Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | INDIA |
| Rajya Sabha Leader | Mallikarjun Kharge(LOP) |
| Lok Sabha Leader | Rahul Gandhi(LOP) |
| Founder | List
|
| Founded | 17 July 2023; 2 years ago (2023-07-17) |
| Preceded by | UPA UO |
| Political position | Centrism[a] |
| Colours | (Official) (Alternative) |
| ECI Status | Not Required |
| Alliance | 37 Parties *Regional Alliances UDF orLDF (Kerala) SPA (Tamil Nadu andPuducherry) MPSA (Manipur) MVA (Maharashtra) SDA (West Bengal) MGB (Jharkhand) MGB (Bihar) |
| Seats in Rajya Sabha | 80 / 245 |
| Seats in Lok Sabha | 235 / 543 |
| Seats in State Legislative Councils | 98 / 423 |
| Seats in State Legislative Assemblies | 1,430 / 4,036 |
| Number of states and union territories in government | 8 / 31 |
TheIndian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) is abig tentmulti-party political alliance of severalpolitical parties inIndia led by the country's largest opposition party, theIndian National Congress.[2] The alliance is in against the ideology and governance of the rulingNational Democratic Alliance (NDA)government led by theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the2024 Indian general elections.[3] In the 2024 general election, the alliance won 234 seats,[b] gaining more than 100 seats in relation to its size before dissolution, and the majority of seats in states likeUttar Pradesh,Maharashtra, andWest Bengal.
The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance, commonly known by itsbackronym I.N.D.I.A.[7] is anopposition front announced by the leaders of 28 parties to contest the2024 Lok Sabha elections. The name was proposed during a meeting in Bengaluru and was unanimously adopted by the 28 participating parties. While some sources attribute the suggestion of the name toRahul Gandhi, the leader face of theIndian National Congress (INC),[8] others mention that it was suggested byMamata Banerjee, theTrinamool Congress (TMC) supremo and chief minister ofWest Bengal.[9]
On September 25, 2022,Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) supremoOm Prakash Chautala hosted a rally in Fatehabad on the occasion of former Deputy Prime MinisterDevi Lal's birth anniversary. During this rally, the ideas of a national alliance were first openly called on stage.Chief Minister of BiharNitish Kumar had said "I'll urge all parties, including Congress, to get together and then they (BJP) will lose badly".[10][11]JD(U) spokespersonK. C. Tyagi had also stated that the foundation of the alliance was during this same rally.[12]
The first major Opposition parties' meeting, held inPatna,Bihar, was chaired byNitish Kumar on 23 June 2023, when the proposal for a new alliance was put on the table. The meeting was attended by 16 Opposition parties. INLD was not included in this meeting.[13]
The second meeting, was held inBengaluru,Karnataka on 17–18 July. It was chaired byUPA ChairpersonSonia Gandhi when the proposal for an alliance was accepted and ten more parties were added to the list. The alliance's name was finalized and given the nameIndian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance.[14]
The third meeting was held inMumbai,Maharashtra from 31 August to 1 September. The meeting was hosted byShiv Sena (UBT) PresidentUddhav Thackeray and saw Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi, and chief ministers of 5 states in attendance. Over the two-day deliberations, the alliance discussed major electoral issues for the upcoming general elections, carved out the coordination committee, and passed a three-point resolution to fight 2024 Indian general elections together 'as far as possible'.[15][16]
The fourth meeting was held inNew Delhi on 19 December. The meeting was primarily held to discuss seat-sharing, joint rallies, and the prime ministerial face and/or convenor of the alliance. The alliance adopted a resolution to ensure maximum use ofVVPATs in upcoming elections. "To enhance confidence in elections, VVPAT slips should be directly given to voters to self-verify and place in a separate box, instead of them falling into the main box. Eventually, all VVPAT slips must be 100% counted, ensuring truly free and fair elections," read the resolution passed by the alliance at the meeting. Seat sharing was also to be done by either 31 December 2023 or mid-January 2024. It was also decided that protests will be held across the country on 22 December 2023 against thesuspensions of opposition MPs in the Indian Parliament. Some leaders said that the alliance would hold a grand joint rally atPatna on 30 January 2024, the death anniversary ofMahatma Gandhi, although this was not officially announced.[17]
The alliance held its 5th meeting virtually with some leaders not attending.[18] Following the meeting, theIndian National Congress PresidentMallikarjun Kharge was declared the alliance chairperson.[1] Members also had discussions about seat sharing.[19]Nitish Kumar, the chief minister of Bihar, was offered the post of national convenor of the alliance which he declined.[20] Nitish Kumar went on to join theNational Democratic Alliance in the2024 Bihar political crisis two weeks later.[21]
The bloc held its first event together on 22 December 2023, when nationwide protests were launched against thesuspensions of opposition MPs in the Indian Parliament. Congress President Mallikarjun Kharge, party leader faceRahul Gandhi,NCP PresidentSharad Pawar,CPI(M) leader faceSitaram Yechury and other leaders held protests against the suspensions of MPs under the banner "Save Democracy" and "Save Constitution" atJantar Mantar, New Delhi.[22][23]
The bloc's first joint rally was held inPatna,Bihar on 3 March 2024. The rally saw, among others, Kharge, Rahul Gandhi,Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) chiefLalu Prasad Yadav, former Bihar Deputy Chief MinisterTejashwi Yadav,Samajwadi Party supremoAkhilesh Yadav, and senior Left leaders Sitaram Yechury andD. Raja. Kharge attacked Kumar forfrequently changing alliances and criticised the BJP for not fulfilling its promise of job creation and neglecting the country's poor and the majority.[24]
The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance comprises a diverse range of political parties from across India. The 36 member parties of the alliance are:[25]
| State | Portrait | Chief Minister | Ministry | Portrait | Deputy Chief Minister | Governing parties | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Himachal Pradesh |  | Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu (INC) | Sukhu | .jpg) | Mukesh Agnihotri (INC) | INC | ||
| Jammu and Kashmir | .jpg) | Omar Abdullah (JKNC) | Abdullah II |  | Surinder Kumar Choudhary (JKNC) | JKNC | ||
| INC | ||||||||
| Independents | ||||||||
| AAP | ||||||||
| CPI(M) | ||||||||
| Jharkhand |  | Hemant Soren (JMM) | Soren IV | Vacant | JMM | |||
| INC | ||||||||
