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Indian Americans areAmericans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly fromIndia. The termsAsian Indian andEast Indian are used to avoid confusion withNative Americans in theUnited States, who are also referred to as "Indians" or "American Indians." With a population of more than 5.4 million,[11] Indian Americans make up approximately 1.6% of theU.S. population and are the largest group ofSouth Asian Americans, the largest Asian-alone group,[12] and the second-largest group ofAsian Americans afterChinese Americans.
The Indian American population started increasing, especially after the 1980s, with U.S. migration policies that attracted highly skilled and educated Indian immigrants.[13] Indian Americans have the highestmedian household income and the second highest per capita income (afterTaiwanese Americans) among other ethnic groups working in the United States.[14] "Indian" does not refer to a single ethnic group, but is used as an umbrella term for the variousethnic groups in India.
In theAmericas, the term "Indians" had historically been used to describeindigenous people sinceEuropean colonization in the 15th century. Qualifying terms such as "American Indian" and "East Indian" were and still are commonly used in order to avoid ambiguity. The U.S. government has since coined the term "Native American" in reference to the indigenous people of the United States, but terms such as "American Indian"remain among indigenous as well as non-indigenous populations. Since the 1980s, Indian Americans have been categorized as "Asian Indian" (within the broader subgroup ofAsian American) by theU.S. Census Bureau.[15]
While "East Indian" remains in use, the terms "Indian" and "South Asian" are often chosen instead for academic and governmental purposes.[16] Indian Americans are included in the census grouping ofSouth Asian Americans, which includesBangladeshi Americans,Bhutanese Americans,Indo-Caribbean Americans,Maldivian Americans,Nepalese Americans,Pakistani Americans, andSri Lankan Americans.[17][18]
Beginning in the 17th century, members of theEast India Company would bring Indian servants to theAmerican colonies.[19] There were also some East Indian slaves in the United States during the American colonial era.[20][21] In particular, court records from the 1700s indicate a number of "East Indians" were held as slaves in Maryland and Delaware.[22] Upon freedom, they are said to have blended into thefree African American population, considered "mulattoes".[23]
In 1850, the federal census ofSt. Johns County, Florida, listed a 40-year-olddraftsman named John Dick, whose birthplace was listed as "Hindostan", living in city ofSt. Augustine.[24] His race is listed as white, suggesting he was of British descent.
By 1900, there were more than 2,000 IndianSikhs living in the United States, primarily inCalifornia.[25] At least one scholar has set the level lower, finding a total of 716 Indian immigrants to the U.S. between 1820 and 1900.[26] Emigration from India was driven by difficulties facing Indian farmers, including the challenges posed by the colonialland tenure system for small landowners, and bydrought and food shortages, which worsened in the 1890s. At the same time, Canadian steamship companies, acting on behalf of Pacific coast employers, recruited Sikh farmers with economic opportunities inBritish Columbia.[27]
The presence of Indians in the U.S. also helped develop interest in Eastern religions in the U.S. and would result in its influence on American philosophies such astranscendentalism.Swami Vivekananda arriving in Chicago at the World's Fair in 1893 led to the establishment of theVedanta Society.[26]
Escaping from racist attacks in Canada,Sikhs migrated to Pacific Coast U.S. states in the 1900s to work in thelumber mills ofBellingham andEverett, Washington.[28] Sikh workers were later concentrated on the railroads and began migrating to California; around 2,000 Indians were employed by the major rail lines such asSouthern Pacific Railroad andWestern Pacific Railroad between 1907 and 1908.[29] Some white Americans, resentful of economic competition and the arrival of people from different cultures, responded to Sikh immigration with racism and violent attacks.[30] TheBellingham riots in Bellingham, Washington on September 5, 1907, epitomized the low tolerance in the U.S. for Indians and Sikhs, who were called "Hindoos" by locals. While anti-Asian racism was embedded in U.S. politics and culture in the early 20th century, Indians were also racialized for their anticolonialism, with U.S. officials, who pushed for Western imperial expansion abroad, casting them as a "Hindu" menace.[31] Although labeled Hindu, the majority of Indians were Sikh.[31]
In the early 20th century, a range of state and federal laws restricted Indian immigration and the rights of Indian immigrants in the U.S. Throughout the 1910s, American nativist organizations campaigned to end immigration from India, culminating in the passage of theAsiatic Barred Zone Act in 1917.[30] In 1913, the Alien Land Act of California prevented non-citizens from owning land.[32] However, Asian immigrants got around the system by having Anglo friends or their own U.S. born children legally own the land that they worked on. In some states,anti-miscegenation laws made it illegal for Indian men to marry white women. However, it was legal for "brown" races to mix. Many Indian men, especially Punjabi men, married Hispanic women, and Punjabi-Mexican marriages became a norm in the West.[33][34]
Bhicaji Balsara became the first known Indian to gain naturalized U.S. citizenship. As aParsi, he was considered a "pure member of the Persian sect" and therefore a "free white person." In 1910, judgeEmile Henry Lacombe of theSouthern District of New York gave Balsara citizenship on the hope that theUnited States attorney would indeed challenge his decision and appeal it to create "an authoritative interpretation" of the law. The U.S. attorney adhered to Lacombe's wishes and took the matter to the Circuit Court of Appeals in 1910. The Circuit Court of Appeals agreed thatParsis are classified as white.[35] On the same grounds, another federal court decision granted citizenship toA. K. Mozumdar.[36] These decisions contrasted with the 1907 declaration by U.S. Attorney GeneralCharles J. Bonaparte: "...under no construction of the law can natives of British India be regarded as white persons."[36] After theImmigration Act of 1917, Indian immigration into the U.S. decreased. Illegal entry through the Mexican border became the way of entering the country for Punjabi immigrants.California's Imperial Valley had a large population of Punjabis who assisted these immigrants and provided support. Immigrants were able to blend in with this relatively homogeneous population. TheGhadar Party, a group in California thatcampaigned for Indian independence, facilitated illegal crossing of the Mexican border, using funds from this migration "as a means to bolster the party's finances."[37] The Ghadar Party charged different prices for entering the U.S. depending on whether Punjabi immigrants were willing to shave off their beard and cut their hair. It is estimated that between 1920 and 1935, about 1,800 to 2,000 Indian immigrants entered the U.S. illegally.[37]
By 1920, the population of Americans of Indian descent was approximately 6,400.[39] In 1923, theSupreme Court of the United States ruled inUnited States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that Indians were ineligible for citizenship because they were not "free white persons."[40] The court also argued that the "great body of our people" would reject assimilation with Indians.[41] Furthermore, the court ruled that based on popular understanding of race, the term "white person" referred to people of northern or western European ancestry rather than "Caucasians" in the most technical sense.[42] Over fifty Indians had their citizenship revoked after this decision, butSakharam Ganesh Pandit fought againstdenaturalization. He was a lawyer and married to a white American, and he regained his citizenship in 1927. However, no other naturalization was permitted after the ruling, which led to about 3,000 Indians leaving the U.S. between 1920 and 1940. Many other Indians had no means of returning to India.[40]
In 1927,Sri Lankan lecturerChandra Dharma Sena Gooneratne, then frequently erroneously referred to as Indian, delivered several lectures across the country pertaining chiefly toindology—often advocating forIndian independence within them. While in theSouth, though initially facing racism, effectively circumvented any such discrimination via wearing aturban.
