 | |
| Sport | Bobsleigh andskeleton |
|---|---|
| Jurisdiction | International |
| Abbreviation | IBSF |
| Founded | 23 November 1923; 102 years ago (1923-11-23) |
| Headquarters | Lausanne, Switzerland |
| President | Ivo Ferriani (2010–present) |
| Official website | |
| www | |
TheInternational Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF) is the international sports federation for the sliding sports ofBobsleigh andSkeleton. It was founded on 23 November 1923 by the delegates of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada, and the United States at the meeting of their first International Congress in Paris, France. In June 2015, it announced a name change from FIBT to IBSF. The federation's headquarters are inLausanne, Switzerland.[1]
The IBSF works closely with theIOC to conductWinter Olympics every four years. Along with the Winter Olympics, the IBSF hosts World Championships the other three years. The races are hosted ontracks in North America, Europe, and Asia. The tracks are shared with the sport ofLuge, although that is managed under a different governing body, theInternational Luge Federation.
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The world's first bobsleigh club was founded inSt. Moritz,Switzerland, in 1897. By 1904, competitions were taking place on natural ice courses (Olympia Bobrun St. Moritz-Celerina). This growth led to the creation of the FIBT in 1923 with inclusion into theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) the following year. Before the IBSF, the organization was originally known by theFrench nameFédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT). At the1924 Winter Olympics inChamonix, the four-man event took place. In 1930, the firstFIBT World Championships took place with the four-man event inCaux-sur-Montreux, Switzerland with the first two-man event taking place inOberhof, Germany, the following year. At the1932 Winter Olympics inLake Placid, the two-man competition debuted.
In 1935, theInternationaler Schlittensportsverband, a forerunner to theInternational Luge Federation, was absorbed into the FIBT and a "Section de Luge" was created. The luge section would be abolished when the FIL was split off in 1957.[2][3]
Because of the growing weight issue at the1952 Winter Olympics, the first changes occurred when weight limits were introduced. Since then, configurations to the tracks and the bobsleigh itself would be regulated for both competition and safety reasons. Also, bobsleigh was not included in the1960 Winter Olympics inSquaw Valley, California, for cost reasons in track construction. The development of artificiallyrefrigerated tracks in the late 1960s and early 1970s would greatly enhance speeds. World Cup competitions were first developed in the 1980s while women's competitions took place in the early 1990s. The 2-woman bobsleigh event had their first World Championships inWinterberg, Germany, in 2000 and debuted at the2002 Winter Olympics inSalt Lake City.[2] In 2016 the IBSF introduced mono-bob as another discipline for youth competitions and as a women's event at the adult level.[2]
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Skeleton was also founded in Switzerland in 1884 as part of theCresta Run. It remained a Swiss competition until 1906 when the first competitions outside Switzerland took place inAustria. At the 1926 FIBT World Congress in Paris, it was approved that skeleton was an officialWinter Olympic sport with competition taking place at the1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. 13 competitors from five nations took part. Twenty years later, skeleton reappeared on the Olympic program when the1948 Winter Olympics returned to St. Moritz.
At the 1954 IOC meeting inAthens,Greece, skeleton was replaced byluge on the official Olympic program. This caused skeleton to fall into obscurity until the development of a "bobsleigh skeleton" which could be used on any bobsleigh track in 1970. The development of artificial tracks would also help the rebirth of skeleton as a sport.
The first European Championship was held in 1982 atKönigsee,Germany, and the first World Championships were also staged in 1982 at St. Moritz. By 1986, the FIBT started funding skeleton and introduced training schools worldwide to grow the sport. The following year, skeleton European Championships were introduced annually. In 1989, skeleton World Championships were introduced, although the women's championships were not formed until 2000 atIgls, Austria. Skeleton was reintroduced in the Winter Olympic program when the IOC allowed competition for the2002 Games inSalt Lake City, US.
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The IBSF governs competitions on all bobsleigh and skeleton events at the European Cup, North American Cup, World Cup, and Winter Olympic levels.
Men compete in 2-man and 4-man bobsled, while women compete in 2-man and mono-bob. In each discipline there is an athlete that sits up front and controls the bobsled using the rings and ropes the steer the runners. This athlete is referred to as the Pilot or Driver. In 2-man and 4-man, any athlete other than the driver assists in the acceleration of the bobsled at the start and then does not contribute to the steering once they hop in. The rear-most athlete is referred to as the Brakeman and pulls the brakes in the bobsled once the run is complete and the sled has crossed the finish line. In mono-bob, the Driver and the Brakeman are the same person.
In skeleton there is just one athlete that pushes the sled before riding the sled face down through the same track as bobsleds. Similar to bobsled, there are weight minimums and also weight maximums placed on athletes. This weight is the sum of the athlete and their sled.
Tracks are located in three continents; Europe, North America, and Asia. Annually, there are three different racing circuits athletes can compete on, with two of them (The North American Cup and the European Cup) being development level, while the World Cup is the top level of competition. Below is a current list ofIBSF Tracks:
| Country | Track | Length (m) | Vertical Drop (m) | Average Grade (%) | Maximum Grade (%) | Number of Curves | Winter Olympics | Year Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Austria | Igls[4] | 1,228 | 124 | 9.0 | 18.0 | 14 | 1964,1976 | 1963 |
| Imst[5] | 1,000.9 | 124.8 | 12.48 | 1958 | ||||
 Canada | Whistler[6] | 1,450 | 148 | 9.0 | 20.0 | 16 | 2010 | 2007 |
 China | Yanqing[7] | 1,975 | 121 | 6.0 | 18.0 | 16 | 2022 | 2020[8] |
 France | La Plagne[9] | 1,507.5 | 124 | 8.0 | 14.0 | 19 | 1992 | 1990 |
 Germany | Altenberg[10][11] | 1,413 | 122.22 | 8.66 | 15.0 | 17 | 1983 | |
| Königssee[12] | 1,251.2 | 120 | 9.0 | 10.35 | 13 / 12 | 1968 | ||
| Oberhof[13] | 1,069.70 | 96.37 | 9.2 | 36.4 | 15 | 1971 | ||
| Winterberg[14] | 1,330 | 110 | 9.8 | 15.0 | 14 | 1977 | ||
 Japan | Nagano | 1,360 | 113 | 8.64 | 14 | 1998 | 1997 | |
 Korea, Rep. | Pyeongchang[15] | 1,376.38 | 116.32 | 9.48 | 25.0 | 16 | 2018 | 2016 |
 Latvia | Sigulda[16] | 1,200 | 99 | 8.0 | 9.3 | 16 | 1986 | |
 Norway | Lillehammer[17] | 1,365 | 114.3 | 8.0 | 15.0 | 16 | 1994 | 1992 |
 Russia | Sochi[18] | 1,500 | 124 | 20.0 | 22.0 | 19 | 2014 | 2013 |
 Switzerland | St. Moritz[19] | 1,722 | 130 | 8.14 | 15.0 | 19 | 1928,1948 | 1903 |
 United States | Lake Placid[20] | 1,455 | 128 | 9.8 | 20.0 | 20 | 1932,1980 | 1930 |
| Park City[21] | 1,335 | 103.9 | 8.1 | 15.0 | 15 | 2002 | 1997 |
The following persons have served as president of IBSF:
