An Act to make provision for the setting up in India of two independent dominion states, to substitute other provisions for certain provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, which apply outside those dominions, and to provide for other matters consequential on or connected with the setting up of those Dominions.
The 3rd June 1947 Plan was also known as the Mountbatten Plan.The British government proposed a plan, announced on 3 June 1947, that included these principles:
Principle of the partition of British India was accepted by the British Government
Successor governments would be givendominion status
Autonomy and sovereignty to both countries
Can make their own constitution
Princely states were given the right to join either India or Pakistan (with no option to remain independent), based on two major factors: geographical contiguity and the people's wishes.[6]
Partition of the provinces ofBengal andPunjab between the two new countries;
Establishment of the office ofGovernor-General in each of the two new countries, as representatives ofthe Crown;
Conferral of complete legislative authority upon the respectiveConstituent Assemblies of the two new countries;
Termination of Britishsuzerainty over theprincely states, with effect from 15 August 1947. These states could decide to join either India or Pakistan;[7][8]
The act also made provision for the division of joint property, etc. between the two new countries, including in particular the division of the armed forces.
The province of Bengal as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist.
In lieu thereof two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as East Bengal and West Bengal.
The fate of District Sylhet, in the province ofAssam, was to be decided in areferendum.
Punjab:
The province as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist.
Two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as West Punjab and East Punjab.
The boundaries of the new provinces were to be determined, whether before or after the appointed date, by the award of a boundary commission to be appointed by the Governor-General.
Constitution for the New Dominions: until the time of the making of the new constitution, the new dominions and the provinces thereof were to be governed by the Government of India Act 1935. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion).
The Governors-General of the new dominions:
For each of the new dominions a new Governor-General was to be appointed by the Crown, subject to the law of the legislature of either of the new dominions.
Same person as Governor-General of both dominions: if unless and until provision to the contrary was made by a law of the legislature of either of the new dominions, the same person could be the Governor-General of both.
Powers of Governor-General: (Section-9)
The Governor-General was empowered to bring this Act into force.
Division of territories, powers, duties, rights, assets, liabilities, etc., was the responsibility of Governor General.
To adopt, amend, Government of India Act 1935, as the Governor-General may consider it necessary.
power to introduce any change was until 31 March 1948, after that it was open to the constituent assembly to modify or adopt the same Act. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion.)
Governor-General had full powers to give assent to any law.
Legislation for the new dominions:
The existing legislative setup was allowed to continue as Constitution making body as well as a legislature. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion.)
The legislature of each dominion was given full powers to make laws for that dominion, including laws having extraterritorial operation.
No Act of Parliament of UK passed after the appointed date would be extended to the territories of new dominions.
No law and provision of any law made by the legislature of the new dominions shall be void or inoperative on the ground that it is repugnant to the law of England.
The Governor-General of each dominion had full powers to give assent in His Majesty's name to any law of the legislature. [Configuration of Pakistan's Constitution Assembly (CAP I): 69 members of the central legislature + 10 immigrant members= 79].
Consequences of setting up of the new dominions:
His Majesty's Government lost all the responsibility to the new dominions.
The suzerainty of His Majesty's Government over the Indian States lapsed.
All the treaties or agreements with the Indian States and thetribal areas that were in force at the passing of the act lapsed.
The title of "Emperor of India" was dropped from the titles of British Crown.
The office of Secretary of State for India was abolished and the provisions of GOI Act 1935 relating to the appointments to the civil service or civil posts under the crown by the secretary of the state ceased to operate.
Civil servants: Section 10 provided for the continuance of service of the government servants appointed on or before 15 August 1947 under the Governments of new Dominions with full benefits.
Armed Forces: Sections 11, 12, and 13 dealt with the future of the Indian armed forces. A Partition Committee was formed on 7 June 1947, with two representatives from each side and the viceroy in the chair, to decide about the division thereof. As soon as the process of partition was to start it was to be replaced by a Partition Council with a similar structure.
First and Second Schedules:
First Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of East Bengal:
Chittagong Division: Districts of Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Noakhali and Tipperah.
Dacca Division: Districts of Bakarganj, Dacca, Faridpur, and Mymensingh.
Presidency Division: Districts of Jessore (except Bangaon Tehsil), and Kustia and Meherpur Tehsils (of Nadia district).
Rajshahi Division:Districts of Bogra, Dinajpur (except Raiganj and Balurghat Tehsil), Rajshahi, Rangpur and Nawabganj Tehsil (of Malda district).
