Indianapolis anchors the28th largest metropolitan economy in the United States.[20] Prominent industries include trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; professional and business services; government; leisure and hospitality; and manufacturing.[21] The city has notableniche markets inamateur sports andauto racing.[22][23] Contemporary Indianapolis is home to twomajor league sports teams, threeFortune 500 companies, eight university campuses, and numerous cultural institutions, includingthe world's largest children's museum.[24][25] The city is perhaps best known for hosting the world's largest single-day sporting event, theIndianapolis 500.[26][27] Among the city'shistoric sites and districts, Indianapolis is home to the largest collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war casualties in the United States outside ofWashington, D.C.[28][29]
The name Indianapolis is derived from pairing the state's name,Indiana (meaning "Land of the Indians", or simply "Indian Land"[30]), with the suffix-polis, theGreek word for "city".Jeremiah Sullivan, justice of theIndiana Supreme Court, is credited with coining the name.[31] Other names considered were Concord, Delaware, Suwarrow,Tecumseh, Wayne, and Whetzel.[32][33]
An 1820 illustration of IndianapolisAlexander Ralston's "Plat of the Town of Indianapolis" in 1821
In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, theU.S. Congress donated four sections of federal land to establish a permanent seat of state government.[34] Two years later, under theTreaty of St. Mary's (1818), theDelaware relinquished title to their tribal lands in central Indiana, agreeing to leave the area by 1821.[18] This tract of land, which was called theNew Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820.[35] The indigenous people of the land prior tosystematic removal are theMiami Nation of Indiana (Miami Nation of Oklahoma) and Indianapolis makes up part of Cession 99; the primary treaty between the indigenous population and the United States was theTreaty of St. Mary's in 1818.[36]
The availability of new federal lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers, many of them descendants of families from northwestern Europe. Although many of these first European and American settlers wereProtestants, a large proportion of the earlyIrish andGerman immigrants wereCatholics. FewAfrican Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840.[37]
The firstEuropean Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families. The McCormicks are generally considered to be the first permanent settlers; however, some historians believeGeorge Pogue and family may have arrived first, on March 2, 1819, and settled in a log cabin along the creek that was later calledPogue's Run. Other historians have argued as early as 1822 thatJohn Wesley McCormick and his family and employees became the area's first European American settlers, settling near theWhite River in February 1820.[38]
On January 11, 1820, theIndiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital.[39] The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6, 1821.[1] In April,Alexander Ralston andElias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement.[40] Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, whenMarion County, was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832 when Indianapolis was incorporated as a town.[41]
Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847.Samuel Henderson, the city's first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen-member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded.[41] Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government moved to Indianapolis fromCorydon, Indiana. In addition to state government offices, aU.S. district court was established at Indianapolis in 1825.[42]
Growth occurred with the opening of theNational Road through the town in 1827, the first major federally funded highway in the United States.[43] A small segment of the ultimately failedIndiana Central Canal was opened in 1839.[44] The first railroad to serve Indianapolis, theJeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, began operation in 1847, and subsequent railroad connections fostered growth.[45]Indianapolis Union Station was the first of its kind in the world when it opened in 1853.[46]
During theAmerican Civil War, Indianapolis was mostly loyal to theUnion cause.GovernorOliver P. Morton, a major supporter ofPresidentAbraham Lincoln, quickly made Indianapolis a rallying place forUnion army troops. On February 11, 1861,President-elect Lincoln arrived in the city, en route toWashington, D.C. for hispresidential inauguration, marking the first visit from a president-elect in the city's history.[47] On April 16, 1861, the first orders were issued to form Indiana's first regiments and establish Indianapolis as a headquarters for the state's volunteer soldiers.[48][49] Within a week, more than 12,000 recruits signed up to fight for the Union.[50]
Indianapolis became a major logistics hub during the war, establishing the city as a crucial military base.[51][52] Between 1860 and 1870, the city's population more than doubled.[45] An estimated 4,000 men from Indianapolis served in 39 regiments, and an estimated 700 died during the war.[53] On May 20, 1863, Union soldiers attempted to disrupt a statewide Democratic convention at Indianapolis, forcing an adjournment of the proceedings, sarcastically referred to as theBattle of Pogue's Run.[54] Fear turned to panic in July 1863, duringMorgan's Raid into southern Indiana, but Confederate forces turned east towardOhio, never reaching Indianapolis.[55] On April 30, 1865, Lincoln's funeral train made a stop at Indianapolis, where an estimated crowd of more than 100,000 people passed the assassinated president'sbier at theIndiana Statehouse.[52][56]
Some of the city's most prominent architectural features and best known historical events date from the turn of the 20th century. TheSoldiers' and Sailors' Monument, dedicated on May 15, 1902, would later become the city's unofficial symbol.[59]Ray Harroun won the inaugural running of theIndianapolis 500, held May 30,1911, atIndianapolis Motor Speedway. Indianapolis was one of the hardest hit cities in theGreat Flood of 1913, resulting in five known deaths[60][61][62] and the displacement of 7,000 families.[63]
As a stop on theUnderground Railroad, Indianapolis had one of the largest black populations in theNorthern States, until theGreat Migration.[66] Led byD. C. Stephenson, theIndiana Klan became the most powerful political and social organization in Indianapolis from 1921 through 1928, controlling the City Council and the Board of School Commissioners, among others. At its height, more than 40% of native-born white males in Indianapolis claimed membership in the Klan.
