 Gorkha regiment soldiers Men of the 2nd Battalion,5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) of theIndian Army operating alongside soldiers from the 82nd Airborne Division of the US Army in 2013 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Majority in: Sikkim (62.6%) significant minority in: West Bengal,Assam,Arunachal Pradesh,Northern Bihar and other Indian states[1][2] | |
| Languages | |
| Nepali,Tibeto-Burman | |
| Religion | |
 Hinduism · Kirant Mundhum ·  Christianity ·  Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Burmese Gorkha · Sikkimese people |
Indian Gorkhas (commonly known asGorkha community orGorkha) are an Indian ethno-cultural group who speakNepali as a common language. They inhabit mainly the states ofSikkim,West Bengal,Northeast India andUttarakhand, including their diaspora elsewhere in India and abroad.
Indian Gorkhas are citizens of India as per the gazette notification of theGovernment of India on the issue of citizenship of the Gorkhas from India.[3] TheNepali language is included in theeighth schedule of the Indian Constitution.[4] However, the Indian Gorkhas are faced with a unique identity crisis with regard to their Indian citizenship because of theIndo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950) that permits "on areciprocal basis, the nationals of one country in the territories of the other the same privileges in the matter of residence, ownership of property, participation in trade and commerce, movement and other privileges of a similar nature".
The Gorkhali Parbatiya ethnic groups include theKhas-Parbatiyas such asBahun (hill Brahmins),Chhetri (Khas),Thakuri,Badi,Kami,Damai,Sarki,Gandarbha,Kumal, etc. Other Tibeto-ethnic groups includeTamang,Gurung,Magar, Rai,Newar,Bhujel (Khawas),Sherpa andThami.[5]
| Census | Nepali speakers | Growth |
|---|---|---|
| 1971 | 1,419,835 | — |
| 1981 | 1,360,636 |  -4.17 |
| 1991 | 2,076,645 |  +52.62 |
| 2001 | 2,871,749 | +38.29 |
| 2011 | 2,926,168 | +1.89 |
As per the 2011 Census, a total of 2,926,168 people in India spokeNepali as their mother tongue.[8] The largest populations can be found in West Bengal – 1,155,375 (+12.97% from 2001 Census), Assam – 596,210 (+5.56%), Sikkim – 382,200 (+12.87%), Uttarakhand – 106,399 (+16.86%), Arunachal Pradesh – 95,317 (+00.42%), Himachal Pradesh – 89,508 (+27.37%), Maharashtra – 75,683 (+19.22%), Manipur – 63,756 (+38.61%), Meghalaya – 54,716 (+4.91%), Nagaland – 43,481 (+27.06%), and Mizoram – 8,994 (+0.51%).[9] Apart from this, there are additional speakers of languages such asLimbu (40,835),Rai (15,644),Sherpa (16,012) andTamang (20,154). So the combined strength of Nepali and the other four Gorkha languages comes to 3,018,813.[10]
As per the 2001 Census, a total of 2,871,749 people in India spoke Nepali as their mother tongue. The largest populations were in West Bengal – 1,022,725 (+18.87% from 1991 Census), Assam – 564,790 (+30.58%), Sikkim – 338,606 (+32.05%), Uttarakhand – 355,029 (+255.53%), Arunachal Pradesh – 94,919 (+16.93%), Himachal Pradesh – 70,272 (+50.64%), Maharashtra – 63,480 (+59.69%), Meghalaya – 52,155 (+6.04%), Manipur – 45,998 (−1.08%), Nagaland – 34,222 (+6.04%), and Mizoram – 8,948 (+8.50%). As per the 1991 Census, the number of Nepali speakers in India was 2,076,645.
As per the 2001 Census, districts with the largest Nepali populations areWest Kameng – 13,580 (18.2% of the total population)Lohit – 22,200 (15.77%), andDibang Valley – 15,452 (26.77%). Tehsils with the largest proportion of Nepalis are Koronu (55.35%), Kibithoo (50.68%), Sunpura (42.28%), Vijoynagar (42.13%), and Roing (32.39%).
As per the 2011 Census, districts with the largestNepali populations areWest Kameng – 14,333 (17.1% of the total population) Lohit – 22,988 (13.77%), and Dibang Valley – 14,271 (22.99%). Tehsils with the largest proportion of Nepalis are Koronu (48.49%), Kibithoo (6.5%), Sunpura (34.47%), Vijoynagar (41.8%), and Roing (26.0%).
