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Interface and colloid science

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Branch of chemistry and physics

Milk is anemulsified colloid of liquidbutterfat globules of 0.1 to 10 micrometer dispersed within awater-based solution.

Interface and colloid science is an interdisciplinary intersection of branches ofchemistry,physics,nanoscience and other fields^[1] dealing withcolloids,heterogeneous multiphase systems that contain extensive interface. One of the examples iscolloid solution, which is a heterogeneous mixture in which the particle size of the substance is intermediate between atrue solution and asuspension, i.e. between 1–1000 nm. Smoke from a fire is an example of a colloidal system in which tiny particles of solid float in air. Just like true solutions, colloidal particles are small and cannot be seen by the naked eye. They easily pass through filter paper. But colloidal particles are big enough to be blocked by parchment paper or animal membrane. Wetted porous materials, thin oil films on water interface are other examples of systems studied by interfaces and colloid science.

Interface and colloid science has applications and ramifications in the chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, ceramics, minerals,nanotechnology, and microfluidics, among others.

History

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Interface and colloid science remained empirical for a long time. There were some sporadic mathematical models, likeelectrokinetic theories in 1903 byMarian Smoluchowski,^[2]^{[non-primary source needed]} or the theory ofBrownian motion byAlbert Einstein in 1905.^[3]^{[non-primary source needed]} However, these were exceptions stressing more empirical approach to the main problem of this science, including stability of colloids and thin films.

This situation has changed dramatically after invention ofDLVO theory in the 1940s by the schools ofBoris Derjaguin andTheodoor Overbeek.^[4]^[5] The progress of DVLO theory was described by Pierandrea Lo Nostro andBarry Ninham in 2019 as:^[6]

So in one generation colloid science had moved from a backwater of physicalchemistry, puddling around in mud as it were, to center stage in theoretical physics!

Further studies by many different groups revealed cracks in the foundations of interface and colloid science. The two main problems were formulated by Ninhan with co-authors in several papers.^[6]^{[non-primary source needed]} The first one is related to cross talk between macroscopic electrostaticdouble layer andVan der Waals forces. The second one is associated with the role of dissolved gas, and its self organization which is ignored in modern theories.

References

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^Lyklema, J. (2005-03-30).Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science: Particulate Colloids. Elsevier.ISBN 978-0-08-045439-9.
^von Smoluchowski, M. (1903). "Contribution à la théorie de l'endosmose électrique et de quelques phénomènes corrélatifs".Bull. Int. Acad. Sci. Cracovie.184.
^Einstein, Albert (1905)."Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen" [On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat](PDF).Annalen der Physik (in German).322 (8):549–560.Bibcode:1905AnP...322..549E.doi:10.1002/andp.19053220806.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
^Derjaguin, B.; Landau, L. (1941), "Theory of the stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and of the adhesion of strongly charged particles in solutions of electrolytes",Acta Physico Chimica URSS,14: 633
^Verwey, E. J. W.; Overbeek, J. Th. G. (1948), "Theory of the stability of lyophobic colloids",The Journal of Physical and Colloid Chemistry,51 (3), Amsterdam: Elsevier:631–6,doi:10.1021/j150453a001
^^a ^bNostro, P.L.; Ninham, B.W. (2020),"After DLVO : Hans Lyklema and the keepers of the faith",Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,276, Amsterdam: Elsevier: 102082

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