| RJD | ||||||||
| CPI(M-L)L | ||||||||
| Karnataka | .jpg) | Siddaramaiah (INC) | Siddaramaiah II |  | D. K. Shivakumar (INC) | INC | ||
| IND | ||||||||
| Kerala |  | Pinarayi Vijayan (CPI(M)) | Vijayan II | Vacant | CPI(M) | |||
| CPI | ||||||||
| KC(M) | ||||||||
| JD(S) | ||||||||
| NCP (SP) | ||||||||
| RJD | ||||||||
| KC(B) | ||||||||
| C(S) | ||||||||
| INL | ||||||||
| NSC | ||||||||
| JKC | ||||||||
| IND | ||||||||
| Tamil Nadu |  | M. K. Stalin (DMK) | Stalin |  | Udhayanidhi Stalin (DMK) | DMK | ||
| INC | ||||||||
| VCK | ||||||||
| CPI | ||||||||
| CPI(M) | ||||||||
| Telangana | .jpg) | Revanth Reddy (INC) | Reddy |  | Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka (INC) | INC | ||
| CPI | ||||||||
| West Bengal |  | Mamata Banerjee (TMC) | Banerjee III | Vacant | TMC | |||
The following is the party-wise strength of INDIA parties in theParliament of India:
| Party | Lok Sabha | Rajya Sabha | Presence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian National Congress (INC)[c] | 101 / 543 | 27 / 245 | National Party | |
| Samajwadi Party (SP) | 37 / 543 | 4 / 245 | Uttar Pradesh | |
| All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) | 28 / 543 | 12 / 245 | West Bengal | |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) | 22 / 543 | 10 / 245 | Tamil Nadu | |
| Shiv Sena (UBT) (SHS-UBT) | 9 / 543 | 2 / 245 | Maharashtra | |
| Nationalist Congress Party (SCP) (NCP-SP) | 8 / 543 | 2 / 245 | Maharashtra | |
| Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) | 4 / 543 | 5 / 245 | Bihar | |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) | 4 / 543 | 4 / 245 | National Party | |
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) | 3 / 543 | 3 / 245 | Jharkhand | |
| Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) | 3 / 543 | 2 / 245 | Kerala | |
| Communist Party of India (CPI) | 2 / 543 | 2 / 245 | Tamil Nadu | |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation (CPI(ML)L) | 2 / 543 | – | Bihar | |
| Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC) | 2 / 543 | 3 / 245 | Jammu and Kashmir | |
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK) | 2 / 543 | – | Tamil Nadu | |
| Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) | 1 / 543 | – | Tamil Nadu | |
| Makkal Needhi Maiam (MNM) | – | 1 / 245 | Tamil Nadu | |
| Kerala Congress (KEC) | 1 / 543 | – | Kerala | |
| Bharat Adivasi Party (BAP) | 1 / 543 | – | Rajasthan | |
| Rashtriya Loktantrik Party (RLP) | 1 / 543 | – | Rajasthan | |
| Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) (RSP) | 1 / 543 | – | Kerala | |
| Voice of the People Party (VPP) | 1 / 543 | – | Meghalaya | |
| Anchalik Gana Morcha (AGM) | – | 1 / 245 | Assam | |
| Kerala Congress (M) (KCM) | 1 / 245 | – | Kerala | |
| IND | 1 / 543 | 1 / 245 | – | |
| Total | 235 / 543 | 80 / 245 | India | |
| State/UT | Lok Sabha | Rajya Sabha | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total seats | INDIA | Overall tally | Total Seats | INDIA | Overall tally | |||
| Andaman and Nicobar | 1 | None | ||||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | None | 11 | None | ||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| Assam | 14 | INC (3) | 3 / 14 | 7 | AGM (1) | 1 / 7 | ||
| Bihar | 40 | RJD (4) | 10 / 40 | 16 | RJD (5) | 6 / 16 | ||
| INC (4) | INC (1) | |||||||
| CPI(ML)L (2) | ||||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | INC (1) | 1 / 1 | None | ||||
