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Intergovernmental Authority on Development

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Trade bloc in East Africa
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
الهيئة الحكومية للتنمية
Autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement
Seal of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development
Seal
  Member states
  Withdrawn
  Suspended
Headquarters
HeadquartersDjibouti City, Djibouti
Official languagesEnglish
Membership
Leaders
• Chair
Ismail Omar Guelleh
• Executive Secretary
Workneh Gebeyehu[2]
EstablishmentJanuary 1986(as IGADD)
1996
Area
• Total
5,204,977 km2 (2,009,653 sq mi)
GDP (PPP)estimate
• Total
$337.82 billion
GDP (nominal)estimate
• Total
$393.042 billion
• Per capita
$888.5
Time zoneUTC+3 (East Africa Time)
Website
igad.int

TheIntergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is atrade bloc inAfrica. It includes governments from theHorn of Africa,Nile Valley and theAfrican Great Lakes. It is headquartered inDjibouti.

Formation

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The Intergovernmental Authority on Development was established in 1996. It succeeded the earlier Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD),[note 2] a multinational body founded in 1986 by Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Kenya, with a focus on development and environmental control. IGADD's headquarters were later moved to Djibouti, following an agreement signed in January 1986 by the member states. Eritrea joined the organization in 1993, upon achieving independence.[3]

In April 1995, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government met inAddis Ababa, where they agreed to strengthen cooperation through the organization. This was followed with the signing of a Letter of Instrument to Amend the IGADD Charter / Agreement on 21 March 1996. The Revitalised IGAD, a new organizational structure, was eventually launched on 25 November 1996 in Djibouti.[3]

Member states

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Horn of Africa

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Nile Valley

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  • South Sudan (admitted 2011,[4] suspended December 2021)[5]
  • Sudan (founding member since 1986, suspended participation in 2024,[6] rejoined 2026)[7]

African Great Lakes

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  • Kenya (founding member, since 1986)
  • Uganda (founding member, since 1986)

Partner states

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IGAD have partner states outside the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley and the African Great Lakes for participating at IGAD-RCP meetings on anad hoc basis.[1]

Former members

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IGASOM/AMISOM

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This article is part ofa series on
Main article:AMISOM

In September 2006, the AU Peace and Security Council approved an IGAD proposal to deploy an IGAD Peace Support Mission in Somalia (IGASOM).[14]

On 21 February 2007, theUnited Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1744, which authorized the deployment of a newAfrican Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) in place of IGASOM.[15]

Current situation

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  • For its regionial strategy from 2021 to 2025 IGAD stated that their mission was to "promote regional cooperation and integration to add value to Member States efforts in achieving peace, security, and prosperity." And their aim was "transformation towards sustainable development, resilience and stability in the IGAD Region"[17]
  • As of early 2026, IGAD remains the primary regional body overseeing the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS), which was signed in September 2018 to end the civil war.[18] On January 28 of 2026 IGAD Executive Secretary Workneh Gebeyehu Expressed concerns over2026 Jonglei offensive.[19]

Structure

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  • TheAssembly of Heads of State and Government is the supreme policy making organ of the Authority. It determines the objectives, guidelines and programs for IGAD and meets once a year. A Chairman is elected from among the member states in rotation.
  • TheSecretariat is headed by an Executive Secretary appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government for a term of four years renewable once. The Secretariat assists member states in formulating regional projects in the priority areas, facilitates the coordination and harmonization of development policies, mobilizes resources to implement regional projects and programs approved by the council and reinforces national infrastructures necessary for implementing regional projects and policies. The current Executive Secretary isWorkneh Gebeyehu of Ethiopia (since 29 November 2019).[20]
  • TheCouncil of Ministers is composed of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and one other Minister designated by each member state. The Council formulates policy, approves the work program and annual budget of the Secretariat during its biannual sessions.
  • TheCommittee of Ambassadors comprises IGAD member states' Ambassadors or Plenipotentiaries accredited to the country of IGAD Headquarters. It convenes as often as the need arises to advise and guide the Executive Secretary.

AmbassadorMahboub Maalim handed over as Executive Secretary[21] to Workneh Gebeyehu in late 2019. Maalim, a Kenyan nominee, had served from 2008 to 2019.

