for Outer Space Affairs. The talks took place behind closed doors.[15]
In June 2023, two more countries joined the International Lunar Research Station project, the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan, as well as the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO).[citation needed]
In July 2023, China's Deep Space Exploration Laboratory announced the signing of a memorandum of understanding with Swiss company Nano-SPACE for Cooperation on the International Lunar Research Station project.[16] On the same day, a letter of intent was also signed with the Hawaii-based, non-profitInternational Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA Hawai'i) (which already participated in theChang'e-3 lander mission) for cooperation on the ILRS initiative, despite earlier restrictions by U.S. Congress limiting American collaboration with theChina National Space Administration.[citation needed] ILRS's lab directorWu Weiren also led in-depth talks with officials from France'sThales Group, which considers the possibility for future cooperation with the Chinese space agency.[17]
On July 17, 2023, Venezuela formally joined the ILRS initiative, with itsBolivarian Agency for Space Activities signing an agreement with China's CNSA which, among other things, provided China access to Venezuelan ground stations in support of ILRS missions.[18]
On September 1, 2023, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Humbulani Mudau, CEO ofSANSA (the South African National Space Agency), and Chen Xiaodong, Chinese Ambassador to South Africa, acting on behalf of CNSA. The agreement will reportedly see CNSA and SANSA carry out extensive cooperation in the demonstration, implementation, operation and application of the ILRS, as well as training and other areas.[19]
On October 3, 2023, an agreement was signed between China's CNSA and Azerbaijan'sAzercosmos regarding the latter's entry into the International Lunar Research Station Program. Azercosmos director Samaddin Asadov signed the agreement at the 74th International Astronautical Conference, held in Baku.[1]
In April 2024, Thailand and Turkey applied to join the ILRS.[20][21] Thailand has since joined, but Turkey has not yet officially become a signatory.[22]
Computer generated renders of the base were first widely shared in April 2024.[23]
In May 2024, it was reported that Russia was considering plans to incorporate nuclear energy towards powering the station.[24]
In June 2024, Russia's cooperation was codified into law.[25]
| Member | Joined | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 China | 16 June 2021 | Founding member |
 Russia | 16 June 2021 | Founding member |
 Venezuela | 17 July 2023 | To provide access to ground stations. |
 South Africa | 1 September 2023 | SANSA, SARAO, FSDA[26] |
 Azerbaijan | 3 October 2023 | |
 Pakistan | 20 October 2023 | |
 Belarus | 23 October 2023 | |
 Egypt | 7 December 2023 | |
 Thailand | 5 April 2024 | |
 Nicaragua | 24 April 2024[4] | |
 Serbia | 9 May 2024[5] | |
 Kazakhstan | 5 July 2024[27] | |
 Senegal | 5 September 2024[28] |
ILRS is a complex experimental research facility to be constructed with a possible attraction of partners on the surface and/or in the orbit of the Moon designed for multi-discipline and multi-purpose scientific research activities, including exploration and use of the Moon, Moon-based observation, fundamental research experiments, and technology verification with the capability of long-term uncrewed operation with the prospect of subsequent human presence.[29]
Objectives:[29]
Most missions that are planned in thereconnaissance era weren't specifically planned for the ILRS, with some being planned in the 1990s.[30] However, their reconnaissance can still prove useful to the overall mission.
Chang'e 4 achieved asoft landing on thefar side of the Moon after its launch on 7 December 2018, and entering lunar orbit on 12 December as a part of China'sChinese Lunar Exploration Program. While not specifically made for the Research Station, as it was a backup module for its predecessor,Chang'e 3,[31] it helped with Reconnaissance for the mission as a whole, a theme for most reconnaissance missions for the Research Station.