Indians started moving up the social ladder by getting higher education. For example, in 1910,Dhan Gopal Mukerji went toUC Berkeley when he was 20 years old. He was an author of many children's books and won theNewbery Medal in 1928 for his bookGay-Neck: The Story of a Pigeon.[43] However, he committed suicide at the age of 46 while he was suffering from depression. Another student,Yellapragada Subbarow, moved to the U.S. in 1922. He became a biochemist atHarvard University, and he "discovered the function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source in cells, and developedmethotrexate for the treatment of cancer." However, being a foreigner, he was refused tenure at Harvard.Gobind Behari Lal, who went to theUniversity of California, Berkeley in 1912, became the science editor of theSan Francisco Examiner and was the first Indian American to win thePulitzer Prize for journalism.[44]
AfterWorld War II, U.S. policy re-opened the door to Indian immigration, although slowly at first. TheLuce–Celler Act of 1946 permitted a quota of 100 Indians per year to immigrate to the U.S. It also allowed Indian immigrants to naturalize and become citizens of the U.S., effectively reversing the Supreme Court's 1923 ruling inUnited States v. Bhagat Singh Thind.[45] The Naturalization Act of 1952, also known as theMcCarran-Walter Act, repealed the Barred Zone Act of 1917, but limited immigration from the former Barred Zone to a total of 2,000 per year. In 1910, 95% of all Indian Americans lived on the western coast of the United States. In 1920, that proportion decreased to 75%; by 1940, it was 65%, as more Indian Americans moved to the East Coast. In that year, Indian Americans were registered residents in 43 states. The majority of Indian Americans on the west coast were in rural areas, but on the east coast they became residents of urban areas. In the 1940s, the prices of the land increased, and theBracero Program brought thousands of Mexican guest workers to work on farms, which helped shift second-generation Indian American farmers into "commercial, nonagricultural occupations, from running small shops and grocery stores, to operating taxi services and becoming engineers." In Stockton and Sacramento, a new group of Indian immigrants from the state ofGujarat opened several small hotels.[46] In 1955, 14 of 21 hotels enterprises in San Francisco were operated by Gujarati Hindus.[47] By the 1980s, Indians owned around 15,000 motels, about 28% of all hotels and motels in the U.S.[48]
TheImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965 dramatically opened entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than traditional Northern European groups, which would significantly alter the demographic mix in the U.S.[49] Not all Indian Americans came directly from India; some moved to the U.S. viaIndian communities in other countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada,South Africa, the former British colonies ofEast Africa,[50] (namelyKenya,Tanzania, andUganda,Mauritius), theAsia-Pacific region (Malaysia,Singapore, Australia, andFiji),[50] and theCaribbean (Guyana,Trinidad and Tobago,Suriname, andJamaica).[50] From 1965 until the mid-1990s, long-term immigration from India averaged about 40,000 people per year. From 1995 onward, the flow of Indian immigration increased significantly, reaching a high of about 90,000 immigrants in the year 2000.[51]
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The beginning of the 21st century marked a significant wave in the migration trend from India to the United States. Theemergence of Information Technology industry in Indian cities asBangalore,Gurgaon,Chennai,Pune,Mumbai, andHyderabad led to the large number of migrations to the U.S. primarily from the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,Kerala, and Tamil Nadu in South India. There are sizable populations of people from the states ofPunjab,Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra,Telangana,Gujarat,West Bengal,Karnataka,Kerala, andTamil Nadu in the United States.[52] Indians comprise over 80% of allH-1B visas.[53] Indian Americans have risen to become the richest ethnicity in America, with an average household income of $126,891, almost twice the U.S. average of $65,316.[54]
Since 2000, a large number of students have started migrating to the United States to pursue higher education. A variety of estimates state that over 500,000 Indian American students attend higher-education institutions in any given year.[55][56] As per Institute of International Education (IIE) 'Opendoors' report, 202,014 new students from India enrolled in U.S. education institutions.[57] The educational opportunities for students[55] and jobs for highly skilled workers have helped in growth of a skilled and educated Indian immigrant population in recent decades.[13]
In 2017,Kamala Harris became the first Indian American senator in the history of the United States.[58] In 2021, she became the first Indian American vice president.[59] She was elected vice president as the running mate ofPresidentJoe Biden in the2020 presidential election. This was a major milestone in Indian American history, and in addition to Harris, another 20 Indian Americans were nominated to key positions in the administration.[60]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1910 | 2,545 | — |
| 1920 | 2,507 | −1.5% |
| 1930 | 3,130 | +24.9% |
| 1940 | 2,405 | −23.2% |
| 1980 | 387,223 | +16000.7% |
| 1990 | 815,447 | +110.6% |
| 2000 | 1,645,510 | +101.8% |
| 2010 | 2,843,391 | +72.8% |
| 2020 | 4,397,737 | +54.7% |
According to the2010 United States census,[64] the Asian Indian population in the United States increased from almost 1,678,765 in 2000 (0.6% of U.S. population) to 2,843,391 in 2010 (0.9%of U.S. population), agrowth rate of 69.37%, one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States.[65]
TheNew York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area, consisting of New York City,Long Island, and adjacent areas withinNew York, as well as nearby areas within the states ofNew Jersey (extending toTrenton),Connecticut (extending toBridgeport), and includingPike County, Pennsylvania, was home to an estimated 711,174 uniracial Indian Americans as of the 2017American Community Survey by theU.S. Census Bureau, comprising by far the largest Indian American population of any metropolitan area in the U.S.[66]
New York City itself also contains by far the largest Indian American population of any individual city in North America, estimated at 246,454 as of 2017.[67]Monroe Township,Middlesex County, incentral New Jersey, ranked the safest small city in the United States,[68][69] has displayed one of the fastest growth rates of its Indian population in theWestern Hemisphere, increasing from 256 (0.9%) as of the 2000 Census[70] to an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017,[71] representing a 2,221.5% increase over that period.Affluentprofessionals andsenior citizens, a temperate climate with numerousgreenbelts,charitable benefactors toCOVID relief efforts in India in official coordination with Monroe Township,STEM-heavy schools,Hindu mandirs,[72] the largest indoor statue of the deityHanuman in theWestern Hemisphere,[73] Indianfood trucks and language classes, andBollywood actors with second homes all play into the growth of the Indian population in the township, as well as its relative proximity to top-rankedPrinceton University. By 2022, the Indian population surpassed one-third of Monroe Township's population, and the nicknameEdison-South had developed, in reference to theLittle India stature of both Middlesex County, New Jerseytownships.[74] In 2014, 12,350 Indians legally immigrated to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA core based statistical area;[75] As of February 2022, Indian airline carrierAir India as well as United States airline carrierUnited Airlines were offering direct flights from theNew York City Metropolitan Area to and fromDelhi andMumbai. In May 2019,Delta Air Lines announcednon-stop flight service betweenNew York JFK and Mumbai, to begin December 22, 2019.[76] And in November 2021,American Airlines began non-stop flight service between New York JFK and Delhi withIndiGo Aircodesharing on this flight. At least 24 Indian American enclaves characterized as aLittle India have emerged in the New York City Metropolitan Area.
Other metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations includeAtlanta,Austin,Baltimore–Washington,Boston,Chicago,Dallas–Ft. Worth,Detroit,Houston,Los Angeles,Philadelphia,Phoenix,Raleigh,San Francisco–San Jose–Oakland, andSeattle.
The three oldest Indian American communities going back to around 1910 are in lesser populatedagricultural areas in California includingStockton andYuba City in theCentral Valley, as well as in theImperial Valley. These were all primarily Sikh settlements.