| Chhattisgarh | 10 | INC (1) | 1 / 11 | 5 | INC (4) | 4 / 5 | ||
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 2 | None | ||||||
| Delhi | 7 | None | 3 | None | ||||
| Goa | 2 | INC (1) | 1 / 2 | 1 | None | |||
| Gujarat | 26 | INC (1) | 1 / 26 | 11 | INC (1) | 1 / 11 | ||
| Haryana | 10 | INC (5) | 5 / 10 | 5 | None | |||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | None | 3 | None | ||||
| Jammu and Kashmir | 5 | JKNC (2) | 2 / 5 | 4 | JKNC (3) | 3 / 4 | ||
| Jharkhand | 14 | JMM (3) | 5 / 14 | 6 | JMM (2) | 2 / 6 | ||
| INC (2) | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 28 | INC (9) | 9 / 28 | 12 | INC (5) | 5 / 12 | ||
| Kerala | 20 | INC (14) | 19 / 20 | 9 | CPI(M) (4) | 9 / 9 | ||
| IUML (2) | IUML (2) | |||||||
| KEC (2) | INC (1) | |||||||
| CPI(M) (1) | CPI (2) | |||||||
| KEC (1) | ||||||||
| Ladakh | 1 | IND (1) | 1 / 1 | None | ||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | INC (1) | 1 / 1 | |||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | None | 11 | INC (3) | 3 / 11 | |||
| Maharashtra | 48 | INC (14) | 31 / 48 | 19 | SS(UBT) (2) | 7 / 19 | ||
| SS(UBT) (9) | INC (3) | |||||||
| NCP-SP (8) | NCP-SP (2) | |||||||
| Manipur | 2 | INC (1) | 2 / 2 | 1 | None | |||
| Meghalaya | 2 | INC (1) | 1 / 2 | 1 | ||||
| Mizoram | 1 | None | 1 | |||||
| Nagaland | 1 | INC (1) | 1 / 1 | 1 | ||||
| Odisha | 21 | INC (1) | 1 / 21 | 10 | ||||
| Puducherry | 1 | INC (1) | 1 / 1 | 1 | ||||
| Punjab | 13 | INC (7) | 7 / 13 | 7 | ||||
| Rajasthan | 25 | INC (8) | 11 / 25 | 10 | INC (5) | 5 / 10 | ||
| RLP (1) | ||||||||
| BAP (1) | ||||||||
| CPI(M) (1) | ||||||||
| Sikkim | 1 | None | 1 | None | ||||
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | DMK (22) | 39 / 39 | 18 | DMK (10) | 12 / 18 | ||
| INC (9) | ||||||||
| VCK (2) | INC (1) | |||||||
| CPI (2) | ||||||||
| CPI(M) (2) | MNM (1) | |||||||
| IUML (1) | ||||||||
| MDMK (1) | ||||||||
| Telangana | 17 | INC (8) | 8 / 17 | 7 | INC (3) | 3 / 7 | ||
| Tripura | 2 | None | 1 | None | ||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 80 | SP (37) | 43 / 80 | 31 | SP (4) | 5 / 31 | ||
| INC (6) | IND (1) | |||||||
| Uttarakhand | 5 | None | 3 | None | ||||
| West Bengal | 42 | AITC (29) | 30 / 42 | 16 | AITC (13) | 14 / 16 | ||
| INC (1) | CPI(M) (1) | |||||||
| State/UT | Total Seats | Last Election | INDIA | Overall Tally | CM from | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh | 175 | 2024 | None | TDP | ||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 60 | 2024 | INC (1) | 1 / 60 | BJP | |
| Assam | 126 | 2021 | INC (23) | 25 / 126 | BJP | |
| CPI(M) (1) | ||||||
| RD (1) | ||||||
| Bihar | 243 | 2025 | RJD (25) | 35 / 243 | JD(U) | |
| INC (6) | ||||||
| CPI(ML)L (2) | ||||||
| CPI(M) (1) | ||||||
| IIP (1) | ||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 90 | 2023 | INC (35) | 35 / 90 | BJP | |
| Delhi | 70 | 2025 | None | BJP | ||
| Goa | 40 | 2022 | INC (3) | 4 / 40 | BJP | |
| GFP (1) | ||||||
| Gujarat | 182 | 2022 | INC (12) | 13 / 182 | BJP | |
| SP (1) | ||||||
| Haryana | 90 | 2024 | INC (37) | 37 / 90 | BJP | |
| Himachal Pradesh | 68 | 2022 | INC (40) | 40 / 68 | INC | |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 90 | 2024 | JKNC (41) | 59 / 90 | JKNC | |
| INC (6) | ||||||
| JKPDP (4) | ||||||
| CPI(M) (1) | ||||||
| Independent (6) | ||||||
| Jharkhand | 81 | 2024 | JMM (34) | 56 / 81 | JMM | |
| INC (16) | ||||||
| RJD (4) | ||||||