Amid the changes in government and growth, the city pursued an aggressive economic development strategy to raise the city's stature as asports tourism destination, known as the Indianapolis Project.[76] During the administration of the city's longest-serving mayor,William Hudnut (1976–1992), millions of dollars were invested into sports venues and public relations campaigns. The strategy was successful in landing theU.S. Olympic Festival in 1982, securing therelocation of the Baltimore Colts in 1984, and hosting the1987 Pan American Games.[23]
The Ballard administration oversaw the lease of the city's parking meters and the sale of the city's water and wastewater utilities with proceeds financing street repairs. Ballard pursued several environmental sustainability efforts, including establishing an office of sustainability, installing 200 miles (320 km) of bike lanes and trails, and spearheading a controversial deal to start an electriccarsharing program.[80][81] Two of the city's largest capital projects, theIndianapolis International Airport's new terminal andLucas Oil Stadium, were completed in 2008.[82][83] In 2012, construction began on a $2 billion tunnel system, a project known asDigIndy, which was designed to reduce sewage overflows into the city's waterways.[84]
Since 2016, the administration ofJoe Hogsett has focused on addressing a rise in gun violence and the city's racial disparities. In recent years, significant capital and operational investments have been made in public safety, criminal justice, and public transit. The city also established rental assistance andfood security programs. In 2020, theGeorge Floyd protests in Indiana prompted a series of localpolice reforms and renewed efforts to bolster social services for mental health treatment and homelessness.[85][86] In 2021,a mass shooting occurred at aFedEx facility on the city's southwest side, killing nine (including the gunman) and injuring seven others.[87][88]
Between 2.6 million and 11,700 years ago, the Indianapolis area was situated on the southern margin of theLaurentide Ice Sheet. The erosive advance and retreat of glacial ice produced a flat or gently sloping landscape, known as atill plain. Elevations across Indianapolis vary from about 650 feet (198 m) to 900 feet (274 m)above mean sea level.[94] Indianapolis is located in theWest Fork White Riverdrainage basin, part of the largerMississippi River watershed via theWabash andOhio rivers.[95] The White River flows 31 miles (50 km) north-to-south through the city and is fed by some 35 streams, including Eagle Creek,Fall Creek, Pleasant Run, andPogue's Run.[96] The city's largest waterbodies are artificialquarry lakes andreservoirs.
Indianapolis is an example of aplanned city. In 1821, theIndiana General Assembly selected a site near theconfluence of theWhite River andFall Creek to serve as the new state capital, adopting a plan co-designed by surveyorsAlexander Ralston andElias Pym Fordham.[97] Thegrid plan called for a town of 1 square mile (2.6 km2) centered on atraffic circle (from which Indianapolis's "Circle City" nickname originates).[98] Four diagonal avenues—Indiana (northwest), Kentucky (southwest),Massachusetts (northeast), and Virginia (southeast)—radiated a block from the circle.[99] The city's address numbering system originates at the intersection ofWashington (running east–west) andMeridian streets (running north–south).[100]
In the 2020 census, Indianapolis was among the 20 largest cities in the U.S. by both population and land area. The city’s population density of 2,455 people per square mile (948/km2)ranked 222nd. This contrast is evident in Indianapolis's cityscape wherelow-density development patterns dominate and some 14,600 acres (5,900 ha) of farmland remain within its municipal boundaries.[101]
For statistical purposes, the consolidated city-county is organized into 99 "neighborhood areas" with most containing numerous individual historic and cultural districts, subdivisions, and some semi-autonomous towns. In total, some 500 self-identified neighborhood associations are listed in the city's Registered Community Organization system.[102] As a result of the city's expansive land area, Indianapolis has a uniqueurban-to-rural transect, ranging from dense urban neighborhoods to suburbantract housing subdivisions, to rural villages.[103]
Typical of American cities in the Midwest, Indianapolis urbanized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, resulting in the development of relatively dense, well-defined neighborhoods clustered around streetcar corridors, especially inCenter Township.[104] Notablestreetcar suburbs includeBroad Ripple,Irvington, andUniversity Heights.[105] Starting in the mid-20th century, thepost–World War II economic expansion and subsequentsuburbanization greatly influenced the city's development patterns. From 1950 to 1970, nearly 100,000 housing units were built in Marion County, most outside Center Township in suburban neighborhoods such asCastleton,Eagledale, andNora.[105]
Segment of the former Indiana Central Canal, an American Water Landmark
The 8-mile-long (13 km)Indiana Central Canal is the oldest extant artificial facility in the city, dating to the 1830s. Between 1985 and 2001, nearly 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the former canal in downtown Indianapolis were redeveloped into a cultural and recreational amenity. North of 18th Street, the canal retains much of its original appearance, flowing through the northside neighborhoods ofRiverside,Butler–Tarkington,Rocky Ripple, andBroad Ripple. This segment has been recognized as anAmerican Water Landmark since 1971.[115][116]
Following the dedication of the 284-foot (87 m)Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in 1902, Indianapolis enacted its firstheight restriction laws to protect views of the monument.[citation needed] In 1962, the 372-foot (113 m)City-County Building became the first high-rise in the city to surpass the monument’s height.[citation needed] The tallest residential buildings in Indianapolis, the twin 295-foot (90 m) 30-floorRiley Towers, were completed in 1963.[117] The 48-floorSalesforce Tower, completed in 1990, is the city’s tallest, with a roof height of 701 feet (214 m). Its distinctive twin antenna masts bring the building’s height to 811 feet (247 m).[118]
Typically, summers are fairly hot, humid, and wet. Winters are generally cold with moderate snowfall. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C). High temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 18 days each year,[148] and occasionally exceed 95 °F (35 °C). Spring and autumn are usually pleasant, if at times unpredictable. Midday temperature drops exceeding 30 °F or 17 °C are common during March and April, and instances of very warm days (80 °F or 27 °C) followed within 36 hours by snowfall are not unusual during these months. Winters are cold, with an average January temperature of 28.1 °F (−2.2 °C). Temperatures dip to 0 °F (−18 °C) or below an average of 3.7 nights per year.[148]
