TheIndian Air Force (IAF) (ISO:Bhāratīya Vāyu Senā) is theair arm of theIndian Armed Forces. Its primary mission is to secure Indianairspace and to conductaerial warfare during armed conflicts. It was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of theBritish India which honoured India's aviation service duringWorld War II.[6]
Since 1950, the IAF has been involved infour wars with neighbouring Pakistan. Other major operations undertaken by the IAF includeOperation Vijay,Operation Meghdoot,Operation Cactus andOperation Poomalai. The IAF's mission expands beyond engagement with hostile forces, with the IAF participating inUnited Nations peacekeeping missions.
ThePresident of India holds the rank of Supreme Commander of the IAF.[7] As of 1 January 2025[update], 135,000 personnel are in service with the Indian Air Force.[8][9] TheChief of the Air Staff, anair chief marshal, is afour-star officer and is responsible for the bulk of operational command of the Air Force. There is never more than one serving ACM at any given time in the IAF. The rank ofMarshal of the Air Force has been conferred by the President of India on one occasion in history, toArjan Singh. On 26 January 2002, Singh became the first and so far, onlyfive-star rank officer of the IAF.[10]
The IAF's mission is defined by theArmed Forces Act of 1947, theConstitution of India, and the Air Force Act of 1950.[12] It decrees that in the aerialbattlespace:
Defence of India and every part there of including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.
In practice, this is taken as a directive meaning the IAF bears the responsibility of safeguarding Indian airspace and thus furthering national interests in conjunction with the other branches of the armed forces. The IAF provides close air support to theIndian Army troops on the battlefield as well as strategic and tactical airlift capabilities. TheIntegrated Space Cell is operated by theIndian Armed Forces, the civilianDepartment of Space, and theIndian Space Research Organisation. By uniting the civilian run space exploration organisations and the military faculty under a single Integrated Space Cell the military is able to efficiently benefit from innovation in the civilian sector of space exploration, and the civilian departments benefit as well.[14][15][16]
The Indian Air Force, with highly trained crews, pilots, and access to modern military assets provides India with the capacity to provide rapid response evacuation, search-and-rescue (SAR) operations, and delivery of relief supplies to affected areas via cargo aircraft.[17] The IAF provided extensive assistance to relief operations during natural calamities such as thecyclone in 1998, thetsunami in 2004, and thefloods in 2013.[17] The IAF has also undertaken relief missions such as Operation Rainbow inSri Lanka.[17]
The Indian Air Force was established on 8 October 1932 inBritish India as an auxiliary air force[18] of theRoyal Air Force. The enactment of the Indian Air Force Act 1932[19][20] stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the adoption of the Royal Air Force uniforms, badges, brevets and insignia.[21] On 1 April 1933, the IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with fourWestland Wapiti biplanes and five Indian pilots. The Indian pilots were led by BritishRAF Commanding officer Flight Lieutenant (later Air Vice Marshal)Cecil Bouchier.[22]
"A" flight of No 1. Squadron first saw action in April 1936, in Miranshah, in North Waziristan, flying reconnaissance missions and providing ground support against tribal insurgents in the North-West Frontier. No 1. Squadron was expanded in April 1939 to from a "B" flight, also equipped withWestland Wapiti biplanes, and "C" flight, raised in June 1938 brought the squadron to full strength.[6]
DuringWorld War II, the IAF played an instrumental role in halting the advance of theJapanese army inBurma, where the first IAF air strike was executed. The target for this first mission was the Japanese military base inArakan, after which IAF strike missions continued against the Japanese airbases atMae Hong Son,Chiang Mai andChiang Rai in northernThailand.
The IAF was mainly involved instrike,close air support,aerial reconnaissance,bomber escort and pathfinding missions for RAF andUSAAF heavy bombers. RAF and IAF pilots would train by flying with their non-native air wings to gain combat experience and communication proficiency. Besides operations in theBurma Theatre IAF pilots participated in air operations inNorth Africa andEurope.[23]
In addition to the IAF, many native Indians and some 200 Indians resident in Britain volunteered to join theRAF andWomen's Auxiliary Air Force. One such volunteer was Sergeant Shailendra Eknath Sukthankar, who served as a navigator with No. 83 Squadron. Sukthankar was commissioned as an officer, and on 14 September 1943, received theDFC. Squadron Leader Sukthankar eventually completed 45 operations, 14 of them on board theRAF Museum's Avro Lancaster R5868. Another volunteer was Assistant Section OfficerNoor Inayat Khan a Muslim pacifist and Indian nationalist who joined the WAAF, in November 1940, to fight against Nazism. Noor Khan served bravely as a secret agent with theSpecial Operations Executive (SOE) in France, but was eventually betrayed and captured.[23] Many of these Indian airmen were seconded or transferred to the expanding IAF such as Squadron LeaderMohinder Singh Pujji DFC who ledNo. 4 Squadron IAF in Burma.
During the war, the IAF experienced a phase of steady expansion. New aircraft added to the fleet included the US-builtVultee Vengeance,Douglas Dakota, the BritishHawker Hurricane,Supermarine Spitfire, andWestland Lysander. 22Distinguished Flying Crosses were awarded to personnel of the IAF.
