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Indian removals in Ohio started in the late eighteenth century after the American victory in theRevolutionary War and the consequent opening of the Northwestern United States toEuropean-Americansettlement.Native American tribes residing in the region banded together to resist settlement, resulting in the disastrousNorthwest Indian War where the Native tribes ceded large swathes of territory to theAmerican government. After the American victory in the war, severalIndian reservations were established to forcibly relocate landless tribes to. The process of obtaining full American sovereignty over Indian territories inOhio was complete around 1818, but continued inIndiana until 1840.

Before theAmerican Revolutionary War, theOhio Territory was populated by tribes ofShawnee in the southwest,Miami in the far west,Wyandot in the northeast, theSenecas in the far northeast, and theOttawas in the north.^[1]

TheRoyal Proclamation of 1763 reserved what was then Ohio Country and lands beyond west of the Appalachians for Indians, and settlement by European colonists was forbidden.^[2] TheTreaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 defined the Ohio River as the boundary between Indian lands and the settler's lands west of the Appalachians. TheTreaty of Fort McIntosh in 1785 circumscribed an area of central northern and northwestern Ohio Country as Indian land, essentially creating the first Indian reservation west of the Appalachians. The boundaries of that treaty followed natural landmarks and colonial forts, and became a blueprint for later treaties. Neither Indians nor settlers observed the boundaries of the treaty, resulting in the Northwest Indian War. TheTreaty of Fort Harmar in 1789 which essentially reiterated the terms of earlier treaties, was a last attempt to placate the parties. Major United States army campaigns to assert sovereignty over the frontier ensued, culminating in the decisive American victory atBattle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.^[1]

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The United States dictated terms of the peace following the War, circumscribing a boundary line around state territories ofConnecticut Western Reserve andVirginia Military District, along with the Symmes and Ohio Company land purchases to include most of southern and eastern Ohio in an area reserved to settlers.^[1] TheTreaty of Greenville 1795 superseded and nullified all older treaties that conflicted with the new one. The treaty acquired about 2/3 of the future state of Ohio, leaving only the northwestern portion of Ohio Country for the Indians. Northwestern Indian lands were subsequently reduced by theTreaty of Fort Industry 1805 which moved the eastern boundary of Indian lands west to coincide with the western boundary of the Firelands, part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in northeastern Ohio. The process continued with:

• Treaty of Detroit in 1807^[3]
• Treaty of Brownstown in 1808^[1]
• Treaty of Greenville in 1814^[4]
• Treaty of Fort Meigs in 1817^[1]

In fall of 1818, six treaties were part of theTreaty of St. Mary's (1818), including Treaty with the Miami, that ceded the final piece of Ohio between the Greenville Treaty Line and St. Mary's River, completing the acquisition of Ohio for the United States. At the same time, the process of acquisition of lands andremoval of Indians continued in Indiana with the other 5 treaties, acquiring nearly 1/3 of the land of Indiana thereby.^{[citation needed]}

Treaties after 1818 involved purchase or cession of reservations, and Indians were removed to out of state Indian Territory.^{[citation needed]}

The last Indians in Ohio were removed in 1843 viaTreaty with the Wyandots (1842) by which the reservation at Upper Sandusky was ceded to the United States, and the Wyandots relocated to Oklahoma in 1843.^{[citation needed]}

As of the 20th century, there are no Indian reservations in Ohio, and no federally recognized Indian tribes in Ohio.^{[citation needed]}

• Indian Removal Act
• Twelve Mile Square Reservation (not an Indian reservation)
• Upper Sandusky Reservation (Wyandot)
• Moravian Indian Grants (Gnadenhutten, Schoenbrun, and Salem)
• Treaty of Lewistown (1829)

• President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, Wiley Sword, University of Oklahoma Press, 1993ISBN 978-0806124889

• Wyandot
• Shawnee history
• Native American history of Ohio
• Native American genocide
• Former Native American populated places in the United States
• Aboriginal title in the United States
• Ethnic cleansing in the United States
• Forced migrations of Native Americans in the United States
• 19th century in Ohio
• Anti-Indigenous racism in Ohio
• Racially motivated violence in Ohio

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