| CPI(ML)L (2) | ||||||
| Karnataka | 224 | 2023 | INC (138) | 142 / 224 | INC | |
| Independent (2) | ||||||
| Kerala | 140 | 2021 | CPI(M) (62) | 140 / 140 | CPI(M) | |
| INC (22) | ||||||
| CPI (17) | ||||||
| IUML (15) | ||||||
| KC(M) (5) | ||||||
| KEC (2) | ||||||
| NCP-SP (2) | ||||||
| RJD (1) | ||||||
| INL (1) | ||||||
| JKC (1) | ||||||
| RSP(L) (1) | ||||||
| KC(B) (1) | ||||||
| NSC (1) | ||||||
| Cong(S) (1) | ||||||
| RMPI (1) | ||||||
| KC(J) (1) | ||||||
| Independent (6) | ||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 230 | 2023 | INC (65) | 66 / 230 | BJP | |
| BAP (1) | ||||||
| Maharashtra | 288 | 2024 | SS(UBT) (20) | 50 / 288 | SHS | |
| INC (16) | ||||||
| NCP-SP (10) | ||||||
| SP (2) | ||||||
| PWPI (1) | ||||||
| CPI(M) (1) | ||||||
| Manipur | 60 | 2022 | INC (5) | 5 / 60 | None | |
| Meghalaya | 60 | 2023 | AITC (5) | 5 / 60 | NPP | |
| Mizoram | 40 | 2023 | INC (1) | 1 / 40 | ZPM | |
| Nagaland | 60 | 2023 | None | NDPP | ||
| Odisha | 147 | 2024 | INC (14) | 15 / 147 | BJP | |
| CPI(M) (1) | ||||||
| Puducherry | 30 | 2021 | DMK (6) | 12 / 33 | AINRC | |
| INC (2) | ||||||
| Independent (4) | ||||||
| Punjab | 117 | 2022 | INC (16) | 16 / 117 | AAP | |
| Rajasthan | 200 | 2023 | INC (67) | 71 / 200 | BJP | |
| BAP (4) | ||||||
| Sikkim | 32 | 2024 | None | SKM | ||
| Tamil Nadu | 234 | 2021 | DMK (133) | 159 / 234 | DMK | |
| INC (18) | ||||||
| VCK (4) | ||||||
| CPI (2) | ||||||
| CPI(M) (2) | ||||||
| Telangana | 119 | 2023 | INC (76) | 77 / 119 | INC | |
| CPI (1) | ||||||
| Tripura | 60 | 2023 | CPI(M) (10) | 13 / 60 | BJP | |
| INC (3) | ||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 403 | 2022 | SP (108) | 110 / 403 | BJP | |
| INC (2) | ||||||
| Uttarakhand | 70 | 2022 | INC (20) | 20 / 70 | BJP | |
| West Bengal | 294 | 2021 | AITC (226) | 226 / 294 | AITC | |
| Total | 4036 | INDIA | 1,430 / 4,036 | |||
| State/UT | Total seats | INDIA | Overall tally | Party with a plurality/majority | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh | 58 | None | TDP | ||
| Bihar | 75 | RJD (16) | 22 / 75 | JD(U) | |
| INC (3) | |||||
| CPI(ML)L (1) | |||||
| RLJP (1) | |||||
| Karnataka | 75 | INC (37) | 37 / 75 | INC | |
| Maharashtra | 78 (27 vacant) | INC (7) | 17 / 51 | SHS | |
| SS(UBT) (7) | |||||
| NCP-SP (3) | |||||
| Telangana | 40 | INC (12) | 13 / 40 | INC | |
| CPI (1) | |||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 100 | SP (10) | 10 / 100 | BJP | |
| Total | 426 | INDIA | 98 / 426 | ||
| Election | Seats won | Change | Total votes | Share of votes | Swing | Status | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 234 / 543 | New | 267,717,018 | 40.6% | New | Opposition | Mallikarjun Kharge |
| Election | Year | Seats won | Change | Total votes | Share of votes | Swing | Status | Leadership |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haryana | 2024 | 37 / 90 |  6 | 5,464,975 | 39.34% | 11.1% | Opposition | Bhupinder Singh Hooda |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 2024 | 49 / 90 | New | 20,52,447 | 35.99% | New | Government | Omar Abdullah Tariq Hameed Karra |
| Maharashtra | 2024 | 49 / 288 |  26 | 22,710,220 | 35.16% | New | Opposition | Sharad Pawar Udhav Thackeray Nana Patole |
| Jharkhand | 2024 | 56 / 81 | 9 | 7,911,028 | 44.33 | 8.98 | Government | Hemant Soren Rameshwar Oraon Tejashwi Yadav |
| Delhi | 2025 | 0 / 70 | New | 601,922 | 6.34 | 2.08 | Lost | Devender Yadav |