In recognition of the valiant service by the IAF,King George VI conferred theprefix "Royal" in 1945. Thereafter the IAF was referred to as theRoyal Indian Air Force. In 1950, when India became a republic, the prefix was dropped and it reverted to being the Indian Air Force.[24]
After it became independent from theBritish Empire in 1947,British India waspartitioned into the new states of theDominion of India and theDominion of Pakistan. Along the lines of the geographical partition, the assets of the air force were divided between the new countries. India's air force retained the name of the Royal Indian Air Force, but three of the ten operational squadrons and facilities, located within the borders of Pakistan, were transferred to theRoyal Pakistan Air Force.[25] The RIAF Roundel was changed to an interim 'Chakra' roundel derived from theAshoka Chakra.[11]
Around the same time,war broke out between them over the control of theprincely state of Jammu & Kashmir. With Pakistani forces moving into the state, its Maharaja decided to accede to India in order to receive military help.[26] The day after, theInstrument of Accession was signed, the RIAF was called upon to transport troops into the war zone. And this was when a good management of logistics came into help.[26] This led to the eruption of full-scale war between India and Pakistan, though there was no formal declaration of war.[27] During the war, the RIAF did not engage the Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, a couple of IAFHawker Tempest fighters did intercept aPakistani DouglasDC-3 transport aircraft & tried to shoot it down but the pilot of the DC-3 (Mukhtar Ahmad Dogar) managed to evade the fighters.[28] Other than that, it also provided effective transport and close air support to the Indian troops.[29]
When India became a republic in 1950, the prefix 'Royal' was dropped from the Indian Air Force.[30] At the same time, the current IAF roundel was adopted.[11]
The IAF saw significant conflict in 1960, whenBelgium's 75-year rule overCongo ended abruptly, engulfing the nation inwidespread violence and rebellion.[31] The IAF activatedNo. 5 Squadron, equipped withEnglish Electric Canberra, to support theUnited Nations Operation in the Congo. The squadron started undertaking operational missions in November.[32] The unit remained there until 1966, when the UN mission ended.[32] Operating fromLeopoldville andKamina, the Canberras soon destroyed the rebel Air Force and provided the UN ground forces with its only long-range air support force.[citation needed]
In late 1961, theIndian government decided to attack thePortuguese colony of Goa after years of disagreement betweenNew Delhi andLisbon.[33] The Indian Air Force was requested to provide support elements to the ground force in what was calledOperation Vijay. Probing flights by some fighters and bombers were carried out from 8–18 December to draw out thePortuguese Air Force, but to no avail.[33] On 18 December, two waves ofCanberra bombers bombed the runway of Dabolim airfield taking care not to bomb the Terminals and the ATC tower. Two Portuguese transport aircraft (aSuper Constellation and aDC-6) found on the airfield were left alone so that they could be captured intact. However the Portuguese pilots managed to take off the aircraft from the still damaged airfield and made their getaway toPortugal.[33]Hunters attacked the wireless station at Bambolim.Vampires were used to provide air support to the ground forces.[33] InDaman,Mystères were used to strike Portuguese gun positions.[33]Ouragans (called Toofanis in the IAF) bombed the runways atDiu and destroyed the control tower, wireless station and the meteorological station. After the Portuguese surrendered the former colony was integrated into India.[33]
In 1962, border disagreements between China and India escalated to a war when China mobilised its troops across the Indian border.[34] During theSino-Indian War, India's military planners failed to deploy and effectively use the IAF against the invading Chinese forces. This resulted in India losing a significant amount of advantage to the Chinese; especially inJammu and Kashmir.[34]
On 24 April 1965, an IndianOuragan strayed over thePakistani border and was forced to land by a PakistaniLockheed F-104 Starfighter, the pilot was returned to India; however, the captured aircraft would be kept by thePakistan Air Force(PAF) and ended up being displayed at the PAF museum inPeshawar.[35]
Three years after the Sino-Indian conflict, in 1965, Pakistan launchedOperation Gibraltar, strategy of Pakistan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir, and start a rebellion against Indian rule. This came to be known as theSecond Kashmir War.[36] This was the first time the IAF actively engaged an enemy air force.[37] However, instead of providing close air support to theIndian Army,[38] the IAF carried out independent raids againstPAF bases.[39] These bases were situated deep inside Pakistani territory, making IAF fighters vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire.[40] During the course of the conflict, the PAF enjoyed technological superiority over the IAF and had achieved substantial strategic and tactical advantage due to the suddenness of the attack and advanced state of their air force.[36] The IAF was restrained by the government from retaliating to PAF attacks in the eastern sector while a substantive part of its combat force was deployed there and could not be transferred to the western sector, against the possibility of Chinese intervention. Moreover, international (UN) stipulations and norms did not permit military force to be introduced into the Indian state of J&K beyond what was agreed during the 1949 ceasefire.[36] Despite this, the IAF was able to prevent the PAF from gaining air superiority over conflict zones.[41] The small and nimble IAFFolland Gnats proved effective against theF-86 Sabres of the PAF earning it the nickname "Sabre Slayers".[citation needed] By the time the conflict had ended, the IAF lost 60–70 aircraft, while the PAF lost 43 aircraft.[36] More than 60% of IAF's aircraft losses took place inground attack missions to enemy ground-fire, since fighter-bomber aircraft would carry out repeated dive attacks on the same target. According to,Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh of the Indian Air Force, despite having been qualitatively inferior, IAF achieved air superiority in three days in the1965 War.[42]
After the 1965 war, the IAF underwent a series of changes to improve its capabilities. In 1966, thePara Commandos regiment was created.[43] To increase its logistics supply and rescue operations ability, the IAF inducted 72HS 748s which were built byHindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) under licence fromAvro.[44] India started to put more stress on indigenous manufacture offighter aircraft. As a result,HAL HF-24 Marut, designed by the famed Germanaerospace engineerKurt Tank,[45] were inducted into the air force. HAL also started developing an improved version of theFolland Gnat, known asHAL Ajeet.[46] At the same time, the IAF also started inductingMach 2 capable SovietMiG-21 andSukhoi Su-7 fighters.[47]
By late 1971, the intensification of the independence movement inEast Pakistan lead to theBangladesh Liberation War between India and Pakistan.[48] On 22 November 1971, 10 days before the start of a full-scale war, fourPAFF-86 Sabre jets attacked Indian andMukti Bahini positions atGaribpur, near the international border, however, Two of the four PAF Sabreswere shot down and one damaged by the IAF'sFolland Gnats.[49] On 3 December, India formallydeclared war against Pakistan following massivepreemptive strikes by the PAF against Indian Air Force installations in Srinagar, Ambala, Sirsa, Halwara and Jodhpur. However, the strikes failed, as the IAF did not suffer any significant damage because of advance intelligence, and the leadership had anticipated such a move and precautions were taken.[50] The Indian Air Force was quick to respond to Pakistani air strikes, following which the PAF carried out mostly defensivesorties.[51]