During the 1991 Census, the districts with the largest concentrations wereSonitpur – 91,631 (6.43%),Tinsukia – 76,083 (7.91%), andKarbi Anglong – 37,710 (5.69%).[11]
As per the 2001 Census, districts with the largest ethnic Nepali populations are Sonitpur – 131,261 (7.81% of the total population) Tinsukia – 87,850 (7.64%), and Karbi Anglong – 46,871 (5.76%). Tehsils with the largest proportion of Nepalis are Sadiya (27.51%), Na Duar (16.39%), Helem (15.43%), Margherita (13.10%), and Umrangso (12.37%).
As per the 2011 Census, districts with the largest ethnic Nepali populations are Sonitpur – 135,525 (7.04% of the total population) Tinsukia – 99,812 (7.52%), and Karbi Anglong – 51,496 (5.38%). Tehsils with the largest proportion of Nepalis are Sadiya (26.2%), Na Duar (14.88%), Helem (14.35%), Margherita (13.47%), and Umrangso (12.46%).
As per the 2011 census, Tehsils with the largest proportion of Nepali people are Sadar Hills West (33.0%), Saitu-Gamphazol (9.54%), andLamshang (10.85%). Districts with the largest Nepali population are Senapati – 39,039 (8.15%), Imphal West – 10,391 (2.01%) and Imphal East – 6,903 (1.51%).
This is how the previous censuses counted the number of Nepali speakers in Manipur:
Gorkha population is mostly concentrated in the districts ofEast Khasi Hills (37,000 or 4.48%) andRibhoi (10,524 or 4.07%). Tehsils with the largest concentration include Myliem (8.18%) and Umling (6.72%).
Among the cities, the highest concentration of Nepali speakers can be found inShillong Cantonment (29.98%),Shillong (9.83%),Pynthorumkhrah (7.02%),Nongmynsong (26.67%),Madanrting (17.83%), and Nongkseh (14.20%).
This is how the previous censuses counted the number of Nepali speakers in Meghalaya:[12]
As per the 2011 Census, there are a total of 9,035 Gorkhas in Mizoram. Of this, 5,944 are concentrated in Tlangnuam Tehsil of Aizawl district, where they form 1.9% of the population. The Central Gorkha Mandir Committee operates a total of 13 Hindu temples in Mizoram and these are the only Hindu places of worship in the state.[13]
Most of the Nepali speaking population are found in the districts ofDimapur (21,596 or 5.70%) andKohima (9,812 or 3.66%). Tehsils with the largest concentration areNaginimora (7.48%), Merangmen (6.78%),Niuland (6.48%), Kuhoboto (7.04%), Chümoukedima (7.07%), Dhansiripar (6.09%), Medziphema (9.11%), Namsang (8.81%), Kohima Sadar (6.27%), Sechü-Zubza (5.03%), and Pedi (7.61%).
The state ofSikkim is the only state in India with a majority ethnic Nepali population.[14] The Sikkim census of 2011 found that Sikkim was the least populated state of India. Sikkim's population according to the 2011 Census was 610,577, and has grown by approximately 100,000 since the last census.[15] The Nepali/Gorkhali language is the lingua franca of Sikkim, while Tibetan (Bhutia) andLepcha are spoken in certain areas.[16][17] As per the 2011 Census, there were a total of 453,819 speakers of various Tibetan languages (Nepali – 382,200,Limbu – 38,733,Sherpa – 13,681,Tamang – 11,734 andRai – 7,471). Out of this, 20.14% (91,399) were Tibetan Limbu/Tamang, 6.23% (28,275) were Dalit and 73.63% including Manger are in General category.
According to the census, there are a total of 53,703 Limbu and 37,696 Tamang in Sikkim, of whom a majority speak theNepali language as their mother tongue. Also, small numbers of Bhotia and Lepcha also speak the Nepali language as their mother tongue. As per the 2011 Census, there were a total of 69,598 Bhotia in Sikkim (including Sherpa, Tamang, Gurung and Tibetan. etc), but only 58,355 were speaking languages such as Sikkimese and Sherpa. Out of the 42,909 Lepcha there were only 38,313 speakers for the Lepcha language.