The rainiest months occur in the spring and summer, with slightly higher averages during May, June, and July. May is typically the wettest, with an average of 5.05 inches (12.8 cm) of rain.[148] Most rain is derived from thunderstorm activity. There is no distinct dry season, although occasional droughts occur. Severe weather is not uncommon, particularly in the spring and summer months. Indianapolis experiences an average of 20 thunderstorm days annually.[149]
Indianapolis's average annual rainfall is 42.4 inches (108 cm). Snowfall averages 25.9 inches (66 cm) per season. Official temperature extremes range from 106 °F (41 °C), set onJuly 14, 1936,[150] to −27 °F (−33 °C), set onJanuary 19, 1994.[150][151]
In 2015,Brookings characterized the Indianapolis metropolitan area as a minor-emerging immigrant gateway with a foreign-born population of 126,767, or 6.4% of the total population, a 131% increase from 2000.[160] Much of this growth can be attributed to thousands of Burmese-Chin refugees who have settled in Indianapolis, particularlyPerry Township, since the late 1990s.[161] Indianapolis is home to one of the largest concentrations ofChin people outside ofMyanmar (formerly Burma), with an estimated population ranging from 17,000 to 24,000.[162][163][164]
TheWilliams Institute reported that the Indianapolis metropolitan area had an estimated 4.6%LGBT adult population in 2020, totaling about 68,000.[165]
Ethnic origins in IndianapolisA racial distribution map of Indianapolis, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Other
Indianapolis, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
At the2020 census, Indianapolis had a population of 887,642 and a population density of 2,455 people per square mile (948/km2). The estimated population was 880,621 in 2022.[14] By population, Indianapolis is the state's largest city and the country's 16th largest.[172]
TheIndianapolis metropolitan area, officially the Indianapolis–Carmel–Greenwood, IN metropolitan statistical area (MSA), consists of Marion County and the surrounding counties ofBoone,Brown,Hamilton,Hancock,Hendricks,Johnson,Madison,Morgan,Shelby, andTipton.[173] In 2020, the metropolitan area's population was 2,111,040, the most populous in Indiana and home to 31% of the state's residents. In 2022, the estimated population was 2,141,779.[15] In 2020, the larger Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN combined statistical area (CSA) had a population of 2,492,514, home to nearly 37% of Indiana residents across 20 of Indiana's 92 counties.[173] In 2022, the estimated population was 2,524,790.[16]
In the 2010 census, 97.2% of the Indianapolis population was reported as one race: 61.8%White, 27.5%Black or African American, 2.1%Asian (0.4% Burmese, 0.4% Indian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% other Asian); 0.3%American Indian, and 5.5% as other. The remaining 2.8% of the population was reported asmultiracial (two or more races).[174] Indianapolis'sHispanic or Latino community was 9.4% of the city's population in the 2010 U.S. Census: 6.9% Mexican, 0.4% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Cuban, and 2% as other.[174] Sometime between 2020 and 2023, Marion County became majority non-white.[175]
In 2010, the median age for Indianapolis was 33.7 years. Age distribution for the city's inhabitants was 25% under the age of 18; 4.4% were between 18 and 21; 16.3% were age 21 to 65; and 13.1% were age 65 or older.[174] For every 100 females, there were 93 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 males.[176]
The 2010 census reported 332,199 households in Indianapolis, with an average household size of 2.42 and an average family size of 3.08.[174] Of the total households, 59.3% were family households, with 28.2% of these including the family's own children under the age of 18; 36.5% were husband-wife families; 17.2% had a female householder (with no husband present) and 5.6% had a male householder (with no wife present). The remaining 40.7% were non-family households.[174] As of 2010[update], 32% of the non-family households included individuals living alone, 8.3% of these households included individuals age 65 years of age or older.[174]
The U.S. Census Bureau's 2007–2011American Community Survey indicated the median household income for Indianapolis city was $42,704, and the median family income was $53,161.[177] Median income for males working full-time, year-round, was $42,101, compared to $34,788 for females. Per capita income for the city was $24,430. 14.7% of families and 18.9% of the city's total population lived below the poverty line. 28.3% of those in poverty were under the age of 18 and 9.2% were age 65 or older.[177]
In 2023, aPoint-In-Time Count conducted by the Coalition for Homelessness Intervention and Prevention identified 1,619 homeless individuals in Indianapolis. About 78% of the city's homeless population was sheltered, with 64% living in emergency shelters and 14% in transitional housing. The remaining 22% were unsheltered.[178]
Indianapolis anchors the28th largest metropolitan economy in the U.S., with agross domestic product of US$199.2 billion in 2023.[20] The city's major exports includepharmaceuticals, motor vehicle parts, medical equipment and supplies, engine and power equipment, and aircraft products and parts.[12] According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the largest industries by employment in theIndianapolis metropolitan area are trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; professional and business services; government; leisure and hospitality; and manufacturing, respectively. The area's unemployment rate was 3.7% in February 2024.[21]
Indianapolis's central location and extensive highway and rail infrastructure have positioned the city as an important logistics center. According to the Indy Chamber, the region was home to some 4,300 establishments employing nearly 110,000 in 2020.[198]Amazon has a major presence in the Indianapolis metropolitan area, employing 9,000.[199]FedEx employs 7,000[200] workers across 35 facilities in the city, includingFedEx Express's National Hub, which employs 5,800 workers in sorting, distribution, and shipping atIndianapolis International Airport.[201] Other logistics companies in the region with large workforces includeIngram Micro and Venture Logistics.[200]
Indianapolis anchors one of the largestlife sciences clusters in the U.S., notably in the subsectors of drugs and pharmaceuticals and agricultural feedstock and chemicals.[202][203] Life sciences employ between 21,200 and 28,700[204] among nearly 350 companies located in the region.[205] Pharmaceutical companyEli Lilly is the city's largest private employer, with a workforce of 11,000 in research and development, manufacturing, and executive administration.[206] Other major employers includeCorteva,[196]Fortrea,[207] andRoche's North American headquarters.[208][209][210]
Historically, manufacturing has been a critical component of Indianapolis's economy; however,deindustrialization since the mid-20th century has significantly impacted the city's workforce. Indianapolis is typically considered part of theRust Belt, a region of theNortheastern andMidwestern U.S. beleaguered by industrial and population decline.[223] Between 1990 and 2012, approximately 26,900 manufacturing jobs were lost in the city as it continued diversification efforts and transitioned to aservice economy.[224]RCA andWestern Electric formerly employed thousands at their Indianapolis manufacturing plants.[225][226]
