The structure of the IGF2R is atype I transmembrane protein (that is, it has a single transmembrane domain with itsC-terminus on thecytoplasmic side oflipid membranes) with a large extracellular/lumenal domain and a relatively short cytoplasmic tail.[7] The extracellular domain consists of a small region homologous to thecollagen-binding domain offibronectin and of fifteen repeats of approximately 147amino acid residues. Each of these repeats is homologous to the 157-residue extracytoplasmic domain of themannose 6-phosphate receptor. Binding to IGF2 is mediated through one of the repeats, while two different repeats are responsible for binding to mannose-6-phosphate. The IGF2R is approximately300 kDa in size; it appears to exist and function as adimer.
IGF2R functions to clear IGF2 from the cell surface to attenuate signalling, and to transport lysosomalacid hydrolase precursors from the Golgi apparatus to thelysosome. After binding IGF2 at the cell surface, IGF2Rs accumulate in formingclathrin-coatedvesicles and areinternalized. In thelumen of thetrans-Golgi network, the IGF2R binds M6P-tagged cargo.[7] The IGF2Rs (bound to their cargo) are recognized by theGGA family ofclathrin adaptor proteins and accumulate in forming clathrin-coated vesicles.[8] IGF2Rs from both the cell surface and the Golgi are trafficked to the earlyendosome where, in the relatively lowpH environment of the endosome, the IGF2Rs release their cargo. The IGF2Rs are recycled back to the Golgi by theretromer complex, again by way of interaction with GGAs and vesicles. The cargo proteins are then trafficked to the lysosome via the late endosome independently of the IGF2Rs.
The insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor function evolved from the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and is first seen in Monotremes. The IGF-2 binding site was likely acquired fortuitously with the generation of an exonic splice site enhancer cluster in exon 34, presumably necessitated by several kilobases of repeat element insertions in the preceding intron. A six-fold affinity maturation then followed during therian evolution, coincident with the onset of imprinting and consistent with the theory of parental conflict.[11]
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^abGhosh P, Dahms NM, Kornfeld S (March 2003). "Mannose 6-phosphate receptors: new twists in the tale".Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.4 (3):202–12.doi:10.1038/nrm1050.PMID12612639.S2CID16991464.
^Ghosh P, Kornfeld S (July 2004). "The GGA proteins: key players in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network".Eur. J. Cell Biol.83 (6):257–62.doi:10.1078/0171-9335-00374.PMID15511083.
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De Souza AT, Hankins GR, Washington MK, Fine RL, Orton TC, Jirtle RL (1995). "Frequent loss of heterozygosity on 6q at the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor locus in human hepatocellular tumors".Oncogene.10 (9):1725–9.PMID7753549.
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