Within the first two weeks, the IAF had carried out almost 12,000 sorties over East Pakistan and also providedclose air support to the advancing Indian Army.[52] IAF also assisted theIndian Navy in its operations against thePakistani Navy in theBay of Bengal andArabian Sea. On the western front, the IAF destroyed more than 20 Pakistani tanks,[53] 4APCs and a supply train during theBattle of Longewala.[54] The IAF undertook strategic bombing ofWest Pakistan by carrying out raids on oil installations inKarachi, theMangla Dam and a gas plant in Sindh.[55] Similar strategy was also deployed in East Pakistan and as the IAF achieved completeair superiority on the eastern front, the ordnance factories, runways, and other vital areas of East Pakistan were severely damaged.[56] By the time Pakistani forces surrendered, the IAF destroyed 94 PAF Aircraft[57]The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions – troop support; air combat; deep penetration strikes; para-dropping behind enemy lines; feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target; bombing; and reconnaissance. In contrast, the Pakistan Air Force, which was solely focused on air combat, was blown out of the subcontinent's skies within the first week of the war. Those PAF aircraft that survived took refuge at Iranian air bases or in concrete bunkers, refusing to offer a fight.[58] Hostilities officially ended at 14:30 GMT on 17 December, after the fall of Dacca on 15 December. India claimed large gains of territory in West Pakistan (although pre-war boundaries were recognised after the war), and the independence of Pakistan's East wing as Bangladesh was confirmed. The IAF had flown over 16,000 sorties[52] on both East and West fronts; including sorties by transport aircraft and helicopters.[52] while the PAF flew about 30 and 2,840. More than 80 per cent of the IAF's sorties were close-support and interdiction, and according to neutral assessments about 45 IAF Aircraft were lost while,Pakistan lost 75 aircraft.[59] Not including any F-6s, Mirage IIIs, or the six Jordanian F-104s which failed to return to their donors. But the imbalance in air losses was explained by the IAF's considerably higher sortie rate, and its emphasis on ground-attack missions. On the ground Pakistan suffered most, with 9,000 killed and 25,000 wounded while India lost 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded. The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced. This represented a major defeat for Pakistan.[60] Towards the end of the war, IAF's transport planes dropped leaflets over Dhaka urging the Pakistani forces to surrender, demoralising Pakistani troops in East Pakistan.[61]
In 1984, India launchedOperation Meghdoot to capture theSiachen Glacier in the contestedKashmir region.[62] In Op Meghdoot, IAF'sMi-8,Chetak andCheetah helicopters airlifted hundreds of Indian troops to Siachen.[63] Launched on 13 April 1984, this military operation was unique because of Siachen's inhospitable terrain and climate. The military action was successful, given the fact that under a previous agreement, neither Pakistan nor India had stationed any personnel in the area. With India's successfulOperation Meghdoot, it gained control of theSiachen Glacier. India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) longSiachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of theSaltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier—Sia La,Bilafond La, andGyong La. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.[64][65] According to theTIME magazine, India gained more than 3,000 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi) of territory because of its military operations in Siachen.[66]
Following the inability to negotiate an end to theSri Lankan Civil War, and to provide humanitarian aid through an unarmed convoy of ships, the Indian Government decided to carry out an airdrop of the humanitarian supplies on the evening of 4 June 1987 designatedOperation Poomalai (Tamil: Garland) or Eagle Mission 4. FiveAn-32s escorted by fourMirage 2000 of 7 Sqn AF, 'The Battleaxes', carried out the supply drop which faced no opposition from the Sri Lankan Armed Forces. AnotherMirage 2000 orbited 150 km away, acting as an airborne relay of messages to the entire fleet since they would be outside radio range once they descended to low levels. The Mirage 2000 escort formation was led by Wg Cdr Ajit Bhavnani, with Sqn Ldrs Bakshi, NA Moitra and JS Panesar as his team members and Sqn Ldr KG Bewoor as the relay pilot.[67][68] Sri Lanka accused India of "blatant violation of sovereignty". India insisted that it was acting only on humanitarian grounds.[67]
In 1987, the IAF supported theIndian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in northern and easternSri Lanka inOperation Pawan. About 70,000 sorties were flown by the IAF's transport and helicopter force in support of nearly 100,000 troops and paramilitary forces without a single aircraft lost or mission aborted.[69] IAF An-32s maintained a continuous air link between air bases in South India and Northern Sri Lanka transporting men, equipment, rations and evacuating casualties.[69] Mi-8s supported the ground forces and also provided air transportation to the Sri Lankan civil administration during the elections.[69] Mi-25s of No. 125 Helicopter Unit were utilised to provide suppressive fire against militant strong points and to interdict coastal and clandestine riverine traffic.[69]
On the night of 3 November 1988, the Indian Air Force mounted special operations to airlift a parachute battalion group fromAgra, non-stop over 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) to the remote Indian Ocean archipelago of the Maldives in response to Maldivian presidentGayoom's request for military help against a mercenary invasion inOperation Cactus. TheIL-76s of No. 44 Squadron landed atHulhule at 0030 hours and the Indian paratroopers secured the airfield and restored Government rule at Male within hours.[70] Four Mirage 2000 aircraft of 7 Sqn, led by Wg Cdr AV 'Doc' Vaidya, carried out a show of force early that morning, making low-level passes over the islands.[71]
On 11 May 1999, the Indian Air Force was called in to provide close air support to the Indian Army at the height of the ongoingKargil conflict with the use of helicopters.[70] The IAF strike was code namedOperation Safed Sagar.[70] The first strikes were launched on 26 May, when the Indian Air Force struck infiltrator positions with fighter aircraft andhelicopter gunships.[72] The initial strikes saw MiG-27s carrying out offensive sorties, withMiG-21s and laterMiG-29s providing fighter cover.[73] The IAF also deployed its radars and theMiG-29 fighters in vast numbers to keep check on Pakistani military movements across the border.[74]Srinagar Airport was at this time closed to civilian air-traffic and dedicated to the Indian Air Force.[72]