Indianapolis is home toAllison Transmission's headquarters and manufacturing facilities, employing 2,500 in the design and production of automatic transmissions and hybrid propulsion systems.[206]Rolls-Royce North America dates its local presence to the establishment of theAllison Engine Company in 1915. Its Indianapolis Operations Center has a workforce of 4,000 in aircraft engine development and manufacturing.[229][206] Other major manufacturing employers includeAllegion andRTX Corporation.[206] In 2016,Carrier Corporationannounced the closure of its Indianapolis plant, moving 1,400 manufacturing jobs to Mexico.[230] Carrier later negotiated with the incoming Trump administration to save some jobs. The company's local workforce numbers 800 in gas furnace production.[231]
Since 2020,Ganggang has been a prominent supporter ofBlack artists in the city. Their annual art fair "BUTTER" is a multi-day art exhibition that takes place overLabor Day weekend.[237][238][239][240]
A mural memorializingKurt Vonnegut onMass Avenue, completed by local artist Pamela Bliss in 2011
From about 1870 to 1920, Indianapolis was at the center of theGolden Age of Indiana Literature. Several notable poets and writers based in the city achieved national prominence and critical acclaim during this period, includingJames Whitcomb Riley,Booth Tarkington, andMeredith Nicholson.[13][273] Perhaps the city's most acclaimed twentieth-century writer wasKurt Vonnegut, known for his darkly satirical and controversial bestselling novelSlaughterhouse-Five.[274] Vonnegut became known for including at least one character in his novels from Indianapolis.[275] Upon returning to the city in 1986, Vonnegut acknowledged the influence the city had on his writings:
All my jokes are Indianapolis. All my attitudes are Indianapolis. My adenoids are Indianapolis. If I ever severed myself from Indianapolis, I would be out of business. What people like about me is Indianapolis.[275][276]
The Children's Museum of Indianapolis is the world's largest children's museum with 433,000 square feet (40,227.02 m2) of exhibit space and a collection of over 120,000 artifacts.[279][280] Due to its leadership and innovations, the museum is a world leader in its field.[281] In 2023, it was one of the region's most popular attractions, drawing about 1.2 million visitors.[282]
TheIndianapolis Zoo houses more than 1,400 animals of 235 species while the adjoiningWhite River Gardens contains more than 50,000 plants of nearly 3,000 species, respectively.[283] The zoo is a leader in animal conservation and research, recognized for its biennialIndianapolis Prize award.[284] It is among the largest privately funded zoos in the U.S.[285] and one of the city's most visited attractions, with 1.1 million guests in 2023.[282]
Indianapolis has an emerging food scene as well as established eateries.[301] Founded in 1821 as the city'spublic market, theIndianapolis City Market has served the community from its current building since 1886. BeforeWorld War II, the City Market was home to meat and vegetable vendors. As consumer habits evolved and residents moved from the central city, City Market transitioned from a traditional marketplace to afood hall.[302] The AMP and The Garage food halls opened in 2021.[303]
Situated in theCorn Belt, Indianapolis has maintained close ties to farming and food production.Urban agriculture in the city dates to the 1930s, whenFlanner House began teaching Black arrivals how to farm on vacant lots during theGreat Migration. Within a few years, more than 200 families were tending 600 garden plots on nearly 100 acres (40 ha) of land on the city's near north side.[304] Urban agriculture has made a comeback in recent years in an effort to alleviatefood deserts.[305] According to the city's Office of Sustainability, there were 129 community farms and gardens in 2020.[306] As of 2020[update], severalfarmers' markets have been established throughout Indianapolis.[307]
In 2016,Condé Nast Traveler named Indianapolis the "most underrated food city in the U.S.", while ranking Milktooth as one of the best restaurants in the world.[315][316]Food & Wine called Indianapolis the "rising star of the Midwest".[317][318] Several Indianapolis chefs and restaurateurs have been semifinalists in theJames Beard Foundation Awards in recent years.[319][320]Microbreweries have become a staple in the city, increasing fivefold since 2009.[321] There are now about 50 craft brewers in Indianapolis, withSun King Brewing being the largest.[322]
Film Indy was established in 2016 to support local visual artists, filmmakers, and aspiring filmmakers; recruit film and television-related marketing opportunities to the region, and provide resources for producers interested in filming in the city.[335] Since 2016, more than 350 film and media projects have been produced in the Indianapolis region with a collective economic impact of $24.1 million and the creation of 1,900 local jobs.[352]
Indianapolis—officially the Consolidated City of Indianapolis andMarion County—has aconsolidated city-county form of government, a status it has held since 1970 underIndiana Code'sUnigov provision. Many functions of the municipal and county governments are consolidated, though some remain separate.[2] The city has astrong mayor–council system of government which oversees six administrative departments. Marion County also contains some 60 taxing units, nine separatecivil township governments, and seven special-purposemunicipal corporations.[381][382]
The executive branch is headed by an elected mayor who serves as the chief executive of both the city and county.[383]Indianapolis City-County Council is the legislative body and consists of 25 members, all of whom represent geographic districts. The mayor and council members are elected to unlimited four-year terms.[383][384] Executive and legislative functions are based from theCity-County Building. The judiciary consists of a circuit court and superior court with four divisions and 32 judges.[2] Each of the county's nine civil townships elects its owntownship trustee, three-member board, assessor, and a constable and small claims court judge, all of whom serve four-year terms.[92]
Until fairly recently, Indianapolis was considered one of the mostconservative major cities in the U.S.[389][71] According to 2014 research published in theAmerican Political Science Review, the city's policy preferences are less conservative than the national mean when compared with other large U.S. cities.[390] While Indianapolis as a whole leans Democratic, the southern third of the city, consisting ofDecatur,Perry, andFranklin townships, trends Republican.[391]
TheIndianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD) is the city's primarylaw enforcement agency. IMPD's jurisdiction covers Marion County, excluding the municipalities ofBeech Grove, Lawrence,Southport, and Speedway (all of which operate separate forces). In 2020, IMPD had 1,700 sworn police personnel and 250 civilian employees across six districts.[397] In 2022, the Community Justice Campus opened, housing the Marion County Sheriff's Office, a new courthouse, jail, and mental health and substance abuse clinic.[398]