As per the 2011 census, the total number of Nepali language speakers is 106,399, constituting 1.1% of the total population of the state.[18]
As per the 2001 Census, there are a total of 1,034,038 ethnic Gorkhas inWest Bengal, of which 1,022,725 are speakers of the Nepali language and 11,313 are speakers of languages such as Tamang and Sherpa. The population in theDarjeeling andKalimpong districts are 748,023 (46.48% of the total population) andJalpaiguri – 234,500 (6.99%). Most of the ethnic Nepali population in West Bengal live in theGorkhaland Territorial Administration region.[19] About 7.56% of the Nepalis were Dalit, belonging to castes such as Kami and Sarki (population of 78,202 in 2001). The two tribes classified as Scheduled Tribe (Limbu and Tamang) constituted 16% of the Nepali population according to the census. The remaining 76% belonged to general category.[citation needed]
As per the 2011 Census, there were a total of 1,161,807 speakers of various Nepalese languages. Out of this 7.24% was Dalit (84,110) and 16.62% (193,050) were tribal Tamang/Limbu. Remaining 76.14% were General category.[citation needed]
Nepali-speaking people in the states ofNortheast India have faced violence andethnic cleansing. In 1967, more than 8,000 Nepali-speaking people were driven out of Mizoram, while more than 2,000 in Manipur met with the same fate in 1980. Tens of thousands of Nepali-speaking people were banished from Assam (in 1979) and Meghalaya (in 1987) by militant groups.[20]
The biggest displacement occurred in Meghalaya, when theKhasi Students Union (KSU) targeted Nepali speakers living in the eastern part of the state. More than 15,000 Nepali speakers were driven out, while about 10,000 were reduced to living in subhuman life in the refugee camps of Shillong.[21] Gorkha labourers in the coal mines inJowai were targeted, and as a result of their murders dozens of Gorkha children starved to death in the next few weeks.[22] In 2010, there were riots between Khasis and Gorkhas, which left several Gorkhas dead. One elderly Gorkha man was burnt alive.[23][24]
In 1980s, most of the Gorkha in Nagaland were forced to forfeit their land, and 200 of them were murdered nearMerapani inWokha district.[22]
The Gorkhaland movement is a campaign to create a separate state of India in the Gorkhaland region of West Bengal for the Nepali speaking Indians. The proposed state includes the hill regions of the Darjeeling district, Kalimpong district and Dooars regions that include Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and parts of Coochbehar districts. A demand for a separate administrative unit in Darjeeling has existed since 1909, when the Hillmen's Association of Darjeeling submitted a memorandum to Minto-Morley Reforms demanding a separate administrative setup.[25]
Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) (1988–2012), also once known for a short period of time as Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council was a semi-autonomous body that looked after the administration of the hills of Darjeeling District in the state ofWest Bengal, India. DGHC had three subdivisions under its authority: Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Kurseong and some areas of Siliguri subdivision.
Led bySubhash Ghisingh, Gorkhas raised the demand for the creation of a state called Gorkhaland within India to be carved out of the hills of Darjeeling and areas of Dooars and Siliguri terai contiguous to Darjeeling. A violent agitation erupted in the Darjeeling hills from 1986 to 1988 in which 1200 people lost their lives.
The semi-autonomous Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council was the result of the signing of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council Agreement between the Central Government of India, the West Bengal Government and the Gorkha National Liberation Front in Kolkata on 22 August 1988.
The DGHC did not fulfill its goal of forming a new state, which led to the downfall of Subhash Ghisingh and the rise of another party Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) headed byBimal Gurung in 2007, which launched a second agitation for a Gorkhaland state.After three years of agitation for a state of Gorkhaland led by GJM, the GJM reached an agreement with the state government to form a semi-autonomous body to administer the Darjeeling hills.The Memorandum of Agreement for Gorkhaland Territorial Administration(GTA) was signed on 18 July 2011 at Pintail Village near Siliguri in the presence of Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram, West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee, the then Darjeeling Lok Sabha MP Jaswant Singh and Gorkha Janmukti Morcha leaders. The agreement was signed by West Bengal Home Secretary G.D. Gautama, Union Home Ministry Joint Secretary K.K. Pathak and Gorkha Janmukti Morcha general secretary Roshan Giri.
.jpg)
 Nepalese diaspora (NRN) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | |||||||||
| Asia |
| ||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||
| North America | |||||||||
| Oceania | |||||||||
| Africa | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Americas | |||||||||
| Asia |
| ||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||
| Oceania | |||||||||
| See also | |||||||||