On 27 May, the Indian Air Force suffered its first fatality when it lost aMiG-21 and aMiG-27 in quick succession.[75][76] The following day, while on an offensive sortie, a Mi-17 was shot down by threeStinger missiles and lost its entire crew of four.[73] Following these losses the IAF immediately withdrew helicopters from offensive roles as a measure against the threat ofMan-portable air-defence systems (MANPAD). On 30 May, theMirage 2000s were introduced in offensive capability, as they were deemed better in performance under the high-altitude conditions of the conflict zone. Mirage 2000s were not only better equipped to counter the MANPAD threat compared to the MiGs, but also gave IAF the ability to carry out aerial raids at night.[77] The MiG-29s were used extensively to provide fighter escort to the Mirage 2000.[78] Radar transmissions of Pakistani F-16s were picked up repeatedly, but these aircraft stayed away. The Mirages successfully targeted enemy camps and logistic bases in Kargil and severely disrupted their supply lines.[79] Mirage 2000s were used for strikes on Muntho Dhalo and the heavily defendedTiger Hill and paved the way for their early recapture.[73] At the height of the conflict, the IAF was conducting over forty sorties daily over the Kargil region.[78] By 26 July, the Indian forces had successfully repulsed the Pakistani forces from Kargil.[80]
Since the late 1990s, the Indian Air Force has been modernising its fleet to counter challenges in the new century. The fleet size of the IAF has decreased to 33 squadrons during this period because of the retirement of older aircraft. Still, India maintains the fourth largest air force in the world.[81] The IAF plans to raise its strength to 42 squadrons.[82] Self-reliance is the main aim that is being pursued by the defence research and manufacturing agencies.[83]
On 10 August 1999, IAFMiG-21s intercepted aPakistan NavyBreguet Atlantique which was flying overSir Creek, a disputed territory.The aircraft was shot down killing all 16 Pakistani Navy personnel on board.[84] India claimed that the Atlantic was on a mission to gather information on IAF air defence,[85] a charge emphatically rejected by Pakistan which argued that the unarmed aircraft was on a training mission.[86]
On 2 August 2002, the Indian Air Force bombed Pakistani posts along theLine of Control in the Kel sector, following inputs about Pakistani military buildup near the sector.[87]
On 20 August 2013, the Indian Air Force created a world record by performing the highest landing of aC-130J at theDaulat Beg Oldi airstrip inLadakh at the height of 5,065 metres (16,617 ft).[88][89] The medium-lift aircraft will be used to deliver troops, supplies and improve communication networks. The aircraft belonged to theVeiled Vipers squadron based atHindon Air Force Station.[90]
On 13 July 2014, twoMiG-21s were sent fromJodhpur Air Base to investigate aTurkish Airlines aircraft overJaisalmer when it repeated anidentification code, provided by another commercial passenger plane that had already entered Indian airspace before it. The flights were on their way to Mumbai and Delhi, and the planes were later allowed to proceed after their credentials were verified.[91]
Following heightened tensions between India and Pakistan after the2019 Pulwama attack that was carried out byJaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) which killed forty servicemen of theCentral Reserve Police Force,[92][93] a group of twelveMirage 2000 fighter planes from the Indian Air Force carried out air strikes on alleged JeM bases inChakothi andMuzaffarabad in the Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Furthermore, the Mirage 2000s targeted an alleged JeM training camp inBalakot, a town in the Pakistani province ofKhyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan claimed that the Indian aircraft had only dropped bombs in the forest area demolishing pine trees near the Jaba village which is 19 kilometres (12 mi) away from Balakot[94]and Indian officials claimed to bomb and kill a large number of terrorists in the airstrike.[95]
On 27 February 2019, in retaliation for the IAF bombing of an alleged terrorist hideout in Balakot, a group of PAFMirage-5 andJF-17 fighters allegedly conducted an airstrike against certain ground targets across theLine of Control. They were intercepted by a group of IAF fighters consisting ofSu-30MKI andMiG-21 jets. An ensuing dogfight began. According to India, one PAF F-16 was shot down by an IAF MiG-21 piloted byAbhinandan Varthaman, while Pakistan denied use of F-16s in the operation. According to Pakistan, a MiG-21 and a Su-30MKI were shot down, while India claims that only the MiG-21 was shot down. Indian officials rejected Pakistani claims of shooting down an Su-30MKI stating that it's impossible to hide an aircraft crash as of now in a populated area like Kashmir and said it's a coverup for the loss of F16.[96][97] While the downed MiG-21's pilot had ejected successfully, he landed in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and was captured by the Pakistan military. Before his capture he was assaulted by a few locals. After a couple of days of captivity, the captured pilot was released by Pakistan perThird Geneva convention[98] obligations. While Pakistan denied involvement of any of its F-16 aircraft in the strike, the IAF presented remnants ofAMRAAM missiles that are only carried by the F-16s within the PAF as proof of their involvement.[99] Unnamed US officials toldForeign Policy magazine in April 2019 that an audit didn't find any Pakistani F-16s missing.[100] However, this was not confirmed by the United States, which cited it as bilateral matter between US and Pakistan.[101]
On May 7, 2025, the Indian Air Force (IAF) launched Operation Sindoor,in response to thePahalgam Attack. The operation was carefully orchestrated as a high-precision, intelligence-driven punitive strike targeting nine confirmed terrorist camps across the Line of Control and deeper within Pakistan. The IAF conducted coordinated attacks on critical targets, including theNur Khan and Rahimyar Khan air bases, utilizing advanced indigenous platforms and theIntegrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) for real-time, multi-domain coordination. Indian fighter aircraft and loitering munitions successfully penetrated and neutralized Chinese-origin Pakistani air defense systems through strategic jamming and evasion, completing the mission within just 23 minutes.[102] The operation also highlighted the exemplary synergy between the three services, with the Indian Army and Navy providing essential support in air defense and maritime surveillance, respectively.[103][104][105] While full details remain limited, reports indicate that the Indian Air Force employed a combination of decoy and anti-radiation drones, such as theIAI Harop, alongside a range of long-range stand-off weapons. These included cruise missiles like theBrahMos andSCALP, as well as solid-propellant precision-guided munitions such as the Israeli-origin Crystal Maze andRampage missiles.[106]
The Indian Air Force’s precision strikes not only reportedly "dismantled terrorist infrastructure", It delivered a "significant setback" to Pakistan’s military capabilities, reportedly setting back its air power by "five years" through the destruction of radar coverage, command and control systems, and critical assets at multiple airbases.[107] According to India, more than 100 terrorists across 9 "terror hubs",[108] including high-value targets, were neutralized, and key Pakistani military installations were rendered inoperable.[109][110] Throughout the campaign, Indian forces maintained strict rules of engagement, initially focusing exclusively on terrorist-linked infrastructure and avoiding escalation,[111] which underscored the nation’s commitment to strategic restraint and professionalism. The operation was recognized as a demonstration of India’s growing self-reliance in defense technology[112] and its ability to conduct complex, integrated military operations with precision and discipline, thereby altering the regional security landscape in India’s favor.[113][114][115]