Asian Indian population inCombined Statistical Areas of the United States of America as per Census 2020[77]
| Metropolitan Area | Asian Indian Population | Total Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA | 792,367 | 22,431,833 | 3.53% |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA | 513,349 | 9,225,160 | 5.56% |
| Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI CSA | 253,509 | 9,986,960 | 2.54% |
| Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-VA-MD-WV-PA CSA | 253,146 | 10,028,331 | 2.52% |
| Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK CSA | 239,291 | 8,157,895 | 2.93% |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA | 231,515 | 18,644,680 | 1.24% |
| Houston-Pasadena, TX CSA | 162,343 | 7,339,672 | 2.21% |
| Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD CSA | 158,773 | 7,379,700 | 2.15% |
| Atlanta–Athens-Clarke County–Sandy Springs, GA-AL CSA | 158,408 | 6,976,171 | 2.27% |
| Boston–Worcester–Providence, MA-RI-NH CSA | 152,700 | 8,349,768 | 1.83% |
| Seattle-Tacoma, WA CSA | 144,290 | 4,102,400 | 2.79% |
| Detroit–Warren–Ann Arbor, MI CSA | 108,440 | 5,424,742 | 2.00% |
| Sacramento–Roseville, CA CSA | 76,403 | 2,680,831 | 2.85% |
| Miami–Port St. Lucie–Fort Lauderdale, FL CSA | 63,824 | 6,908,296 | 0.92% |
| Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX CSA | 63,524 | 2,352,426 | 2.70% |
| Phoenix-Mesa, AZ CSA | 61,580 | 4,899,104 | 1.26% |
| Raleigh–Durham–Cary, NC CSA | 59,567 | 2,242,324 | 2.66% |
| Orlando–Lakeland–Deltona, FL CSA | 54,187 | 4,197,095 | 1.29% |
| San Diego-Carlsbad, CA CSA | 50,673 | 3,276,208 | 1.55% |
| Charlotte–Concord, NC-SC CSA | 50,115 | 3,232,206 | 1.55% |
| Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN-WI CSA | 48,671 | 4,078,788 | 1.19% |
| New Haven–Hartford–Waterbury, CT CSA | 45,600 | 2,659,617 | 1.71% |
| Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA | 43,690 | 3,175,275 | 1.38% |
| Columbus–Marion–Zanesville, OH CSA | 43,461 | 2,606,479 | 1.67% |
| Portland–Vancouver–Salem, OR-WA CSA | 35,714 | 3,280,736 | 1.09% |
| Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN CSA | 33,489 | 2,599,860 | 1.29% |
| Denver–Aurora–Greeley, CO CSA | 31,452 | 3,623,560 | 0.87% |
| St. Louis–St. Charles–Farmington, MO-IL CSA | 28,874 | 2,924,904 | 0.99% |
| Cleveland–Akron–Canton, OH CSA | 28,467 | 3,769,834 | 0.76% |
| Fresno–Hanford–Corcoran, CA CSA | 25,055 | 1,317,395 | 1.90% |
| Cincinnati–Wilmington, OH-KY-IN CSA | 24,434 | 2,291,815 | 1.07% |
| Pittsburgh–Weirton–Steubenville, PA-OH-WV CSA | 24,414 | 2,767,801 | 0.88% |
| Kansas City–Overland Park–Kansas City, MO-KS CSA | 22,308 | 2,528,644 | 0.88% |
| Richmond, VA MSA | 21,077 | 1,314,434 | 1.60% |
| San Antonio–New Braunfels–Kerrville, TX CSA | 19,611 | 2,637,466 | 0.74% |
| Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha, WI CSA | 18,779 | 2,053,232 | 0.91% |
| Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro, TN CSA | 18,296 | 2,250,282 | 0.84% |
| Jacksonville–Kingsland–Palatka, FL-GA CSA | 16,853 | 1,733,937 | 0.97% |
| Albany–Schenectady, NY CSA | 16,476 | 1,190,727 | 1.38% |
| Las Vegas–Henderson, NV CSA | 14,913 | 2,317,052 | 0.64% |
| Buffalo–Cheektowaga–Olean, NY CSA | 14,021 | 1,243,944 | 1.13% |
| Salt Lake City–Provo–Orem, UT-ID CSA | 13,520 | 2,705,693 | 0.50% |
| Bakersfield, CA MSA | 12,771 | 909,235 | 1.40% |
| Harrisburg–York–Lebanon, PA CSA | 12,497 | 1,295,259 | 0.96% |
| Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC CSA | 11,660 | 1,695,306 | 0.69% |
| Allentown–Bethlehem-East Stroudsburg, PA-NJ CSA | 11,188 | 1,030,216 | 1.09% |
| Memphis–Clarksdale–Forrest City, TN-MS-AR CSA | 10,502 | 1,389,905 | 0.76% |
| Madison–Janesville–Beloit, WI CSA | 10,361 | 910,246 | 1.14% |
| Louisville/Jefferson County–Elizabethtown, KY-IN CSA | 10,259 | 1,487,749 | 0.69% |
| Oklahoma City–Shawnee, OK CSA | 10,237 | 1,498,149 | 0.68% |
| Virginia Beach–Chesapeake, VA-NC CSA | 9,985 | 1,857,542 | 0.54% |
| Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC CSA | 9,809 | 1,511,905 | 0.65% |
| Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR MSA | 9,028 | 546,725 | 1.65% |
| Des Moines–West Des Moines–Ames, IA CSA | 8,081 | 890,322 | 0.91% |
| Columbia–Sumter–Orangeburg, SC CSA | 7,586 | 1,056,968 | 0.72% |
| Rochester–Batavia–Seneca Falls, NY CSA | 7,564 | 1,157,563 | 0.65% |
| Dayton–Springfield–Kettering, OH CSA | 6,281 | 1,088,875 | 0.58% |
| Omaha–Fremont, NE-IA CSA | 6,241 | 1,004,771 | 0.62% |
| Gainesville–Lake City, FL CSA | 6,207 | 408,945 | 1.52% |
| Grand Rapids–Wyoming, MI CSA | 5,995 | 1,486,055 | 0.40% |
| Tucson–Nogales, AZ CSA | 5,977 | 1,091,102 | 0.55% |
| Lansing–East Lansing–Owosso, MI CSA | 5,860 | 541,297 | 1.08% |
| Birmingham–Cullman–Talladega, AL CSA | 5,714 | 1,361,033 | 0.42% |
| Champaign–Urbana–Danville, IL CSA | 5,299 | 310,260 | 1.71% |
| Bloomington–Pontiac, IL CSA | 5,225 | 206,769 | 2.53% |
| Lafayette–West Lafayette–Frankfort, IN CSA | 5,111 | 281,594 | 1.82% |
| Cape Coral-Fort Myers-Naples CSA | 5,042 | 1,188,319 | 0.42% |
| Tulsa–Bartlesville–Muskogee, OK CSA | 5,032 | 1,134,125 | 0.44% |
| Knoxville–Morristown–Sevierville, TN CSA | 4,793 | 1,156,861 | 0.41% |
| Reno–Carson City–Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA CSA | 4,761 | 684,678 | 0.70% |
| Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Los Alamos, NM CSA | 4,555 | 1,162,523 | 0.39% |
| Springfield–Amherst Town–Northampton, MA CSA | 4,398 | 699,162 | 0.63% |
| Scranton—Wilkes-Barre, PA MSA | 4,367 | 567,559 | 0.77% |
| Peoria–Canton, IL CSA | 4,151 | 402,391 | 1.03% |
| College Station-Bryan, TX MSA | 4,149 | 268,248 | 1.55% |
| Urban Honolulu, HI MSA | 4,122 | 1,016,508 | 0.41% |
| North Port-Bradenton, FL CSA | 4,090 | 1,054,539 | 0.39% |
| New Orleans–Metairie–Slidell, LA-MS CSA | 4,048 | 1,373,453 | 0.29% |
| Syracuse–Auburn, NY CSA | 4,023 | 738,305 | 0.54% |
| Lexington-Fayette–Richmond–Frankfort, KY CSA | 3,758 | 762,082 | 0.49% |
| Tallahassee–Bainbridge, FL-GA CSA | 3,705 | 413,665 | 0.90% |
The following table shows the number of people in each state who identified as "Hindu" in the 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 censuses, as well as the number of people identifying as "Asian Indian" in each state from the 1980 census onwards.[78] Between the 1910 and 1940 censuses, "Hindu" was a census category for race,[78] a term which is now associated with religion but then referred to South Asians in general.[79] At the time, the South Asian American population was 85% Sikh, 12% Muslim, and 3% Hindu,[80][81] but all were nevertheless referred to as Hindus.[80][82] Midcentury liberalization of immigration law has led to more diverse migration from India, and the proportion of Sikhs amongst Indian Americans has fallen to 8%.[10]
| State orterritory | 1910[83] | 1920[83] | 1930[83] | 1940[84][85] | 1980[86] | 1990[87] | 2000[88] | 2010[89] | 2020[90] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
 Alabama | 0 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 2,374 | 0.06% | 4,348 | 0.11% | 6,686 | 0.15% | 13,036 | 0.27% | 17,174 | 0.34% |
 Alaska | 230 | 0.06% | 472 | 0.09% | 546 | 0.09% | 1,218 | 0.17% | 857 | 0.12% | ||||||||
 Arizona | 0 | 0% | 10 | 0% | 50 | 0.01% | 65 | 0.01% | 2,078 | 0.08% | 5,663 | 0.15% | 14,510 | 0.28% | 36,047 | 0.56% | 64,822 | 0.91% |
 Arkansas | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 1,194 | 0.05% | 1,329 | 0.06% | 2,694 | 0.1% | 7,973 | 0.27% | 14,443 | 0.48% |
 California | 1,948 | 0.08% | 1,723 | 0.05% | 1,873 | 0.03% | 1,476 | 0.02% | 59,774 | 0.25% | 159,973 | 0.54% | 307,105 | 0.91% | 528,176 | 1.42% | 830,259 | 2.1% |