Second Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of West Punjab:
Lahore Division: Districts of Gujranwala, Lahore (except Patti Tehsil), Sheikhupura, Sialkot and Shakargarh Tehsil (of Gurdaspur district).
Rawalpindi Division: Districts of Attock, Gujrat, Jehlum, Rawalpindi and Shahpur.
Multan Division: Districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Jhang, Lyallpur, Montgomery, Multan and Muzaffargarh.[9]
There was so much violence, and many Muslims from what would become India fled to Pakistan; and Hindus and Sikhs from what would become Pakistan fled to India. Many people left behind all their possessions and property to avoid the violence and flee to their new country.[10]
On 25 July 1947, Mountbatten held a meeting with theChamber of Princes, where he addressed the question of the princely states, of which there were 562. The treaty relations between Britain and the Indian States would come to an end, and on 15 August 1947 thesuzerainty of the British Crown was to lapse. Mountbatten ruled out any dominion status for any of the princely states, and advised them to accede to one or the other of the dominions, India and Pakistan, according to geographical contiguity. Although it was possible for the states to remain independent (autonomous) to some extent after 15 August, their dependency on the British government of dominion of India for defence, foreign affairs, communication and other matters rendered such freedom meaningless.[11][12]
Over 550 princely states, almost all of the states contiguous with the territory of India, acceded to India by 15 August. The exceptions wereJunagadh,Hyderabad, andJammu and Kashmir.
The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, although governed by a Hindu ruler, had a predominantly Muslim population, with over 77.11% of its constituents identified as Muslims according to the1941 census. The state, which was contiguous to both India and Pakistan, chose to remain independent (in status quo) "for the time being". Following aPakistani tribal invasion,Hari Singh acceded to India on 26 October 1947, and the state wasdisputed between India and Pakistan.[13]
The state ofJunagadh initially acceded to Pakistan but faced a revolt from its Hindu population. India considered the accession of Junagadh invalid because it violated the principle of geographical contiguity of the partition, but Pakistan argued that the maritime border of Junagadh is connected to Pakistan by sea route. Following a breakdown of law and order, itsDewan requested India to take over the administration on 8 November 1947. India conducted a referendum in the state on 20 February 1948, in which the people voted overwhelmingly to join India.
The state ofHyderabad had a majority Hindu population but also a Muslim ruler with a large Muslim minority. TheNizam of Hyderabad wanted to get Dominion status. Hyderabad elected to maintain its independence and lobbied internationally for recognition. However, it faced the pro-communistTelangana Rebellion and agitation by Indian nationalists opposed to its independence. On 13 September 1948, the Indian government launched an invasion of Hyderabad calledOperation Polo. The Hyderabadi military was defeated over five days of fighting. With his state about to be over run, the Nizam signed theInstrument of Accession, joining India. The formal integration of Hyderabad into the dominion of India took place much later on January 25, 1950, when the Nizam signed the Instrument of Accession with the central government. A day later, as India became a republic on January 26, the Nizam took over as the Raj Pramukh or governor.
Between October 1947 and March 1948 the rulers of several Muslim-majority states signed instruments of accession tojoin Pakistan. These includedAmb,Bahawalpur,Chitral,Dir,Kalat,Khairpur,Kharan,Las Bela,Makran, andSwat.[14][15] The Khanate of Kalat initially elected to resume its independence, until 27 March 1948 when its ruler acceded to Pakistan.
The Indian Independence Act was subsequently repealed in Article 395 of theConstitution of India and in Article 221 of theConstitution of Pakistan of 1956,[16] both constitutions being intended to bring about greater independence for the new states. The act has not been repealed in the United Kingdom, where it still has an effect, although some sections of it have been repealed.
^See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."
^Z. H. Zaidi, ed.,Jinnah Papers: The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan, vol. VIII (Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan, 2003), p. 113
^"Article 221: The Government of India Act, 1935, and the Indian Independence Act, 1947, together with all enactments amending or supplementing those Acts, are hereby repealed: Provided that the repeal of the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, applicable for the purposes of Article 230 shall not take effect until the first day of April, 1957."
"Indian Independence Act 1947 (c.30)"(PDF).Original Statute from The UK Statute Law Database. Office of Public Sector Information, National Archives, UK. Retrieved30 April 2010.
"Indian Independence Act 1947 (c.30)".Revised Statute from The UK Statute Law Database. Office of Public Sector Information, National Archives, UK. Archived fromthe original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved2 June 2008.
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