Luna 25 was sent to the Moon byRoscosmos to deliver 30 kg of scientific payloads and instruments to the surface of the Moon. It was not planned specifically for the Research Station, with planning going back to the 1990s. However, this craft crashed on the moon due to an incorrect orbit calculation.[32][33]
On 25 August 2023, Roscosmos DirectorYury Borisov, during a meeting with representatives of NPO Lavochkin involved in the development of the mission, stated that consideration was being given to recreating the Luna 25 mission with a possible launch for the second attempt slated to occur in 2025 or 2026.[34]
China sentChang'e 6 on 3 May 2024, which conducted the first lunar sample return fromApollo Basin on thefar side of the Moon.[35] This is China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was achieved byChang'e 5 from the lunar near side 4 years earlier.[36] It also carried a Chinese rover calledJinchan to conductinfrared spectroscopy of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.[37] The lander-ascender-rover combination was separated with the orbiter and returner before landing on 1 June 2024 at 22:23 UTC. It landed on the Moon's surface on 1 June 2024.[38][39] The ascender was launched back to lunar orbit on 3 June 2024 at 23:38 UTC, carrying samples collected by the lander, and later completed another robotic rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit. The sample container was transferred to the returner, which landed inInner Mongolia on 25 June 2024, completing China's far side extraterrestrial sample return mission.[38][39] After dropping off the return samples for Earth, the Chang'e 6 (CE-6) orbiter was successfully captured by theSun-Earth L2 Lagrange point on 9 September 2024, where it left this orbit for a solar orbit in March 2025.[40]Pakistan sent a lunar orbiter calledICUBE-Q along with Chang'e 6.
Luna 26 is a planned lunar polar orbiter. Along with the scientific payload that it would carry, it would allow for a telecom array for landed Russian assets, and Earth. The mission was announced in November 2022, and it has a launch planned for 2027. It will study the lunar surface and perform reconnaissance for the futureLuna 27.
| Date | Country (Agency) | Launch vehicle | Spacecraft | Image | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 December 2018 | China (CNSA) | LM-3B | Chang'e 4 |  | Successful |
| 10 August 2023[41] | Russia (Roscosmos) | Soyuz-2.1b | Luna 25 |  | Spacecraft failure |
| 3 May 2024 | China (CNSA) | LM-5 | Chang'e 6 | Successful | |
| 8 May 2024 | Pakistan (SUPARCO) | LM-5 | ICUBE-Q |  | Operational |
| 2026 | China (CNSA) | LM-5 | Chang'e 7 | Planned | |
| 2027 | Russia (Roscosmos) | Soyuz-2 | Luna 26 |  | Planned |
| August 2028 | Russia (Roscosmos) | Soyuz-2 | Luna 27 |  | Planned |
| Missions | Objectives | Date | Country (Agency) | Launch Vehicle | Spacecraft | Image | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2028 | China (CNSA) | LM-5 | Chang'e 8 | Planned | |||
| 2030 | Russia (Roscosmos) | Angara A5 | Luna 28 | Planned | |||
| 5 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities between 2030 and 2035 | |||||||
| ILRS-1 | "Establishment of the command center, basic energy, and telecommunication facilities, to satisfy the needs of lunar infrastructure, lunar autonomous operations, and long-term research exploration."[29] | 2031 | TBA | LM-9 orYenisei | TBA | Planned | |
| ILRS-2 | "Establishment of lunar research and exploration facilities such as lunar physics, geological profiling, lava tube exploration, lunar sample return."[29] | 2032 | TBA | LM-9 orYenisei | TBA | Planned | |
| ILRS-3 | "Establishment of lunar in-situ resources utilization technology verification facilities."[29] | 2033 | TBA | LM-9 orYenisei | TBA | Planned | |
| ILRS-4 | "Verification of the general technologies for the lunar biomedical experiment distributes sample collection and return."[29] | 2034 | TBA | LM-9 orYenisei | TBA | Planned | |
| ILRS-5 | "Establishment of Lunar-based astronomy and earth observation capabilities."[29] | 2035 | TBA | LM-9 orYenisei | TBA | Planned | |
Objectives:[29]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)| American projects |
|  |
|---|---|---|
| Soviet and Russian projects |
| |
| Chinese and Russian project |
| |
| Other projects |
| |
| Proposed sites | ||
| Related | ||