 Colorado | 1 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 28 | 0% | 8 | 0% | 2,565 | 0.09% | 3,836 | 0.12% | 11,826 | 0.27% | 20,369 | 0.41% | 34,400 | 0.6% |
 Connecticut | 0 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 5,426 | 0.17% | 11,755 | 0.36% | 23,905 | 0.7% | 46,415 | 1.3% | 60,634 | 1.68% |
 Delaware | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1,227 | 0.21% | 2,183 | 0.33% | 5,231 | 0.67% | 11,424 | 1.27% | 17,722 | 1.79% |
 District of Columbia | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 873 | 0.14% | 1,601 | 0.26% | 2,415 | 0.42% | 5,214 | 0.87% | 9,149 | 1.33% |
 Florida | 0 | 0% | 13 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 11,039 | 0.11% | 31,457 | 0.24% | 67,790 | 0.42% | 128,735 | 0.68% | 187,236 | 0.87% |
 Georgia | 0 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 4,725 | 0.09% | 13,926 | 0.21% | 44,732 | 0.55% | 96,116 | 0.99% | 165,895 | 1.55% |
 Hawaii | 708 | 0.07% | 1,015 | 0.09% | 1,244 | 0.1% | 2,201 | 0.16% | 2,362 | 0.16% | ||||||||
 Idaho | 0 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 247 | 0.03% | 473 | 0.05% | 1,142 | 0.09% | 2,152 | 0.14% | 3,398 | 0.18% |
 Illinois | 1 | 0% | 33 | 0% | 87 | 0% | 41 | 0% | 37,438 | 0.33% | 64,200 | 0.56% | 123,275 | 0.99% | 188,328 | 1.47% | 260,055 | 2.03% |
 Indiana | 2 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 14 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 4,746 | 0.09% | 7,095 | 0.13% | 14,159 | 0.23% | 27,598 | 0.43% | 47,902 | 0.71% |
 Iowa | 3 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 2,424 | 0.08% | 3,021 | 0.11% | 5,407 | 0.18% | 11,081 | 0.36% | 14,748 | 0.46% |
 Kansas | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 9 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 2,588 | 0.11% | 3,956 | 0.16% | 7,681 | 0.29% | 13,848 | 0.49% | 19,832 | 0.68% |
 Kentucky | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 2,669 | 0.07% | 2,922 | 0.08% | 6,734 | 0.17% | 12,501 | 0.29% | 18,154 | 0.4% |
 Louisiana | 26 | 0% | 27 | 0% | 28 | 0% | 15 | 0% | 3,036 | 0.07% | 5,083 | 0.12% | 8,641 | 0.19% | 11,174 | 0.25% | 12,964 | 0.28% |
 Maine | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 475 | 0.04% | 607 | 0.05% | 978 | 0.08% | 1,959 | 0.15% | 2,276 | 0.17% |
 Maryland | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 10 | 0% | 13,788 | 0.33% | 28,330 | 0.59% | 49,766 | 0.94% | 79,051 | 1.37% | 104,617 | 1.69% |
 Massachusetts | 14 | 0% | 8 | 0% | 42 | 0% | 20 | 0% | 8,943 | 0.16% | 19,719 | 0.33% | 41,935 | 0.66% | 77,177 | 1.18% | 125,534 | 1.79% |
 Michigan | 0 | 0% | 38 | 0% | 181 | 0% | 113 | 0% | 15,363 | 0.17% | 23,845 | 0.26% | 54,464 | 0.55% | 77,132 | 0.78% | 122,245 | 1.21% |
 Minnesota | 0 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 3,734 | 0.09% | 8,234 | 0% | 16,278 | 0.33% | 33,031 | 0.62% | 47,173 | 0.83% |
 Mississippi | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 1,313 | 0.05% | 1,872 | 0.07% | 3,325 | 0.12% | 5,494 | 0.19% | 6,807 | 0.23% |
 Missouri | 2 | 0% | 15 | 0% | 9 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 4,276 | 0.09% | 6,111 | 0.12% | 11,845 | 0.21% | 23,223 | 0.39% | 34,748 | 0.56% |
 Montana | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 154 | 0.02% | 248 | 0.03% | 450 | 0.05% | 618 | 0.06% | 726 | 0.07% |
 Nebraska | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 1,106 | 0.07% | 1,218 | 0.08% | 3,199 | 0.19% | 5,903 | 0.32% | 9,107 | 0.46% |
 Nevada | 52 | 0.06% | 3 | 0% | 12 | 0.01% | 3 | 0% | 527 | 0.07% | 1,825 | 0.15% | 4,860 | 0.24% | 11,671 | 0.43% | 14,005 | 0.45% |
 New Hampshire | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 742 | 0.08% | 1,697 | 0.15% | 3,579 | 0.29% | 8,268 | 0.63% | 10,659 | 0.77% |
 New Jersey | 0 | 0% | 34 | 0% | 110 | 0% | 47 | 0% | 30,684 | 0.42% | 79,440 | 1.03% | 169,209 | 2.01% | 292,256 | 3.32% | 415,342 | 4.47% |
 New Mexico | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 20 | 0% | 19 | 0% | 622 | 0.05% | 1,593 | 0.11% | 2,424 | 0.13% | 4,550 | 0.22% | 5,807 | 0.27% |
 New York | 14 | 0% | 204 | 0% | 320 | 0% | 243 | 0% | 67,636 | 0.39% | 140,985 | 0.78% | 250,027 | 1.32% | 313,620 | 1.62% | 387,376 | 1.92% |
 North Carolina | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 4,855 | 0.08% | 9,847 | 0.15% | 25,350 | 0.31% | 57,400 | 0.6% | 121,974 | 1.17% |
 North Dakota | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 252 | 0.04% | 482 | 0.08% | 1,042 | 0.16% | 1,543 | 0.23% | 1,732 | 0.22% |
 Ohio | 0 | 0% | 35 | 0% | 55 | 0% | 40 | 0% | 13,602 | 0.13% | 20,848 | 0.19% | 37,624 | 0.33% | 64,187 | 0.56% | 99,105 | 0.84% |
 Oklahoma | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 17 | 0% | 3,168 | 0.1% | 4,546 | 0.14% | 8,302 | 0.24% | 11,906 | 0.32% | 14,631 | 0.37% |
 Oregon | 305 | 0.05% | 90 | 0.01% | 35 | 0% | 21 | 0% | 2,265 | 0.09% | 3,508 | 0.12% | 10,188 | 0.3% | 16,740 | 0.44% | 29,028 | 0.69% |
 Pennsylvania | 2 | 0% | 47 | 0% | 63 | 0% | 52 | 0% | 17,230 | 0.15% | 28,396 | 0.24% | 56,233 | 0.46% | 103,026 | 0.81% | 157,626 | 1.21% |
 Puerto Rico | 0% | 0% | 5,564 | 0.15% | 3,523 | 0.09% | 947 | 0.03% | ||||||||||
 Rhode Island | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 904 | 0.1% | 1,975 | 0.2% | 2,548 | 0.24% | 4,653 | 0.44% | 7,334 | 0.67% |
 South Carolina | 0 | 0% | 11 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 2,572 | 0.08% | 3,900 | 0.11% | 8,215 | 0.2% | 15,941 | 0.34% | 26,875 | 0.53% |
 South Dakota | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 157 | 0.02% | 287 | 0.04% | 581 | 0.08% | 1,152 | 0.14% | 1,523 | 0.17% |
 Tennessee | 1 | 0% | 13 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 3,392 | 0.07% | 5,911 | 0.12% | 11,956 | 0.21% | 23,900 | 0.38% | 40,151 | 0.58% |
 Texas | 2 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 49 | 0% | 73 | 0% | 23,395 | 0.16% | 55,795 | 0.33% | 127,256 | 0.61% | 245,981 | 0.98% | 480,566 | 1.65% |
 Utah | 0 | 0% | 28 | 0.01% | 25 | 0% | 13 | 0% | 932 | 0.06% | 1,557 | 0.09% | 3,157 | 0.14% | 6,212 | 0.22% | 11,908 | 0.36% |
 Vermont | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 520 | 0.1% | 529 | 0.09% | 697 | 0.11% | 1,359 | 0.22% | 1,794 | 0.28% |
 Virginia | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 8 | 0% | 9,046 | 0.17% | 20,494 | 0.33% | 47,578 | 0.67% | 103,916 | 1.3% | 157,635 | 1.83% |
 Washington | 161 | 0.01% | 85 | 0.01% | 53 | 0% | 23 | 0% | 4,267 | 0.1% | 8,205 | 0.17% | 22,489 | 0.38% | 61,124 | 0.91% | 140,817 | 1.83% |
 West Virginia | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 11 | 0% | 1,936 | 0.1% | 1,981 | 0.11% | 2,529 | 0.14% | 3,304 | 0.18% | 3,289 | 0.18% |
 Wisconsin | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 3,902 | 0.08% | 6,914 | 0.14% | 11,280 | 0.21% | 22,899 | 0.4% | 32,831 | 0.56% |
 Wyoming | 11 | 0.01% | 7 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 104 | 0.02% | 240 | 0.05% | 423 | 0.09% | 589 | 0.1% | 522 | 0.09% |
 United States | 2,545 | 0% | 2,507 | 0% | 3,130 | 0% | 2,405 | 0% | 387,223 | 0.17% | 815,447 | 0.33% | 1,645,510 | 0.58% | 2,843,391 | 0.92% | 4,397,737 | 1.33% |
Since the 1990sdot-com boom, there has been a shift in the Indian American population from being dominated by immigrants fromGujarat andPunjab to being increasingly represented more broadly, including by immigrants fromAndhra Pradesh and Telangana,West Bengal,Tamil Nadu,Kerala,Karnataka, andMaharashtra.[91][92] Between 2010 and 2021, Telugu rose from being the sixth- most spoken South Asian language to being the third-most spoken, while Punjabi fell from being the fourth-most spoken South Asian language in the United States to become the seventh-most spoken. There are significant differences between these groups in terms of socioeconomic factors like education, geographic location, and income; in 2021, 81% of Americans speaking Telugu at home spoke English very well, while only 59% of Americans speaking Punjabi at home did the same.[93][94]