In the early hours of May 10, India carried out further coordinated airstrikes on at least eleven sites across Pakistan, beginning with airbases atNur Khan (near Rawalpindi),Rafiqui, Rahim Yar Khan, and Sukkur, followed by strikes on Sarghoda,Bholari, andJacobabad airbases, as well as command, control, and drone-related targets atMurid, and radar sites at Chunian, Arifwala, and Pasrur. At certain bases, including Sarghoda and Rahim Yar Khan, the Indian Air Force cratered runways to temporarily disable flight operations. The strikes were described by Indian officials as a swift and calibrated response to sustained Pakistani drone attacks.[106]
On 9 August, 2025, Indian Air Chief MarshalAmar Preet Singh stated that a large aircraft had been shot down at a distance of 300 km in May, along with five other fighter aircraft. He attributed most of these to theS-400 missile system. During a lecture in Bengaluru, he described the 300 km engagement as the "longest recorded surface-to-air kill" that could be publicly acknowledged. A senior IAF official noted that such long-range engagements are rarely confirmed due to classification and verification challenges, but in this instance, radar and electronic tracking reportedly confirmed the target’s destruction.[116][117][118] According to an Austrian aerial warfare analyst Tom Cooper, the aircraft destroyed in the process might have been aSAAB 2000, referring to its military variant with theErieye system.[119] Group Captain Animesh Patni was reportedly awarded theVir Chakra for executing the 314-km surface-to-air missile strike.[120][121]
Austrian air-warfare analyst Tom Cooper opined that India’s Operation Sindoor gave it a clear military edge over Pakistan. He cited the May 10 airstrikes on the PAF Mushaf Airbase, which likely blocked access to a nuclear weapons facility, showcasing India’s precision and exposing Pakistan’s security gaps.[122] In another interview, he declared India as a "clear winner" in the air battle against Pakistan.[123] Later in August, while he endorsed Air Chief Marshal Singh's claim that six Pakistani aircraft were shot down by the IAF, he added that even more aircraft were destroyed on the ground.[119]
Dr. Walter Ladwig of theRoyal United Services Institute (RUSI) described the operation as a precise, disciplined strike on terrorist targets that avoided escalation. He noted it marked a shift toward expected cross-border retaliation and said restraint by both sides may signal more stable crisis management under nuclear conditions.[113]
Former US Air Force pilot Ryan Bodenheimer called the X-Guard decoy system used by India a major leap in electronic warfare, calling it "the best spoofing we’ve ever seen." Trailing Rafales, the AI-powered decoys reportedly confused Pakistani defenses.Business Today, citingJane’s Defence Weekly, suggested some claimed Rafale kills may have actually been hits on these decoys.[124]
India’s defense attaché to Indonesia, Captain Shiva Kumar, said Indian forces shifted strategy after May 7 by targeting Pakistani military sites. He noted that suppression and destruction of enemy air defenses (SEAD and DEAD) enabled effective missile strikes, leading to "complete air superiority" from May 8 to 10. Tommy Tamtomo, vice chairman of the Indonesia Center of Air Power Studies, stated at a seminar in Jakarta that the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) had lost six fighter jets, two Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) aircraft, and a military transport plane during the conflict.[125]
At a Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) conference, senior officials praised India’s operations as a milestone in modern air warfare. RTAF Deputy Chief of Air Staff (Intelligence), Air Marshal Sommai Leelitham, highlighted the Indian Air Force’s (IAF) precise, loss-free strikes on multiple Pakistani Air Force bases. The RTAF report noted India’s three-phase approach using dummy aircraft, loitering munitions, and precision missile strikes from Rafale, Mirage 2000, and Su-30MKI jets.[126][127]
ThePresident of India is theSupreme Commander of allIndian armed forces and by virtue of that fact is the national Commander-in-chief of the Air Force. TheChief of the Air Staff with the rank ofAir chief marshal is the Commander
| Post | Current Holder |
|---|---|
| Chief of the Air Staff | Air Chief MarshalAmar Preet Singh, PVSM, AVSM[128] |
| Vice Chief of the Air Staff | Air MarshalNarmdeshwar Tiwari, SYSM, PVSM, AVSM, VM[129] |
| Deputy Chief of the Air Staff | Air MarshalAwadhesh Kumar Bharti, SYSM, AVSM, VM[130] |
| Air Officer in Charge of Administration | Air Marshal Rajesh Kumar Anand, VSM[131] |
| Air Officer in Charge of Personnel | Air Marshal Sunil Kashinath Vidhate, AVSM, VM[132] |
| Air Officer in Charge of Maintenance | Air Marshal Vijay Kumar Garg, AVSM, VSM[133] |
| Director General of Air Operations | Air Marshal George Thomas, AVSM, VM[134] |
| Director General of Inspection and Flight Safety | Air Marshal Markand Ranade, AVSM, VM[135] |
| Director General of Medical Services (Air) | Air Marshal Prashant Bharadwaj, AVSM, VSM & Bar,[136] |
In January 2002, thegovernment conferred the rank ofMarshal of the Indian Air Force onArjan Singh making him the first and onlyFive-star officer with the Indian Air Force and ceremonial chief of the air force.[137]
The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functionalcommands. Each Command is headed by an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief with the rank of Air Marshal. The purpose of an operational command is to conduct military operations using aircraft within its area of responsibility, whereas the responsibility of functional commands is to maintaincombat readiness. Aside from the Training Command at Bangalore, the primary flight training is done at theAir Force Academy (located inHyderabad), followed by operational training at various other schools. Advanced officer training for command positions is also conducted at the Defence Services Staff College; specialised advanced flight training schools are located atBidar,Karnataka andHakimpet, Telangana (also the location for helicopter training). Technical schools are found at a number of other locations.[citation needed]
| Name | Headquarters | Commander |
|---|---|---|
| Central Air Command (CAC) | Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh | Air MarshalBalakrishnan Manikantan, PVSM, AVSM, VM[138] |
| Eastern Air Command (EAC) | Shillong, Meghalaya | Air Marshal Surat Singh, AVSM, VM, VSM[139] |
| Southern Air Command (SAC) | Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala | Air MarshalManish Khanna, UYSM, AVSM, VM[140] |
| South Western Air Command (SWAC) | Gandhinagar, Gujarat | Air MarshalNagesh Kapoor, SYSM, PVSM, AVSM, VM[141] |
| Western Air Command (WAC) | New Delhi | Air MarshalJeetendra Mishra, SYSM, AVSM, VSM[142] |
| Training Command (TC)+ | Bengaluru, Karnataka | Air MarshalTejinder Singh, AVSM, VM[138] |
| Maintenance Command (MC)+ | Nagpur, Maharashtra | Air Marshal Vijay Kumar Garg, AVSM, VSM[133] |
Note: + = Functional Command
Awing is a formation intermediate between a command and a squadron. It generally consists of two or three IAF squadrons and helicopter units, along with forward base support units (FBSU). FBSUs do not have or host any squadrons or helicopter units but act as transit airbases for routine operations. In times of war, they can become fully fledged air bases playing host to various squadrons. In all, about 47 wings and 19 FBSUs make up the IAF.[143][144] Wings are typically commanded by anair commodore.[145]
Within each operational command are anywhere from nine to sixteenbases or stations. Smaller than wings, but similarly organised, stations are static units commanded by agroup captain.[145] A station typically has one wing and one or two squadrons assigned to it.