Unlike other major Midwest cities likeDetroit andChicago, the homicide rate for Indianapolis remained below the national average throughout the 1990s.[400] Homicides hit a spike in 1998 when the city reached 162 murders. Murders drastically decreased in the following years but spiked again in 2006 with 153 murders.[401] Until 2019, annual criminal homicide numbers had grown each year since 2011, reaching record highs from 2015 to 2018.[402] With 144 criminal homicides, 2015 surpassed 1998 as the year with the most murder investigations in the city. With 159 criminal homicides, 2018 stands as the most violent year on record in the city.[402]FBI data showed a 7% increase in violent crimes committed in Indianapolis, outpacing the rest of the state and country.[403] Law enforcement has blamed increased violence on a combination of root causes, including poverty, substance abuse, and mental illness.[404]
NineK–12 publicschool districts serve residents of the consolidated city as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau (which includes the balance and included cities, and does not include the excluded cities):[406]
Indianapolis Public Schools is the largest district in the city, enrolling about 23,000 students across 60 schools.[407] In 2015, the district began contracting withcharter organizations and nonprofit managers to operate failing schools.[408] About 63% of the district's students attend traditional neighborhood ormagnet schools, while the remaining 37% are enrolled in independently managed schools.[409][410] About 18,000 students are enrolled in tuition-free charter schools sponsored by the Indianapolis Mayor's Office of Education Innovation and Indianapolis Charter School Board.[411]
Indianapolis's transportation infrastructure consists of a complex network that includes a local public bus system, several private intercity bus providers,Amtrak passenger rail service, four freight rail lines,four primary and two auxiliary Interstate Highways, two airports, a heliport, bikeshare system, 115 miles (185 km) of bike lanes,[306] and 110 miles (177 km) of trails and greenways.[465][306] Privateridesharing companiesLyft andUber as well astaxicabs operate in the city.[466] Launched in 2018, electricscooter-sharing systems operating in Indianapolis includeBird,Lime, and Veo.[467]
Urban sprawl and the absence of a comprehensive regional public transit system have contributed to Indianapolis residents driving more vehicle miles per capita than any other U.S. city.[468] According to the 2016American Community Survey, 83.7% of working residents in the city commuted by driving alone, 8.4% carpooled, 1.5% used public transportation, and 1.8% walked. About 1.5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 3.1% of working city residents worked at home.[469] In 2015, 10.5 percent of Indianapolis households lacked a car, which decreased to 8.7 percent in 2016, the same as the national average in that year. Indianapolis averaged 1.63 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[470]
Geist Reservoir in northeast Indianapolis is one of the region's four reservoirs.
AES Indiana supplies electricity to more than 500,000 Indianapolis customers[484] and maintains 90,000 street lights.[485] Natural gas, water, and wastewater utilities are provided by Citizens Energy Group.[486] The company's thermal division operates thePerry K. Generating Station which produces and distributes steam for heating and cooling to about 160 customers in downtown Indianapolis.[487] The city's water supply is sourced from theWhite River and its tributaries as well asaquifers via four surface water treatment plants, four reservoirs, and five groundwater pumping stations throughout the region.[488]
Waste collection services in Indianapolis are provided by the city's Department of Public Works Solid Waste Division,Republic Services, andWM.[491] Solid waste disposal in the city is processed bylandfill andincineration.Reworld operates awaste-to-energy plant in the city. About 11% of residents subscribe to privatecurbside recycling services;[492] however, free public recycling drop-off sites are available throughout the city.[493] Of U.S. cities, Indianapolis is the largest without a universal curbside recycling program, resulting in one of the lowestlandfill diversion rates.[492][494]
Health and Hospital Corporation of Marion County oversees the city's public health facilities and programs, including the Marion County Public Health Department, Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services, and Eskenazi Health.[498] Eskenazi Health operates tenprimary care sites across the city, including theSidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital.[499] Otherpublic hospitals include the Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center (managed by theVeterans Health Administration)[500] and theNeuroDiagnostic Institute (managed by the State of Indiana).[501]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official records for Indianapolis kept at downtown from February 1871 to December 1942, and at Indianapolis Int'l since January 1943. For more information, seeThreadex
^Indianapolis has one former sister city,Scarborough, Ontario, Canada. The relationship was formally established in 1996 but dissolved following the 1998amalgamation of Toronto.[505][506]
^James R. Jones III, PhD.; Amy L. Johnson (2016)."Early Peoples of Indiana"(PDF). Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on July 25, 2020. RetrievedAugust 11, 2020.
^abTed Greene and Jon Sweeney (January 20, 2012).Naptown to Super City (television broadcast).WFYI. Archived fromthe original on December 18, 2017. RetrievedMarch 26, 2016.
^abDavidson, Donald (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis 500-Mile Race".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^An earlier use of the name dates to the 1760s when it referenced a tract of land under the control of the Commonwealth of Virginia, but the area's name was discarded when it became a part of that state. SeeHodgin, Cyrus (1903)."The Naming of Indiana"(pdf transcription).Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society.1 (1). Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society:3–11. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2014.
^A plaque at the City-County Building commissioned by the Society of Indiana Pioneers in 1962 lists these as considered names: "In an act of January 6, 1821, the Indiana General Assembly, then meeting at Corydon, named the new capital of the state 'Indianapolis'. Jeremiah Sullivan, later an eminent Hoosier jurist, acting in cooperation with Samuel Merrill and the approval of Governor Jonathan Jennings, proposed Indianapolis as the name which was chosen in preference to Tecumseh, Suwarrow, and Concord."
^A. C. Howard (1857).A. C. Howard's Directory for the City of Indianapolis: Containing a Correct List of Citizens' Names, Their Residence, and Place of Business, with a Historical Sketch of Indianapolis from its Earliest History to the Present Day. Indianapolis: A. C. Howard. p. 3. See alsoHester Ann Hale (1987).Indianapolis, the First Century. Indianapolis: Marion County Historical Society. p. 9.