| South Asian language | 2010 | 2021 | Change | % Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hindi | 609,395 | 864,830 | 255,435 | 41.92% |
| Urdu | 388,909 | 507,972 | 119,063 | 30.61% |
| Punjabi | 243,773 | 318,588 | 74,815 | 30.69% |
| Bengali | 221,872 | 403,024 | 181,152 | 81.65% |
| Telugu | 217,641 | 459,836 | 242,195 | 111.28% |
| Tamil | 181,698 | 341,396 | 159,698 | 87.89% |
| Nepali,Marathi, and otherIndo-Aryan languages | 275,694 | 447,811 | 172,117 | 62.43% |
| Malayalam,Kannada, and otherDravidian languages | 197,550 | 280,188 | 82,638 | 41.83% |
| Gujarati | 356,394 | 436,909 | 80,515 | 22.59% |
From the 1990 census to the 2000 census, the Asian Indian population increased by 105.87%. Meanwhile, the U.S. population increased by only 7.6%. In 2000, the Indian-born population in the U.S. was 1.007 million. In 2006, of the 1,266,264 legal immigrants to the United States, 58,072 were from India. Between 2000 and 2006, 421,006 Indian immigrants were admitted to the U.S., up from 352,278 during the 1990–1999 period.[96] At 16.4% of the Asian-American population, Indian Americans make up the third largest Asian-American ethnic group, followingChinese Americans andFilipino Americans.[97][98][99]
A joint Duke University-UC Berkeley study revealed that Indian immigrants have founded more engineering and technology companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the United Kingdom, China, Taiwan, and Japan combined.[100] The percentage of Silicon Valley startups founded by Indian immigrants has increased from 7% in 1999 to 15.5% in 2006, as reported in the 1999 study byAnnaLee Saxenian[101] and her updated work in 2006 in collaboration withVivek Wadhwa.[102] Indian Americans have risen to top positions at many major companies (e.g., IBM, PepsiCo, MasterCard, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Cisco, Oracle, Adobe, Softbank, Cognizant, Sun Microsystems.) A 2014 study indicates that 23% of Indian business school graduates take a job in the United States.[103]
| Year | Asian Indians (per ACS) |
|---|---|
| 2005 | 2,319,222 |
| 2006 | 2,482,141 |
| 2007 | 2,570,166 |
| 2008 | 2,495,998 |
| 2009 | 2,602,676 |
| 2010 | 2,765,155 |
| 2011 | 2,908,204 |
| 2012 | 3,049,201 |
| 2013 | 3,189,485 |
| 2014 | 3,491,052 |
| 2015 | 3,510,000 |
| 2016 | 3,613,407 |
| 2017 | 3,794,539 |
| 2018 | 3,882,526 |
| 2019 | 4,002,151 |
| 2020 | 4,021,134 |
Indian Americans continually outpace every other ethnic groupsocioeconomically per U.S. census statistics.[104]Thomas Friedman ofThe New York Times, in his 2005 bookThe World Is Flat, explains this trend in terms ofbrain drain, whereby a sample of the best and brightest people in India emigrate to the United States in order to seek better financial opportunities.[105] Indians form the second largest group ofphysicians after non-HispanicCaucasian Americans (3.9%) as of the 1990 survey, and the share of Indian physicians rose to approximately 6% in 2005.[106]
According toPew Research in 2015, of Indian Americans aged 25 and older, 72% had obtained a bachelor's degree and 40% had obtained a postgraduate degree, whereas of all Americans, 19% had obtained a bachelor's degree and 11% had obtained a postgraduate degree.[107]
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The median household income for Indian immigrants in 2019 was much higher than that of the overall foreign- and native-born populations. Indians overall have much higher incomes than the total foreign and native-born populations.
In a 2019 survey, it was found that households headed by an Indian immigrant had a median income of $132,000, compared to $64,000 and $66,000 for all immigrant and U.S.-born households, respectively. Indian immigrants were also much less likely to be in poverty (5%) than immigrants overall (14%) or the U.S. born (12%).[109]
According to 2020 US census data, the median Indian American household income is now $157,005.
Indian Americans had the second highest Per Capita Incomes among Asian Americans of $72,389 which was second only to Taiwanese Americans.[108]
75.1% of Indian Americans worked in Management, business, science, and arts occupations, this is compared to only 43.2% for the total population.
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Communities ofHindus,Christians,Muslims,Sikhs,irreligious people, and smaller numbers ofJains,Buddhists,Zoroastrians, and IndianJews, have established their religious (or irreligious) beliefs in the United States. According to 2023Pew Research Center research, 48% consider themselves Hindu, 15% as Christian (7% Catholic, 4% Evangelical Protestant, 4% Nonevangelical Protestant), 18% asunaffiliated, 8%as Muslims, 8% as Sikh, and 3% as a member of another religion.[10]The first religious center of an Indian religion to be established in the U.S. was a SikhGurudwara inStockton, California in 1912. Today there are many Sikh Gurudwaras, Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, Christian churches, and Buddhist and Jain temples in all 50 states.
As of 2008, the AmericanHindu population was around 2.2 million.[111]Hindus form theplurality religious group among the Indian American community.[112][113] Many organizations such asISKCON,Swaminarayan Sampradaya,BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha,Chinmaya Mission, andSwadhyay Pariwar are well-established in the U.S. and Hindu Americans have formed theHindu American Foundation which representsAmerican Hindus and aim to educate people aboutHinduism.Swami Vivekananda broughtHinduism to the West at the1893 Parliament of the World's Religions.[114] TheVedanta Society has been important in subsequent Parliaments. In September 2021, the State ofNew Jersey aligned with the World Hindu Council to declare October as Hindu Heritage Month. Today, many Hindutemples, most of them built by Indian Americans, have emerged in different cities and towns in the United States.[115][116] More than 18 million Americans are now practicing some form ofYoga.[citation needed]Kriya Yoga was introduced to America byParamahansa Yogananda.A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada initiated the popularISKCON, also known as theHare Krishna movement, while preachingBhakti yoga. TheSai Baba mandir with the tallest indoor statue in theWestern Hemisphere opened inMonroe Township,Middlesex County, New Jersey as the Om Sri Sai Balaji Temple in 2024.[117] On October 30, 2024, the State of New Jersey legally designated October of every year to be Hindu Heritage Month.[118]
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From the time of their arrival to the U.S. in the late 1800s,Sikh women and men have been making notable contributions to American society. In 2007, there were estimated to be between 250,000 and 500,000 Sikhs living in the United States, with largest populations living on the East and West Coasts, together with smaller additional populations inDetroit,Chicago, andAustin. The United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism.Sikh men are typically identifiable by their unshorn beards and turbans (head coverings), articles of their faith. Many organisations like World Sikh Organisation (WSO), Sikh Riders of America, SikhNet, Sikh Coalition, SALDEF,United Sikhs, National Sikh Campaign continue to educate people about Sikhism. There are many "Gurudwaras" Sikh temples present in all states of USA.