Squadrons are the field units and formations attached to static locations. Thus, a flying squadron or unit is a sub-unit of an air force station which carries out the primary task of the IAF. A fighter squadron consists of 18 aircraft; all fighter squadrons are headed by acommanding officer with the rank ofwing commander.[146] Some transport squadrons and helicopter units are headed by a commanding officer with the rank ofgroup captain.
Flights are sub-divisions ofsquadrons, commanded by asquadron leader. Each flight consists of two sections.[147]
The smallest unit is the section, led by aflight lieutenant. Each section consists of three aircraft.
Within this formation structure, IAF has several service branches for day-to-day operations. They are:[148]
Flying Branch
| Technical Branch
| Ground Branch
|
The Garud commandos are the special forces of the Indian Air Force (IAF). Their tasks include counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, providing security to IAF's vulnerably located assets and various air force-specific special operations. First conceived in 2002, this unit was officially established on 6 February 2004.[149]
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All Garuds are volunteers who are imparted a 52-week basic training, which includes a three-month probation followed by special operations training, basic airborne training and other warfare and survival skills. The last phase of basic training sees Garuds been deployed to get combat experience. Advanced training follows, which includes specialised weapons training.[149][150]
The mandated tasks of the Garuds include direct action, special reconnaissance, rescuing downed pilots in hostile territory, establishing airbases in hostile territory and providing air-traffic control to these airbases.[151] The Garuds also undertakesuppression of enemy air defences and the destruction of other enemy assets such as radars, evaluation of the outcomes of Indian airstrikes and uselaser designators to guide Indian airstrikes.[152]
The security of IAF installations and assets are usually performed by the Air Force Police and theDefence Security Corps even though some critical assets are protected by the Garuds.[149]
The Defence Space Agency, anintegrated tri-services agency, which draws its personnel from all the three services of the Indian armed forces, is set up to operate thespace-warfare andSatellite Intelligence assets ofIndia.[153]
Unlike an aerospace command, where the air force controls most of its activities, the Defence Space Agency envisages co-operation and co-ordination between the three services as well as civilian agencies dealing with space.
India currently has 10[154] military satellites.
The Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) (Surya Kiran isSanskrit forSun Rays) is anaerobatics demonstration team of the Indian Air Force. They were formed in 1996 and are successors to theThunderbolts.[155] The team has a total of 13 pilots (selected from the fighter stream of the IAF) and operate 9Bae Hawk mk.132 painted in a "day-glo orange" and whitecolour scheme. The Surya Kiran team were conferred squadron status in 2006, and presently have the designation of 52 Squadron ("The Sharks").[156] The team is based at the Indian Air Force Station atBidar.[155] The team earlier used to flyHAL HJT-16 Kiran.
Sarang (Sanskrit forPeacock) is the Helicopter Display Team of the Indian Air Force. The team was formed in October 2003 and their first public performance was at theAsian Aerospace Show,Singapore, 2004.[157] The team earlier used to fly fourHAL Dhruvs[158] but that was upgraded to five on the 91st Air Force day held inPrayagraj. The choppers are painted in red and white with a peacock figure at each side of the fuselage. The team is based at theSulur Air Force Station,Coimbatore.
In 2017, there was a shortage of 15,503 personnel out of an authorized strength of 155,000.[159]
In mid-2019, the air force had 12,142 officers out of an authorized strength of 12,625, and 129,094 enlisted personnel out of an authorized 142,917.[160]
Personnel strength on 1 March 2022 was 138,994 enlisted and 12,143 officers.[161]
| Pay level | Rank | Strength |
|---|---|---|
| 18 | Air Chief Marshal | 1 |
| 17/16/15 | Air Marshal | 27 |
| 14 | Air Vice Marshal | 75 |
| 13A | Air Commodore | 222 |
| 13 | Group Captain | 1019 |
| 12A | Wing Commander | 4934 |
| 11 | Squadron Leader | 3822 |
| 10B | Flight Lieutenant | 1258 |
| 10 | Flying Officer | 785 |
| Total | 12143 | |
| Pay level | Rank | Strength |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | MWO | 2698 |
| 7 | WO | 5420 |
| 6 | JWO | 9873 |
| 5 | SGT | 46037 |
| 4 | CPL | 49127 |
| 3 | LAC | 23134 |
| 3 | AC | 2705 |
| Total | 138994 | |
In 2025, theInternational Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) listed active personnel strength at 149,900.[1]
The rank structure of the Indian Air Force is based on that of theRoyal Air Force. The highest rank attainable in the IAF isMarshal of the Indian Air Force, conferred by the President of India after exceptional service during wartime. MIAFArjan Singh is the only officer to have achieved this rank. The head of the Indian Air Force is theChief of the Air Staff, who holds the rank ofAir Chief Marshal.