Executive Secretaries

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No.[22]NameCountryTook officeLeft office
1Mekonnen KibretEthiopia19861990
2David MuduuliUganda19911996
3Tekeste GhebrayEritrea19962000
4Attalla Hamad BashirSudan20002008
5Mahboub MaalimKenya20082019
6Workneh GebeyehuEthiopia2019Incumbent

Comparison with other regional trade blocs

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African Economic Community
Pillar regional
blocs (REC)		Area
(km²)		PopulationGDP (PPP)($US)Member
states
(millions)(per capita)
EAC5,449,717343,328,958737,4202,1498
ECOWAS/CEDEAO5,112,903349,154,0001,322,4523,78815
IGAD5,233,604294,197,387225,0491,1977
AMU/UMA 46,046,441106,919,5261,299,17312,6285
ECCAS/CEEAC6,667,421218,261,591175,9281,45111
SADC9,882,959394,845,175737,3923,15215
COMESA12,873,957406,102,471735,5991,81120
CEN-SAD 414,680,11129
TotalAEC29,910,442853,520,0102,053,7062,40654
Other regional
blocs		Area
(km²)		PopulationGDP (PPP)($US)Member
states
(millions)(per capita)
WAMZ 11,602,991264,456,9101,551,5165,8676
SACU 12,693,41851,055,878541,43310,6055
CEMAC 23,020,14234,970,52985,1362,4356
UEMOA 13,505,37580,865,222101,6401,2578
UMA 2 45,782,14084,185,073491,2765,8365
GAFTA 3 45,876,9601,662,5966,3553,8225
AES  2,780,15971,374,000179,3473
During 2004. Sources:The World Factbook 2005, IMF WEO Database.
  Smallest value among the blocs compared.
  Largest value among the blocs compared.
1: Economic bloc inside a pillar REC.
2: Proposed for pillar REC, but objecting participation.
3: Non-African members of GAFTA are excluded from figures.
4: The area 446,550 km2 used forMorocco excludes all disputed territories, while 710,850 km2 would include the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts ofWestern Sahara (claimed as theSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by thePolisario Front). Morocco also claimsCeuta andMelilla, making up about 22.8 km2 (8.8 sq mi) more claimed territory.
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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Suspended membership.
  2. ^The "D" in "IGADD" abbreviation had multiple meanings (Drought or Disaster) while another "D" means "Development" afterwards.

References

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  1. ^ab"IGAD-RCP".IOM.int. Retrieved10 February 2025.
  2. ^"The IGAD ES Page".IGAD. Retrieved2024-04-11.
  3. ^ab"IGAD - About us". Intergovernmental Authority on Development. Retrieved25 August 2013.
  4. ^"East African bloc admits South Sudan as member". Reuters Africa. 25 November 2011. Archived fromthe original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved25 October 2012.
  5. ^"Regional bloc suspends South Sudan's membership over failure to pay fees".Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Retrieved2021-12-11.
  6. ^"Sudan suspends ties with East African bloc over paramilitary leader's summit invitation | Fox News".Fox News.
  7. ^"Djibouti says Sudan returning to IGAD regional bloc after two-year suspension".Sudan Tribune. 8 February 2026. Retrieved9 February 2026.
  8. ^"Intergovernmental Authority on Development: About us: History". IGAD. 9 January 2010. Retrieved29 December 2014.
  9. ^"Eritrea rejoins East African bloc IGAD".Reuters. 28 July 2011. Retrieved2 October 2023.
  10. ^Befekadu Bogale (2014)."Eritrea's Relation with IGAD and the OAU/AU: The Domestic and International Dynamics".Turkish Journal of International Relations.13 (3): 4.
  11. ^"Eritrea rejoins east Africa trade and security bloc IGAD after 16 years".africanews. 14 June 2023. Retrieved2 October 2023.
  12. ^Tesfalem Araia; Hanna Temuari (12 December 2025)."Eritrea quits regional bloc as tensions rise with Ethiopia".BBC News. Retrieved13 December 2025.
  13. ^"IGAD Regrets Eritrea's Decision to Withdraw from the Organisation".IGAD. 12 December 2025. Retrieved13 December 2025.
  14. ^"SOMALIA: African Union endorses regional peace plan".IRIN. 14 September 2006. Retrieved25 August 2013.
  15. ^"Resolution 1744 (2007)"(PDF). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved25 August 2013.
  16. ^Opata, Austine (27 December 2025)."IGAD Secretariat Reiterates Its Firm Commitment to the Federal Republic of Somalia's Unity, Sovereignty, and Territorial Integrity".IGAD. Retrieved9 February 2026.
  17. ^"IGAD Regional Strategy 2021-2025: The Framework - World | ReliefWeb".reliefweb.int. 13 February 2023. Retrieved9 February 2026.
  18. ^Djama, Mohamed (23 September 2024)."IGAD Executive Secretary's Statement on the Extension of South Sudan's Transitional Period and Call for Renewed Efforts in Implementing the Revitalised Peace Agreement".IGAD. Retrieved9 February 2026.
  19. ^Djama, Mohamed (28 January 2026)."Statement by the IGAD Executive Secretary on the Security Situation in South Sudan".IGAD. Retrieved9 February 2026.
  20. ^"IGAD countries leaders applaud Dr Workneh's appointment as executive secretary".igad.int. Archived fromthe original on 2020-02-02. Retrieved2019-12-01.
  21. ^"Executive Secretary Hails Italy's Support to IGAD". Intergovernmental Authority on Development. Retrieved24 June 2014.
  22. ^"The IGAD ES Page".IGAD. Retrieved2024-12-12.

External links

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