^Brown, p. 1;Centennial History of Indianapolis, p. 26; and Howard, p. 2.
^James H. Madison (2014).Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 123.ISBN978-0-253-01308-8.
^Hyman, p. 10, andWilliam A. Browne Jr. (Summer 2013). "The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis".Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History.25 (3). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society:8–9. Accessed March 25, 2016.
^abBrown, pp. 8, 46 and 49;Centennial History of Indianapolis, p. 30; Esarey, v. 3, pp. 42–43 and 201–2; andBodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 1479–80.ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^"Indianapolis Union Railroad Station".Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived fromthe original on December 14, 2012. RetrievedAugust 11, 2015.
^Holliday, p. 24; Dunn,Greater Indianapolis, v. I, p. 217; and Leary, pp. 94–98.
^John D. Barnhart (September 1961)."The Impact of the Civil War on Indiana".Indiana Magazine of History.57 (3). Bloomington: Indiana University: 186. RetrievedOctober 15, 2015.
^Emma Lou Thornbrough (1995).Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880. History of Indiana. Vol. III. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 124.ISBN0-87195-050-2.
^Leary, pp. 99, 113–14, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., pp. 441, 443.
^Thornbrough, p. 202; Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1121; andKenneth M. Stampp (1949).Indiana Politics During the Civil War. Indiana Historical Collections. Vol. 31. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. pp. 199–201.OCLC952264.
^Barnhart, pp. 212–13, andJohn Holliday (1911).Indianapolis and the Civil War. E. J. Hecker. pp. 58–59.
^Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 1483.
^Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 23.
^James Philip Fadely (Winter 2006). "The Veteran and the Memorial: George J. Gangsdale and the Soldiers and Sailors Monument".Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History.18 (1). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society:33–35. Accessed March 26, 2016.
^Trudy E. Bell (Spring 2006). "Forgotten Waters: Indiana's Great Easter Flood of 1913".Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History.18 (2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 15.
^Unconfirmed deaths numbered as many as twenty-five. See Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 582.
^Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 581–582.ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 1356.
^"Unigov's 1st Test Is Due".The Indianapolis News. May 25, 1971. p. 41. RetrievedJuly 3, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.It meant the city's jurisdiction grew overnight from one that covered 82 square miles and just over 500,000 residents to one with 400 square miles and more than 750,000 people.
^Blomquist, William A.; Vanderstel, David G. (2021) [1994]."Creation of Unigov".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^Frantz, Edward O. (April 2021)."Richard G. Lugar".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 803–804.
^Blomquist, William A.; Stitt, Scott (2021) [1994]."Stephen L. Goldsmith Administration".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^Schneider, Mary Beth (November 3, 1999)."Peterson leads a party revival".The Indianapolis Star. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.For the first time since 1963, and for the first time since Uni-Gov was created in 1969, the voters of Marion County elected a Democrat — Bart Peterson — to be mayor.
^Frantz, Edward O. (March 2021)."Bart Peterson Administration".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^Frantz, Edward O. (April 2021)."Gregory Ballard Administration".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^Marlette, Jerry; Opsahl, Sam; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (July 2021)."Indianapolis International Airport".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^Blair, Lyndsey D. (July 2021)."Lucas Oil Stadium".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^Fischer, Jessica Erin; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (July 2021)."DigIndy".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^Lyons Davis, Katherine (April 2021)."Joseph H. Hogsett Administration".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^Doherty, William; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 2, 2023.
^abHale, Michelle (2021) [1994]."Townships".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^Geib, W.J.; Schroeder, Frank C. (October 6, 1908).Soil Survey of Marion County, Indiana(PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils. pp. 5–6. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on July 8, 2022. RetrievedMay 5, 2022.
^Mirsky, Arthur; Cox, Kristiana (2021) [1994]."Geology".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 28, 2023.
^Ground-Water Resources in the White and West Fork White River Basin, Indiana(PDF) (Report). State of Indiana, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. 2002. p. 8. RetrievedDecember 28, 2023.Streamflow leaving the basin enters the Wabash River, then the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and eventually reaches the Gulf of Mexico.
^abStrunk, Kevin; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]."White River".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 5, 2022.
^Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 132.ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^William A. Browne Jr. (Summer 2013). "The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis".Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History.25 (3). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 8 and 9.
^"About the Data". The Polis Center at IUPUI. RetrievedNovember 26, 2021.
^Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 243–244.ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^Donnelly, Cathleen; Verderame, Jyoti (2021) [1994]."Center Township".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedNovember 27, 2021.
^abBodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 132–39.ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^Baker, David L.; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Historic Preservation Commission".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 28, 2024.
^Fischer, Jessica Erin (September 2023) [2021]."Historic Districts".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 28, 2024.
^Verderame, Jyoti A. (March 2021)."Central Canal Corridor".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^Lauritz Larson, John (2021) [1994]."Central Canal".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^Glass, James A. (February 2021)."Riley Towers".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 28, 2024.
^Rollins Stanis, Suzanne T.; Opsahl, Sam (2021) [1994]."Salesforce Tower".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 28, 2024.
^Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 28–37.ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^Hale, Michelle; Fischer, Jessica (2021) [1994]."Parks and Greenspaces".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2022.
^"2017 City park facts"(PDF). The Trust for Public Land. p. 11. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on January 13, 2022. RetrievedJanuary 16, 2022.
^Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 608.ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 1008.ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 867–869.ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^Lantzer, Jason (June 2022)."Religion and Health Care".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2025.
^abLantzer, Jason (2024) [2022]."Religion and Politics".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2025.
^Wind, James P.; Badertscher, Kattherine (2022) [1994]."Religion and Social Services".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2025.
^Bodenhamer, David J.; Farnsley II, Arthur E.; Van Allen, Elizabeth J."Religion Atlas".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2025.
^abcWilliams, D. Newell; Seay, Scott (2021) [1994]."Christian Church (Disciples Of Christ)".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2025.
^Dalton, William D.; Little, Lee (2021) [1994]."Christ Church Cathedral".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2025.