Anyone holding Indian citizenship can apply to be an officer in the Air Force as long as they satisfy the eligibility criteria. There are four entry points to become an officer. Male applicants, who are between the ages of 161/2 and 19 and have passed high school graduation, can apply at theIntermediate level.[162] Men and women applicants, who have graduated from college (three-year course) and are between the ages of 18 and 28, can apply at theGraduate level entry.[163] Graduates of engineering colleges can apply at theEngineer level if they are between the ages of 18 and 28 years. The age limit for the flying and ground duty branch is 23 years of age and for technical branch is 28 years of age.[164] After completing a master's degree, men and women between the ages of 18 and 28 years can apply at thePost Graduate level. Post graduate applicants do not qualify for the flying branch. For the technical branch the age limit is 28 years and for the ground duty branch it is 25.[165] At the time of application, all applicants below 25 years of age must be single.[166] The IAF selects candidates for officer training from these applicants. After completion of training, a candidate is commissioned as aFlying Officer.[167]
| Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Indian Air Force[168] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||||||||||||||
| Marshal of the Indian Air Force मार्शल ऑफ द इंडियन एयरफोर्स | Air chief marshal एयर चीफ मार्शल | Air marshal एयर मार्शल | Air vice marshal एयर वाइस मार्शल | Air commodore एयर कमोडोर | Group captain ग्रुप कैप्टन | Wing commander विंग कमांडर | Squadron leader स्क्वाड्रन लीडर | Flight lieutenant फ्लाइट लैफ्टिनेंट | Flying officer फ्लाइंग अफसर | |||||||||||||||
The duty of an airman is to make sure that all the air and ground operations run smoothly. From operating Air Defence systems to fitting missiles, they are involved in all activities of an air base and give support to various technical and non-technical jobs.[169] The airmen of Technical trades are responsible for maintenance, repair and prepare for use the propulsion system of aircraft and other airborne weapon delivery system, Radar, Voice/Data transmission and reception equipment, latest airborne weapon delivery systems, all types of light, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic systems of airborne missiles, aero engines, aircraft fuelling equipment and heavy duty mechanical vehicles, cranes and loading equipment etc.[170] The competent and qualified airmen from technical trades also participate in flying as flight engineers, Flight Signallers and Flight Gunners. The recruitment of personnel below officer rank is conducted through All India Selection Tests and Recruitment Rallies. All India Selection Tests are conducted among 15 Airmen Selection Centres (ASCs) located all over India. These centres are under the direct functional control of Central Airmen Selection Board (CASB), with administrative control and support by respective commands. The role of CASB is to carry out selection and enrolment of airmen from the Airmen Selection Centres for their respective commands.[169] Candidates initially take a written test at the time of application. Those passing the written test undergo a physical fitness test, an interview conducted in English, and medical examination. Candidates for training are selected from individuals passing the battery of tests, on the basis of their performance. Upon completion of training, an individual becomes an airman.[169] SomeMWOs andWOs are granted honorary commission in the last year of their service as an honorary Flying Officer orFlight Lieutenant before retiring from the service.[169]
| Rank group | Junior commissioned officers | Non commissioned officer | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian Air Force[171] |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Master warrant officer मास्टर वारंट अफसर | Warrant officer वारंट अफसर | Junior warrant officer जूनियर वारंट अफसर | Sergeant सार्जेंट | Corporal कॉरपोरल | Leading aircraftsman लीडिंग एयरक्राफ्ट्समैन | Aircraftsman एयरक्राफ्ट्समैन | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sachin Tendulkar was the first sportsperson and the first civilian without anaviation background to be awarded the honorary rank ofgroup captain by the Indian Air Force.[172]
Non combatants enrolled (NCs(E)) were established in British India as personal assistants to the officer class, and are equivalent to theorderly orsahayak of the Indian Army.[citation needed]
Almost all the commands have some percentage of civilian strength which are central government employees. These are regular ranks which are prevalent in ministries. They are usually not posted outside their stations and are employed in administrative and non-technical work.[173][174]
The Indian Armed Forces have set up numerous military academies across India for training its personnel, such as theNational Defence Academy (NDA). Besides the tri-service institutions, the Indian Air Force has aTraining Command and several training establishments. While technical and other support staff are trained at various Ground Training Schools, the pilots are trained at theAir Force Academy, Dundigul (located inHyderabad). ThePilot Training Establishment atAllahabad, theAir Force Administrative College atCoimbatore, theInstitute of Aerospace Medicine atBangalore, theAir Force Technical College, Bangalore atJalahalli, theTactics and Air Combat and Defence Establishment atGwalior, and the Paratrooper's Training School atAgra are some of the other training establishments of the IAF.
The Indian Air Force has aircraft and equipment of Russian (erstwhile Soviet Union), British, French, Israeli, US and Indian origins with Russian aircraft dominating its inventory. HAL produces some of the Russian and British aircraft in India under licence. The exact number of aircraft in service with the Indian Air Force cannot be determined with precision from open sources. Various reliable sources provide notably divergent estimates for a variety of high-visibility aircraft.[175] In 2025, IISS estimated that the IAF had approximately 1750 aircraft, including 721 combat capable fixed-wing aircraft.[2]
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The Indian Air Force has been reported to have a shortage of combat aircraft count. As of March 2025, the IAF has 31combat squadrons as against a sanctioned strength of 42 squadrons.[176] This strength is on par with the IAF's fighter fleet during theIndo-Pakistani war of 1965. The squadron strength of the IAF had peaked in 1996 at 41 squadrons but dwindled gradually to 35 units in 2013 and to 31 in 2025. In response, theMinistry of Defence appointed a five-memberEmpowered Committee for Capability Enhancement of IAF which analysed and reported the "key thrust areas and recommendations" necessary for "achieving the desired capability enhancement goals" to the Ministry.[177]
The IAF operates threeNetraEmbraer ERJ 145I aircraft.[192] The IAF also operates theEL/W-2090 PhalconAEW&C incorporated in aBeriev A-50 platform. A total of three such systems are currently in service, with two further potential orders.[193][194] India is also investing in aDRDO project to develop six new Airborne AEW&C aircraft, as an upgrade to theNetra systems.[195]