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Adherents ofJainism first arrived in the United States in the 20th century. Jain immigration became more significant in the second half of the 20th century. The U.S. has since become the epicenter of the Jain diaspora. Jains in America are also one of the highest-earningsocio-economic adherents of any religion in the United States. TheFederation of Jain Associations in North America is an umbrella organization of local American and Canadian Jain congregations.[120] Unlike India and United Kingdom, the Jain community in United States does not find sectarian differences—bothDigambara andŚvētāmbara share a common roof.[citation needed]
Hasan Minhaj,Fareed Zakaria,Aziz Ansari,[121] and PirVilayat Inayat Khan[122] are a few well-known Indian American Muslims.Indian Muslim Americans also congregate with otherAmerican Muslims, including those fromPakistan,Bangladesh,Nepal,Sri Lanka,Bhutan,Myanmar, andEast Africa when there are events particularly related to their faith and religious believes as the same can be applied for any other religious community, but there are prominent organizations such as theIndian Muslim Council – USA.[123]New Jersey andNew York contain notable numbers ofmosques utilized by Muslims of Indian origin.
Saint Thomas Christians (Syro-Malabar Church,Syro-Malankara Catholic Church,Chaldean Syrian Church, Knanaya Church,Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church,Jacobite Syrian Christian Church,CSI Syrian Christians,Mar Thoma Syrian Church,Pentecostal Syrian Christians[124] andSt. Thomas Evangelical Church of India[125]) fromKerala have established their own places of worship across the United States.[126] The websiteUSIndian.org has collected a comprehensive list of all the traditional St. Thomas Christian Churches in the U.S.[127] The Syro-Malabar Church, an Eastern Catholic Church, native to India since the 1st century,[128] established St. Thomas Syro-Malabar diocese of Chicago was established in the year 2001.[129] St. Thomas day is celebrated in this church on July 3 every year.[130]
There are also Catholic Indians hailing originally fromGoa,Karnataka and Kerala, who attend the same services as otherAmerican Catholics, but may celebrate the feast ofSaint Francis Xavier as a special event of their identity.[131][132][133]
There are many other ProtestantIndian Christian churches across the US, includingIndia Pentecostal Church of God,Assemblies of God in India,Church of God (Full Gospel) in India,Church of South India,Church of North India, Christhava Tamil Koil,The Pentecostal Mission, Sharon Pentecostal Church, Independent Non Denominational Churches like Heavenly Feast,Plymouth Brethren.
The Indian Christian Americans have formed the Federation of Indian American Christian Organizations of North America (FIACONA) to represent a network of Indian Christian organizations in the U.S. FIACONA estimates the Indian AmericanChristian population to be 1,050,000.[134]
The largeParsi andIrani community is represented by theFederation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America.[135]Indian Jews are perhaps the smallest organized religious group among Indian Americans, consisting of approximately 350 members in the U.S. They form the Indian Jewish Congregation of USA, with their headquarters in New York City.[136]
Momentum has been growing to recognize theDharmic holy dayDeepavali (Diwali) as a holiday onschool district calendars in theNew York City metropolitan area.[137][138]New York City announced in October 2022 that Diwali would be an official school holiday commencing in 2023.[139]
Passaic, New Jersey established Diwali as a school holiday in 2005.[137][138]South Brunswick, New Jersey in 2010 became the first of the many school districts with large Indian student populations inMiddlesex County inNew Jersey to add Diwali to the school calendar.[138]Glen Rock, New Jersey in February 2015 became the first municipality inBergen County, with its own burgeoning Indian population post-2010,[140][141] to recognize Diwali as an annual school holiday,[142][143] while thousands in Bergen County celebrated the firstU.S. county-wideDiwali Mela festival under a unifiedsponsorship banner in 2016,[144] whileFair Lawn in Bergen County has celebrated an internationally prominent annualHoli celebration since 2022.[145][146][147] Diwali/Deepavali is also recognized byMonroe Township, New Jersey.
Efforts have been undertaken inMillburn,[137] Monroe Township,West Windsor-Plainsboro,Bernards Township, andNorth Brunswick, New Jersey,[138]Long Island, as well as in New York City (ultimately successfully),[148][149] among other school districts in the metropolitan region, to make Diwali a holiday on the school calendar. According to theStar-Ledger,Edison, New Jersey councilman Sudhanshu Prasad has noted parents' engagement in making Deepavali a holiday there; while in Jersey City, the four schools with major Asian Indian populations mark the holiday by inviting parents to the school buildings for festivities.[138]Mahatma Gandhi Elementary School is located inPassaic, New Jersey.[150] Efforts are also progressing toward making Diwali and Eid official holidays at all 24 school districts in Middlesex County.[151] At least 12 school districts on Long Island closed for Diwali in 2022,[152] and over 20 in New Jersey.[153]
Like the terms "Asian American" or "South Asian American", the term "Indian American" is also an umbrella label applying to a variety of views, values, lifestyles, and appearances. Although Asian Indian Americans retain a high level of ethnic identity, they are known toassimilate into American culture while at the same time keeping the culture of their ancestors.[154]
The United States is home to various associations that promote Indian languages and cultures. Some major organizations include:
Patel Brothers is a supermarket chain originally started in Chicago serving theIndian diaspora, with 57 locations in 19 U.S. states—primarily located in theNew Jersey/New York Metropolitan Area, due to its largeIndian population,is[citation needed] and with theEast Windsor/Monroe Township,New Jersey location representing the world's largest and busiest Indian grocery store outside India, the store is therefore expanding to nearbyHamilton, New Jersey.
Deep Foods, founded in 1977 inNew Jersey, is one of the largest Indian food companies in the US.[155] Specializing in frozen Indian food, their products were sold in around 20,000 stores as of 2024.[156]
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories,Aurobindo Pharma, andBiocon Biologics, allbiopharmaceutical companies based inSouth India, have establishedNorth Americanheadquarters incentralNew Jersey.
Cognizant isheadquartered inTeaneck, New Jersey, whileWipro is based inEast Brunswick, New Jersey.
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Tamil,Gujarati,Bengali,Telugu,Marathi,Punjabi,Malayalam, andHindi radio stations are available in areas with high Indian populations, for example, Punjabi Radio USA and Easy96.com in the New York City metropolitan area,KLOK 1170 AM in San Francisco,KSJO Bolly 92.3FM in San Jose, California; RBC Radio; Radio Humsafar, Desi Junction in Chicago; Radio Salaam Namaste and FunAsia Radio inDallas; and Masala Radio, FunAsia Radio, Sangeet Radio, Radio Naya Andaz inHouston andWashington Bangla Radio on Internet from the Washington DC Metro Area. There are also some radio stations broadcasting inTamil within these communities.[157][158] Houston-basedKannada Kaaranji radio focuses on a multitude of programs for children and adults.[159]
AVS (Asian Variety Show) andNamaste America are South Asian programming available in most of the U.S. that is free to air and can be watched with a televisionantenna.
Severalcable andsatellite television providers offer Indian channels:Sony TV,Zee TV,TV Asia,Star Plus,Sahara One,Colors,Sun TV,ETV, Big Magic, regional channels, and others have offered Indian content for subscription, such as theCricket World Cup. There is also an American cricket channel calledWillow.
Many metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations now have movie theaters that specialize in showingIndian movies, especially fromBollywood (Hindi),Kollywood (Tamil), andTollywood (Telugu).
In July 2005,MTV premiered a spin-off network calledMTV Desi which targets Indian Americans.[160] It has been discontinued by MTV.
In 2012, the filmNot a Feather, but a Dot directed by Teju Prasad, was released which investigates the history, perceptions and changes in the Indian American community over the last century.
In popular media, several Indian American personalities have made their mark in recent years, includingAshok Amritraj,M. Night Shyamalan,Kovid Gupta,Kal Penn,Sendhil Ramamurthy,Padma Lakshmi,Hari Kondabolu,Karan Brar,Aziz Ansari,Hasan Minhaj,Poorna Jagannathan, andMindy Kaling. In the 2023 filmSpider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, the fictional world ofMumbattan (portmanteau ofMumbai andManhattan) is introduced.[161]
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Indian American writers have received fame and numerous awards in fiction and non-fiction writing.Jhumpa Lahiri is one notable Indian American writer whose works explore the Indian-immigrant experience in America.Interpreter of Maladies, her first book collection of short stories, which addresses sensitive dilemmas in the lives of Indians or Indian immigrants in America, received the 2000Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[162][163] Her first novel,The Namesake, also hasa film adaptation directed byMira Nair.[164] Her second story collection,Unaccustomed Earth, examines the lives of second and third-generation Indian Americans.[165] Her second novel,The Lowland, was placed on the shortlist for the2013 Man Booker Prize.[166] Both Lahiri andAkhil Sharma received theHemingway Foundation/PEN Award for best debut book of fiction forInterpreter of Maladies in 2000 andAn Obedient Father in 2001, respectively.