^Markisohn, Deborah B. (2021) [1994]."St. John Catholic Church".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2025.
^Isley Jr., William L.; Farnsley II, Arthur E. (2022) [1994]."Second Presbyterian Church".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2025.
^Hale, Michelle D.; Spiegel, Pauline (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2025.
^Verderame, Jyoti A. (June 2021)."Hindu Temple of Central Indiana".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2025.
^Snideman, Samuel S.; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (June 2021)."Mormon Temple".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2025.
^abZeigler, Connie; Blair, Lyndsey (2021) [1994]."Expositions and Conventions".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2022.
^Markisohn, Deborah; Snyder, Morgan; Blair, Lyndsey (2021) [1994]."Visit Indy".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2022.
^Johnson Taggart, Charles; Van Allen, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]."Western Electric".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2022.
^abFurlong, Patrick; Van Allen, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]."Automobile Industry".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2022.
^Johnson Taggart, Charles; Van Allen, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]."Ford Motor Company".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2022.
^Jyoti, Verderame (2021) [1994]."Carrier Corporation".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2022.
^Duvall, Jeffery A. (2021) [1994]."Art Association of Indianapolis".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMarch 24, 2022.
^Cooney, John J. (2021) [1994]."Herron School of Art and Design".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMarch 24, 2022.
^Sommers, Joyce A.; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Art Center".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMarch 24, 2022.
^Gadski, Mary Ellen (2021) [1994]."Hilbert Circle Theatre".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Snyder, Suzanne G.; Huber, Jen (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Jensen, Joyce K.; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (2021) [1994]."Indiana Repertory Theatre".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Erickson, Norma (March 2021)."The Cabaret".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Verderame, Jyoti A. (July 2021)."Indianapolis Artsgarden".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Jensen, Joyce K. (2021) [1994]."Phoenix Theatre".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Carr Childs-Helton, Sally (2021) [1994]."Slippery Noodle Inn".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedApril 8, 2023.
^Opsahl, Sam (June 2021)."IndyFringe Theatre Festival".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Cones, Jean (2021) [1994]."Footlite Musicals".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 16, 2024.
^Destefano, Rann (February 2021)."Epilogue Players".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 16, 2024.
^Gibbs, Wilma; Bundles, A'lelia (2021) [1994]."Madam Walker Legacy Center".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^abBodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 840–843.
^Tom Moon (Music Reviewer) (May 25, 2015).Review: 'In The Beginning,' Wes Montgomery (Radio). National Public Radio (NPR) All Things Considered. RetrievedOctober 15, 2017.He was one of the most influential guitarists of all time.
^Gerber, Thomas (February 2021)."IndyBaroque Music".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Elliott, Bill (February 2021)."Indianapolis Chamber Orchestra".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Hanlin, George (July 2021)."Indianapolis Men's Chorus".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedSeptember 19, 2023.
^Snyder, Suzanne G.; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Opera".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Gadski, Mary Ellen (2021) [1994]."Clowes Memorial Hall".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
^Fischer, Jessica Erin (May 2021)."Jazz Kitchen".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedApril 8, 2023.
^Newberry, Laura (July 19, 2013)."Indy music store stands test of time".The Indianapolis Star. p. A9. RetrievedMay 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.According to the association, 15 to 20 businesses have opened in the neighborhood in the past two years, some of which double as music venues. 'Now not only do we have White Rabbit and Radio Radio within a block of us that do music, there are little places popping up everywhere in people's basements,' said Amy England, Osborne's daughter and the store's service manager. 'There's live music every night.'
^Fuller, Milner (March 2021)."American Piano Awards".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 7, 2022.
^Cox, Stephen L.; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]."Museums".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 7, 2022.
^Vanderstel, David G. (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Early Music".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 7, 2022.
^Fischer, Jessica Erin (July 2021)."Indianapolis Jazz Foundation".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 7, 2022.
^Calder, J. Kent (2021) [1994]."Golden Age of Indiana Literature".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Libraries & Archives. RetrievedJanuary 16, 2024.
^Hillier-Geisler, Megan (March 2021)."Indianapolis Prize".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^Hurst, Richard M.; Hillier-Geisler, Megan (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Zoo".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^abOpsahl, Sam; Verderame, Jyoti A. (June 2021)."NCAA Headquarters and Hall of Champions".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^Zeigler, Connie J.; Capps, Jennifer (2021) [1994]."Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMarch 28, 2024.
^Sanford, Wayne L.; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]."Crown Hill Cemetery".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^Badertscher, Katherine; Capps, Jennifer (February 2021)."Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMarch 28, 2024.
^Rollins Stanis, Suzanne T. (2021) [1994]."Indiana Landmarks".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^Rollins Stanis, Suzanne T.; Glass, James A. (2021) [1994]."Indiana World War Memorial Plaza"(website).Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library.Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2022.
^Stuttgen, J.R. (2007). Cafe Indiana: A Guide to Indiana's Down-Home Cafes. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 178.ISBN978-0-299-22493-6. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
^Blackwell, Carolyn S. (2021) [1994]."Shapiro's Delicatessen".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedApril 8, 2023.
^Markisohn, Deborah B. (2021) [1994]."St. Elmo Steak House".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedApril 8, 2023.
^Ketzenberger, Jolene (July 13, 2012)."St. Elmo Steak House on Forbes' list of 10 classic restaurants".The Indianapolis Star. p. D6. RetrievedJuly 15, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.St. Elmo Steak House, established in 1902, was recently included in a Forbes.com gallery of 10 classic restaurants around the world. (...) St. Elmo was honored earlier this year with an America's Classic award from the James Beard Foundation.
^Cohen, Deborah (August 2008). "Chain Reaction".Indianapolis Monthly. pp. 89–99.
^Smith, Benjamin (June 20, 1999)."Spotlight to shine again on IPD".The Indianapolis Star. p. B3. RetrievedJuly 1, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.They're usingCOPS to do it. This spring, IPD media relations director Sgt. Paul Ciesielski sought out TV producer Murray Jordan, a veteran of Fox's hit showCOPS. He reminded Jordan thatCOPS had successfully shot a 'reality-based' segment with Indianapolis police in 1994. (...) In September, IPD will shareCOPS season premiere with the Marion County Sheriff's Department and the Speedway Police Department.
