Anindustrial park, also known asindustrial estate ortrading estate, is an areazoned and planned for the purpose ofindustrial development. An industrial park can be thought of as a more heavyweight version of abusiness park or office park, which has offices andlight industry, rather thanheavy industry.
Industrial parks are usually located on the edges of, or outside, the mainresidential area of acity, and are normally provided with good transportation access, including road andrail.[1] One such example is the large number of industrial estates located along theRiver Thames in theThames Gateway area ofLondon. Industrial parks are usually located close to transport facilities, especially where more than onetransport modes coincide, includinghighways,railroads,airports andports. Another common feature of aNorth American industrial park is awater tower, which helps to hold enough water to meet the park's demands and forfirefighting purposes, and also advertises the industrial park and locality, as usually the community's name and logo are painted onto its surface.[2]
This idea of setting land aside through this type ofzoning has several purposes:
Benchmarking helps to rank industrial parks based on various criteria, including performance, investment, environmental protection, social responsibility, and governance (ESG).[7]For the manufacturing companies located in industrial parks, the performance of industrial park operators is important, as the costs for infrastructure and services charged by the industrial park operator is a serious factor for the competitiveness of the manufacturing companies.[8][9]
Different industrial parks fulfill these criteria to differing degrees. Many small communities have established industrial parks with only access to a nearby highway, and with only the basic utilities and roadways.Public transportation options may be limited or non-existent.
Industrial parks in developing countries such as India face a myriad of additional difficulties. This includes the availability of a skilled workforce and the clustering together of radically different industrial sectors (pharmaceuticals and heavy engineering, for example), which often leads to unfavorable outcomes for quality centered industries.[10]
An industrial park specializing inbiotechnology is called a biotechnology industrial park. It may also be known as a bio-industrial park or eco-industrial cluster.
Flatted factories exist in cities likeSingapore andHong Kong, where land is scarce. These are typically similar toflats, but house individual industries instead. Flatted factories have cargo lifts and some have roads that serve each level, providing access to each factory lot.
Thecanton of Geneva,Switzerland, is also encouraging the densification of industrial areas and their transformation into mixed-use zones due to a lack of land reserves. These zones house some businesses in industrial buildings operated by real estate companies, which can generate revenue by leasing ground-floor spaces to service providers catering to workers in the zone (shops, fitness centers, restaurants, etc.).[11]
in an uproar over a proposed industrial zone
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