The Inheritance of Loss byKiran Desai dealt with the main themes of migration, living between two worlds, and between past and present. The novel won a number of awards, including theBooker Prize in 2006, theNational Book Critics Circle Fiction Award in 2007, and the 2006Vodafone Crossword Book Award
Other well-known books that are listed inThe New York Times Best Seller list includeWhen Dimple Met Rishi bySandhya Menon,Why Not Me? byMindy Kaling,A Place for Us byFatima Farheen Mirza,Cutting for Stone byAbraham Verghese and so on.
Indian Americans have played a substantial role in increasing the profile ofcricket in the United States in the 21st century, helping to launch the nation's highest professional league,Major League Cricket.[167]
The annual New York City India Day Parade, held on or approximately every August 15 since 1981, is the world's largestIndian Independence Day parade outside of India[168] and is hosted by The Federation of Indian Associations (FIA). According to the website ofBaruch College of theCity University of New York, "The FIA, which came into being in 1970 is anumbrella organization meant to represent the diverse Indian population of NYC. Its mission is to promote and further the interests of its 500,000 members and to collaborate with other Indian cultural organization. The FIA acts as a mouth piece for the diverse Indian Asian population in United States, and is focused on furthering the interests of this diverse community. The parade begins onEast 38th Street and continues downMadison Avenue inMidtown Manhattan until it reaches28th Street. At the review stand on 28th Street, the grand marshal and various celebrities greet onlookers. Throughout the parade, participants find themselves surrounded by the saffron, white and green colors of theIndian flag. They can enjoy Indian food, merchandise booths, live dancing and music present at the Parade. After the parade is over, various cultural organizations and dance schools participate in program on23rd Street and Madison Avenue until 6PM."[169] The New York/New Jersey metropolitan region's second-largest India Independence Day parade takes place inLittle India, Edison/Iselin in Middlesex County, New Jersey, annually in August.
The world's largest Sikh Day Parade outside India celebratingVaisakhi and the season of renewal is held inManhattan annually in April. The parade is widely regarded as being one of the most colourful parades.[170]
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According to theofficial U.S. racial categories employed by theUnited States Census Bureau,Office of Management and Budget and other U.S. government agencies, American citizens orresident aliens who marked "Asian Indian" as their ancestry or wrote in a term that was automatically classified as an Asian Indian became classified as part of the Asian race at the 2000 Census.[200] As with other modern official U.S. government racial categories, the term "Asian" is in itself a broad andheterogeneous classification, encompassing all peoples with origins in the original peoples of theFar East,Southeast Asia, and theIndian subcontinent.
In previous decades, Indian Americans were also variously classified asWhite American, the "Hindu race," and "other."[201] Even today, where individual Indian Americans do not racially self-identify, and instead reportMuslim,Jewish, andZoroastrian as their "race" in the "some other race" section without noting their country of origin, they are automatically tallied as white.[202] This may result in the counting of persons such asIndian Muslims,Indian Jews, andIndian Zoroastrians as white, if they solely report their religious heritage without their national origin.
In the 1980s, a gang known as theDotbusters specifically targeted Indian Americans inJersey City, New Jersey with violence and harassment.[203] Studies ofracial discrimination, as well asstereotyping andscapegoating of Indian Americans have been conducted in recent years.[204] In particular, racial discrimination against Indian Americans in the workplace has been correlated withIndophobia due to the rise inoutsourcing/offshoring, whereby Indian Americans are blamed for U.S. companies offshoringwhite-collar labor to India.[205][206] According to the offices of the Congressional Caucus on India, many Indian Americans are severely concerned of a backlash, though nothing serious has taken place.[206] Due to various socio-cultural reasons, implicit racial discrimination against Indian Americans largely go unreported by the Indian American community.[204]
Numerous cases of religious stereotyping ofAmerican Hindus (mainly of Indian origin) have also been documented.[207]
Since theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks, there have been scattered incidents of Indian Americans becoming mistaken targets forhate crimes. In one example, aSikh,Balbir Singh Sodhi, was murdered at aPhoenix gas station by awhite supremacist. This happened afterSeptember 11, and themurderer claimed that histurban made him think that the victim was aMiddle Eastern American.[208] In another example, apizza deliverer was mugged and beaten inMassachusetts for "beingMuslim" though the victim pleaded with the assailants that he was in fact aHindu.[209] In December 2012, an Indian American in New York City was pushed from behind onto the tracks at the 40th Street-Lowery Street station inSunnyside and killed.[210] The police arrested a woman, Erika Menendez, who admitted to the act and justified it, stating that she shoved him onto the tracks because she believed he was "a Hindu or a Muslim" and she wanted to retaliate for the attacks of September 11, 2001.[211]
In 2004, New York SenatorHillary Clinton joked at a fundraising event with South Asians forNancy Farmer thatMahatma Gandhi owned a gas station in downtownSt. Louis, fueling the stereotype that gas stations are owned by Indians and other South Asians. She clarified in the speech later that she was just joking, but still received some criticism for the statement later on for which she apologized again.[212]
On April 5, 2006, the Hindu Mandir of Minnesota was vandalized allegedly on the basis ofreligious discrimination.[213] The vandals damaged temple property leading to $200,000 worth of damage.[214][215][216]
On August 11, 2006, SenatorGeorge Allen allegedly referred to an opponent's political staffer of Indian ancestry as "macaca" and commenting, "Welcome to America, to the real world of Virginia." Some members of the Indian American community saw Allen's comments, and the backlash that may have contributed to Allenlosing his re-election bid, as demonstrative of the power ofYouTube in the 21st century.[217]
In 2006, thenDelawareSenator and futureU.S PresidentJoe Biden was caught onmicrophone saying: "In Delaware, the largest growth in population is Indian Americans moving from India. You cannot go to a 7-Eleven or a Dunkin' Donuts unless you have a slight Indian accent. I'm not joking."[218]
On August 5, 2012, white supremacist Wade Michael Page shot eight people and killed six at aSikh gurdwara in Oak Creek, Wisconsin.
On February 22, 2017, recent immigrants Srinivas Kuchibhotla and Alok Madasani were shot at a bar inOlathe, Kansas by Adam Purinton, a white American who mistook them for persons of Middle Eastern descent, yelling "get out of my country" and "terrorist." Kuchibhotla died instantly while Madasani was injured, but later recovered.[219]
Punjabi Sikh Americans inIndianapolis suffered many losses in their community on April 15, 2021, during theIndianapolis FedEx shooting in which gunman Brandon Scott Hole, with a currently unknown motive, entered a FedEx warehouse and killed eight people, half of whom were Sikh. The Sikh victims were Jaswinder Singh, Jasvinder Kaur, Amarjit Sekhon, and Amarjeet Johal. 90% of the workers at the facility were Sikh according to some accounts.[220] Another Sikh, Taptejdeep Singh, was one of the nine people killed in theSan Jose shooting on May 26, 2021.[221]
Indians are among the largest ethnic groups legally immigrating to the United States. The immigration of Indians has taken place in several waves since the first Indian moved to the United States in the 1700s. A major wave of immigration to California from the region of Punjab took place in the first decade of the 20th century. Another significant wave followed in the 1950s which mainly included students and professionals. The elimination of immigration quotas in 1965 spurred successively larger waves of immigrants in the late 1970s and early 1980s. With the technology boom of the 1990s, the largest influx of Indians arrived between 1995 and 2000. This latter group has also caused surge in the application for various immigration benefits including applications for green card. This has resulted in long waiting periods for people born in India from receiving these benefits.