^Ketzenberger, John (May 3, 2009)."Developer's hope: Makeover home is transformative event".The Indianapolis Star. Gannett. pp. D1 –D2. RetrievedMay 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.'Extreme Makeover' has chosen Indianapolis to finish its season and Estridge to build the house.
^Lindquist, David (September 28, 2013)."'Parks and Rec' is headed back to Indianapolis".The Indianapolis Star. p. A2. RetrievedJuly 1, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.According to NBC, cast and production crew ofParks and Recreation will be in Indianapolis next week to shoot scenes at Lucas Oil Stadium. (...) In 2010, the sitcom shot scenes at the Indiana Statehouse, but no cast members were present.
^Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (April 2021)."Heartland International Film Festival".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 1, 2022.
^Ogden, R. Dale; Wilson, Philip; Opsahl, Sam (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Colts".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 30, 2022.
^Blair, Lyndsey D. (July 2021)."Lucas Oil Stadium".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 30, 2022.
^Ogden, R. Dale; Lopez, Danny (2021) [1994]."Indiana Pacers".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 30, 2022.
^Lopez, Danny (June 2021)."Indiana Fever".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 30, 2022.
^Opsahl, Sam; Verderame, Jyoti A. (July 2021)."Gainbridge Fieldhouse".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 30, 2022.
^Bjarkman, Peter C.; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Indians".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 1, 2025.
^Markisohn, Deborah (2021) [1994]."Slogans and Nicknames".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMarch 11, 2022.
^Zeigler, Connie; Van Allen, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]."Amateur Sports Governing Bodies".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMarch 11, 2022.
^Zeigler, Connie J.; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (2021) [1994]."Indiana High School Athletic Association".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMarch 24, 2024.
^Davidson, Donald (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Motor Speedway".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^Verderame, Jyoti A. (February 2021)."500 Festival".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^Hale, Michelle D.; Verderame, Jyoti A. (2021) [1994]."Circle City Classic".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 30, 2022.
^Ogden, R. Dale; Opsahl, Sam (July 2021)."NCAA Basketball Finals".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
^Blomquist, William; Vanderstel, David (2021) [1994]."Structure of Unigov".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^Kirk, Robert; Vanderstel, David (2021) [1994]."Unigov and Public Finance".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^abWhitham, John; White, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]."Office of the Mayor".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^Blomquist, William; White, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]."City-County Council".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^Zeigler, Connie (2021) [1994]."Indiana Government Center".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^Carnes, William; Hankins, Melanie (2021) [1994]."M. B. Emmett J. Bean Finance Center".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^Blomquist, William; Vanderstel, David (2021) [1994]."Unigov and Political Participation".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^"IFD Battalions". City of Indianapolis and Marion County. RetrievedAugust 19, 2020.
^Doherty, William; Van Allen, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Fire Department".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^Doherty, William; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2022.
^Fischer, Robert T.; Blair, Lyndsey D. (2021) [1994]."Indiana National Guard".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedMarch 17, 2024.
^Kaiser, Kristen (June 2021)."International School of Indiana".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 9, 2024.
^McClelland, Helen Jean (2021) [1994]."The Orchard School".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 9, 2024.
^McClelland, Helen Jean (2021) [1994]."Park Tudor School".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 9, 2024.
^Donnelly, Cathleen F. (2021) [1994]."Meridian Hills".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 9, 2024.
^Kirchhoff, Stephen; Schneider, William (2021) [1994]."Indiana University School of Medicine".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 29, 2021.
^Titus, Charles; Fischer, Jessica (2021) [1994]."Ivy Tech Community College".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 29, 2021.
^"About CAP: INDY".www.bsu.edu. Ball State University. RetrievedDecember 29, 2021.
^Becker, Edwin; Seay, Scott (2021) [1994]."Christian Theological Seminary".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 29, 2021.
^Pumroy, Eric L.; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]."Libraries & Archives".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 7, 2023.
^Logsdon, Robert L.; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]."Indiana State Library".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedJuly 7, 2023.
^Murphy, Beth; Verderame, Jyoti A. (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Star".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Murphy, Beth (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis News".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Sherman, John (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Times".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^McKay, Christy; Verderame, Jyoti A. (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Monthly".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Harton, Thomas A.; Verderame, Jyoti A. (2021) [1994]."Indianapolis Business Journal".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Burgess, Robert (February 2021)."NUVO".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Perry, Brandon (December 2021)."The Indianapolis Recorder".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Perry, Brandon (July 2021)."Indiana Minority Business Magazine".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Gonzalez Parodi, Jose (June 2022)."La Voz de Indiana".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Smith, David L.; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (2021) [1994]."WTTV".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Fletcher, Stephen J.; Opsahl, Sam (2021) [1994]."WRTV".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Smith, David L. (2021) [1994]."WISH-TV".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Fletcher, Stephen J.; Opsahl, Sam (2021) [1994]."WTHR".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Schwartz, Judy; Reid, Christos (2021) [1994]."WFYI Public Television".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Fletcher, Stephen J. (2021) [1994]."WIXN".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 22.
^Zeigler, Connie J. (2021) [1994]."WFBQ".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^McKay, Christy (2021) [1994]."WFMS".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Zeigler, Connie J.; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (2021) [1994]."WIBC".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Hale, Michelle D.; Blair, Lyndsey D. (2021) [1994]."WTLC".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Verderame, Jyoti A.; Opsahl, Sam (June 2021)."Bob & Tom Show".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Opsahl, Sam (March 2021)."WFNI".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^Zeigler, Connie J.; Opsahl, Sam; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (2021) [1994]."WNDE".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^McKay, Christy (2021) [1994]."WXNT".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^McKay, Christy (2021) [1994]."WBRI".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
^McKay, Christy (2021) [1994]."WICR".Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. RetrievedDecember 27, 2023.
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