| Bihar | 2025 | 35 / 243 | 76 | 18,589,587 | 37.94 | New | Opposition | Tejashwi Yadav Rajesh Kumar Dipankar Bhattacharya |
| Year | Candidate | Party | Home State | Election | Result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ||||||
| 2025 | B. Sudarshan Reddy | Independent | Telangana | 300 | 39.9% | Lost | |
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Seat sharing summary
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According to the Congress presidentMallikarjun Kharge, the alliance's ideology revolves around the principles of developmentalism, inclusivity, and social justice. By combining their efforts, the member parties aim to protect democratic values, promote welfare and progress, and counter what they perceive as an ideology that threatens the idea of India.[61] It was formed with the objective of defeating the incumbentBJP ledNDA in the2024 Indian general election.
The alliance passed a three-point resolution in its third meeting on 1 September 2023 to collectively contest 2024 Indian General elections.[62]
AAP declared candidates for three Lok Sabha seats in Assam after claiming they were tired of negotiations with Congress for seat sharing.[63]
The AAP is likely to fight on 4 seats whereas the Congress may get 3 seats in Delhi.[64][65]
The Congress and AAP declared that they will contest separately in Punjab, in what AAP supremoArvind Kejriwal described as a "mutual agreement" with "no bad blood" between the parties.[66]
On 21 February 2024, in a joint press conference, the Congress and theSamajwadi Party announced that the Congress will fight in 17 of the 80 seats inUttar Pradesh, leaving the rest for other alliance members.[30] There were also reported to be talks between the Congress and the SP for seat-sharing inMadhya Pradesh, in which the SP may be offered to contest theKhajuraho seat.[31]
West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee announced on 24 January 2024 that the Trinamool Congress (TMC) party would run alone in the state's forthcoming general elections.[32][67] Other members of the alliance will contest as part of thereSecular Democratic Alliance.
| Party | Base State | Leader | Year of withdrawal | Notes | Reference(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Janata Dal (United) | Bihar | Nitish Kumar | 2024 | JoinedNDA. | [68][69] | |
| Rashtriya Lok Dal | Uttar Pradesh | Jayant Chaudhary | 2024 | [70] | ||
| Apna Dal (Kamerawadi) | Uttar Pradesh | Pallavi Patel | 2024 | Allied withAll India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen inPDM. | [71] | |
| Janvadi Party (Socialist) | Uttar Pradesh | Sanjay Chauhan | 2024 | [72] | ||
| Aam Aadmi Party | Delhi,Punjab | Arvind Kejriwal | 2025 | [73] | ||
On 28 January 2024, Nitish Kumar resigned as the Chief Minister of Bihar and decided to leave the Mahagathbandhan alliance, a part of the INDIA bloc in Bihar, by expressing dissatisfaction with the functioning of the government. He rejoined theNational Democratic Alliance (NDA).[74]
TheRashtriya Lok Dal left the bloc to join the BJP-led NDA on 14 January 2024.[75]
TheAam Aadmi Party quit the bloc in 2025.[76]
... were either guarded in their criticism of the ruling party – the centrist Indian National Congress – or attacked it almost invariably from a rightist position. This was so for political and commercial reasons, which are explained, ...
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