As of 2012, over 330,000 Indians were on the visa wait list, third only toMexico andThe Philippines.[222]
In December, 2015, over 30 Indian students seeking admission in two U.S. universities—Silicon Valley University and theNorthwestern Polytechnic University—were denied entry byCustoms and Border Protection and were deported to India. Conflicting reports suggested that the students were deported because of the controversies surrounding the above-mentioned two universities. However, another report suggested that the students were deported as they had provided conflicting information at the time of their arrival in the U.S. to what was mentioned in their visa application. "According to the U.S. Government, the deported persons had presented information to the border patrol agent which was inconsistent with their visa status," read an advisory published byMinistry of External Affairs (India) which was published in the Hindustan Times.[223]
Following the incident, the Indian government asked the U.S. government to honour the visas given by its embassies and consulates. In response, the United States embassy advised the students considering studying in the U.S. to seek assistance from Education USA.[223][224]
Unlike many countries, India does not allowdual citizenship.[225] Consequently, many Indian citizens residing in U.S., who do not want to lose their Indian nationality, do not apply for American citizenship (ex.Raghuram Rajan[226]). However, many Indian Americans obtainOverseas Citizenship of India (OCI) status, which allows them to live and work in India indefinitely.
Arranged marriages and relationships have been a common cultural tradition in many South Asian cultures, particularly among Indian communities. Arranged marriages and relationships can take many different forms, and that the experiences of those involved can vary greatly depending on a variety of circumstances, including cultural background, familial values, and individual preferences. Although many individuals marry each other out of love for one another, long-term compatibility—rather than love—is frequently prioritized in these arranged marriages. A number of variables could be important in the selecting process, including caste, education, financial standing, and family values. The public's perception of arranged marriages is changing, particularly among younger people. In an effort to strike a balance between family participation and personal preference, some people may decide to combine aspects of both love and planned marriages.[227]
Indian Americans exhibit relatively low rates of intermarriage compared to other major Asian American ethnic groups. According to 2011 data, which draws onU.S. census statistics and related studies, a significant majority of Indian Americans marry within their own ethnic group, particularly among men. In the "USR + USR Only" category—referring to U.S.-raised individuals (1.5 generation or higher) who marry others of similar generational background—only 25.6% of Indian American men married White women, while 37.8% of Indian American women married White men. This indicates that Indian American women are more likely to marry White partners than their male counterparts within this cohort.[228][229] Overall, 62.4% of Indian American men and 52.0% of Indian American women married other Indian Americans in the "USR + USR Only" group.[228][229]
These rates are among the highest levels of same-ethnicity marriage in the Asian American population, surpassed only byVietnamese andKorean American men. This intermarriage pattern may reflect cultural preferences for endogamy, community influence, or gendered dynamics in identity formation and partner selection in immigrant communities.[228]
Although Indian Americans have the highest average and median household income of any demographic group in America, there exist significant and severe income disparities among various communities of Indian Americans. InLong Island, the average family income of Indian Americans was roughly $273,000, while inFresno, the average family income of Indian Americans was only $24,000, an eleven-fold difference.[230]
In 2009, theDepartment of Homeland Security estimated that there were 200,000 Indianunauthorized immigrants; they are the sixth largest nationality (tied with Koreans) of illegal immigrants behindMexico,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras, and thePhilippines.[231] Indian Americans have had an increase in illegal immigration of 25% since 2000.[232] In 2014,Pew Research Center estimated that there are 450,000 undocumented Indians in the United States.[233] In 2023,Pew Research Center estimated that there were 725,000 illegal immigrants of Indian origin living in the US.[234][235]
Several groups have tried to create a voice for Indian Americans in political affairs, including theUnited States India Political Action Committee[when?] and the Indian American Leadership Initiative,[when?] as well as pan-ethnic groups such as South Asian Americans Leading Together and Desis Rising Up and Moving.[236][237][238][239] Additionally, there are industry groups such as theAsian American Hotel Owners Association and theAmerican Association of Physicians of Indian Origin.
In the 2000s, a majority of Indian Americans have tended to identify as moderates, and have often leanedDemocratic in several recent elections. In the2012 presidential election, a poll from the National Asian American Survey reported that 68% of Indian Americans planned to vote forBarack Obama.[240] Polls before the2004 presidential election showed Indian Americans favoring Democratic candidateJohn Kerry overRepublicanGeorge W. Bush by a 53% to 14% margin, with 30% undecided at the time.[241]
By 2004, the Republican party endeavored to target this community for political support,[242] and in 2007, Republican CongressmanBobby Jindal became the first United States Governor of Indian descent when he was electedGovernor of Louisiana.[243] In 2010,Nikki Haley, also of Indian descent and a fellow Republican, becameGovernor of South Carolina in2010. RepublicanNeel Kashkari is also of Indian descent and ran forGovernor of California in2014.Raja Krishnamoorthi who is a lawyer, engineer and community leader fromSchaumburg, Illinois has been the Congressman representingIllinois's 8th congressional district since 2017.[244]Swati Dandekar was first elected to Iowa state assembly in 2003.[245][246]Jenifer Rajkumar is aLower Manhattan district leader and the first Indian American woman elected to the state legislature inNew York history.[247] In 2016,Kamala Harris (the daughter of aTamil Indian American mother, Dr.Shyamala Gopalan Harris, and an Afro-Jamaican American father,Donald Harris[248][249][250]) became the first Indian American[251] and second African American female to serve in the U.S. Senate.[252]
In2020, Harris brieflyran forPresident of the United States and was later chosen as the Democratic Party's vice-presidential nominee, running alongsideJoe Biden.[253] She was the Democratic candidate for president in the2024 United States presidential election.
In the2024 United States presidential election,Vivek Ramaswamy ran as a candidate for the Republican Party. Ramaswamy would then leave the race to endorseDonald Trump and was appointed as co-chairperson of theDepartment of Government Efficiency alongsideElon Musk.[254]
Zohran Kwame Mamdani, aNew York State Assembly member since 2021, won the2025 New York City Democratic mayoral primary. If elected, he will become New York City's first Muslim and first Indian American mayor.
Indian Americans have played a significant role in promoting betterIndia–United States relations, turning the cold attitude of American legislators to a positive perception of India in the post-Cold War era.[255]
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Indians in North America, nearly 90 percent of whom where Sikhs from the state of Punjab, were also racialized through colonial gendered discourses. During the early decades of the 20th century, US Immigration, Justice, and State Department officials cast Indian anti-colonialists as a "Hindoo" menace
gujarati.
Several of the communities that topped the list are in the northeast. According to the study, the safest town in the country is Monroe Township, New Jersey, which ranks first. At number two on the list is Hillsborough Township, New Jersey, followed by Zionsville, Indiana, ranking third. Wallingford, Connecticut, ranks fourth, and Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, rounds out the top five.
The India-born came to the United States in three phases: the Early Movers (1965-1979), the Families (1980–1994), and the IT Generation (1995 onward)… Early Movers and the Families cohorts can be combined into a single group, Settlers 1.0 (1965–1994), composed primarily of Punjabis and Gujaratis (and to a lesser extent, Urdu and Malayalam speakers). The IT Generation (1995 onward) can be called Settlers 2.0, and they were primarily Telugus, Tamils, and Hindi speakers (and to a lesser extent, Kannadigas, Marathis, and Bengalis). These two groups were distinguishable by age, tenure in the United States, educational attainment, industry and occupation, and income.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)At the extremes—such as Punjabis and Telugus—the group outcomes were so different that one could argue they shared a country of origin, but little else. Settlers 2.0… were increasing in demographic dominance at this writing, and driving the key characteristics of settlement, education, and income for the overall Indian population. At the same time, the educational attainment and income differences between Settlers 1.0 and Settlers 2.0 raise serious questions about fragmentation in the Indian-American population and the long-term effects of such divergent paths.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)The mayor declared Diwali a public school holiday in New York City beginning next year.
"This is the first time in Bergen County that all religious organizations and community organizations are participating under this banner, the Indian Heritage Center," said Dinesh Khosla, president and one of the founders of the temple in Mahwah. "Ten families started the temple 20 years ago and we have over 3,000 members now."
Hindus seek holiday status for Diwali in all 24 school districts of Middlesex County. Rajan Zed is the president of the Universal Society of Hindus. He says establishing a holiday on Diwali in all Middlesex County school districts will be a step in the right direction to meet the religious and spiritual needs of Hindu students, who make up a significant portion of the population in the county.
Yesterday, however, we got a sneak peek at one of the most interesting promised worlds: Mumbattan, a hybrid of Manhattan and Mumbai, where Pavitr Prabhakar lives.
usa was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)| Central Asian |  | |
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