The IAF currently operates sixIlyushin Il-78MKIs in theaerial refueling (tanker) role.[196][197]
Forstrategic airlift operations, the IAF uses theIlyushin Il-76, known asGajraj (Hindi for King Elephant) in Indian service.[198] The IAF operated 17 Il-76s in 2010,[199] which are in the process of being replaced byC-17 Globemaster IIIs.[200][201][202]
IAFC-130Js are used by special forces for combined Army-Air Force operations.[203] India purchased six C-130Js; however, one crashed atGwalior on 28 March 2014 while on a training mission, killing all 5 on board and destroying the aircraft.[204][205] TheAntonov An-32, known in Indian service as theSutlej (named afterSutlej River), serves as a medium transport aircraft in the IAF. The aircraft is also used in bombing roles and paradropping operations.[206] The IAF currently operates 105 An-32s, all of which are being upgraded.[206] The IAF operates 53Dornier 228 to fulfil its light transport duties.[207][208] The IAF also operatesBoeing 737s[209] and Embraer ECJ-135 Legacy aircraft[210] asVIP transports and passenger airliners for troops. 2 specially modifiedBoeing 777 are used for both the IndianPresident andPrime Minister under thecall signAir India One.[211]
TheHawker Siddeley HS 748 once formed the backbone of the IAF's transport fleet, but are now used mainly for training and communication duties.[212] A replacement in the form of licence-builtC-295 is currently being commissioned into the Air Force.[213][214]
TheHPT-32, the IAF's primary basic trainer has been phased out,[215] initially replaced by 75Pilatus PC-7 trainers, and followed by a planned 70HTT-40 trainers. 36 more HTT-40s are to be ordered once fleet is operational.[216] The IAF uses theHAL HJT-16 Kiran mk.I for intermediate flight training of cadets, while the HJT-16 Kiran mk.II provides advanced flight and weapons training.[217][218][219] The Kiran is to be replaced by theHAL HJT-36 Yashas.[220] TheBAE Hawk Mk 132 serves as an advanced jet trainer in the IAF and is progressively replacing the Kiran Mk.II. The IAF has begun the process of converting theSurya Kiran display team to Hawks.[221] A total of 106 BAE Hawk trainers have been ordered by the IAF of which 39 have entered service as of July 2010[update].[222] IAF also ordered 72Pipistrel Virus SW 80 microlight aircraft for basic training purpose.[223][224]
TheHAL Dhruv serves primarily as a light utility helicopter in the IAF. In addition to transport and utility roles, newer Dhruvs are also used asattack helicopters.[225] Four Dhruvs are also operated by the Indian Air ForceSarang Helicopter Display Team.[158] TheHAL Chetak is a light utility helicopter and is used primarily for training, rescue and light transport roles in the IAF.[226] The HAL Chetak is being gradually replaced by HAL Dhruv.[226] TheHAL Cheetah is a light utility helicopter used for high altitude operations. It is used for both transport and search-and-rescue missions in the IAF.[227]
TheMil Mi-8 and theMil Mi-17, Mi-17 1V and Mi-17V 5 are operated by the IAF for medium lift strategic and utility roles. The Mi-8 is being progressively replaced by the Mi-17 series of helicopters.[228][229] The IAF has ordered 22Boeing AH-64E Apache attack helicopters, 68 HAL Light Combat Helicopters (LCH), 35HAL Rudra attack helicopters, 15 CH-47F Chinook heavy lift helicopters and 150 Mi-17V-5s to replace and augment its existing fleet of Mi-8s, Mi-17s, and Mi-24s.[230]
TheMil Mi-35 serves primarily as an attack helicopter in the IAF. The Mil Mi-35 can also act as a low-capacity troop transport. The IAF currently operates two squadrons (No. 104 Firebirds andNo. 125 Gladiators) of Mi-25/35s.[231]
The IAF currently uses theIAI Searcher II[232] andIAI Heron[233] for reconnaissance and surveillance purposes. TheIAI Harpy serves as an Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) which is designed to attack radar systems.[234] The IAF also operates theDRDO Lakshya which serves as realistic towed aerial sub-targets for live fire training.[235]
| Name | Image | Type | Quantity | Origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spike NLOS |  | Air launchedAnti-tank guided missile | — |  Israel | Status: In service. Indian Air Force procured Spike-NLOS forMi-17 helicopters.[236][237] |
| 9M120 Ataka-V (AT-9 Spiral-2) |  | — |  Russia | Status: In service. Operated fromMil Mi-35. 20 helicopters modified to deploy the missile as of July 2024.[238][239] | |
| 9K114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral) |  | 800 | Russia | Status: In service. Operated fromMil Mi-35[238] | |
| Dhruvastra |  | — |  India | Status: Completed user trials and Ready for Induction.[240] | |
| Amogha missile | — | India | Status: Under development. To be integrated onHAL Rudra andHAL Prachand.[241][242] |
| Name | Image | Type | Quantity | Origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrahMos |  | Supersonicair launched cruise missile | Unknown | India | Status: In service. 450 km range. To be increased to 800 km. 40Su-30MKI modified to operate BrahMos. Further 84 aircraft to be modified.[243] |
| Storm Shadow |  | Subsonic air launched cruise missile | Unknown |  France | Status: In service. 550 km range[244] |
| Kh-35 |  | Subsonic air launched cruise missile | Unknown | Russia | Status: In service. 260 km range |
| Rampage |  | Air launched ballistic missile | Unknown | Israel | Status: In service. 150–250 km range. |
| Pralay | .jpg) | Short-rangequasi ballistic missile | 120 on order | India | Status: Trials. 150–500 km range.[245][246] |
| Prithvi II | .jpg) | Short-range ballistic missile | Unknown | India | Status: In service. 150–350 km range. |
| Name | Image | Type | Quantity | Origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Satellite Missile Systems | |||||
| Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) Mk-II |  | Exo-atmosphericAnti-ballistic missile /Anti-satellite weapon | Unknown | India | Status: In service. Dual-stage solid-fueled missile with final kinetic-kill stage. Target speed: 10 km/s. Flight Altitude: 1,200 km[248] |
| Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems | |||||
| Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) | Exo-atmosphericAnti-ballistic missile | Unknown | India | Status: In service. Dual-stage solid-fueled missile. Flight Altitude: 150 km.[248] | |
| Advanced Air Defence (AAD) | _flight_tested_from_Abdul_Kalam_Island%2c_Odisha_on_August_02%2c_2018.JPG) | Endo-atmosphericAnti-ballistic missile | Unknown | India | Status: In service.[248] |
| Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) |  | Exo-atmosphericAnti-ballistic missile | Unknown | India | Status: being replaced by Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV). Dual-stage liquid-fueled missile. It can intercept targets at 80 km altitude.[248] |
| Air Defence Systems | |||||
| S-400 Triumph |  | Long-rangesurface-to-air missile system | 3 regiments Total 48 launchers | Russia | Status: In service. 2 more regiments' delivery by 2026.[249][250] 400 km operational range. Each regiment will have two batteries with eight launchers each.[251] |
| Barak-8 (MR-SAM) |  | Medium-rangesurface-to-air missile | 18 squadrons | India | Status: In service. MRSAM is a medium range air defence system with a max range of 70–80 km.[252] It is used to counter aerial threats such as Fighter aircraft, helicopter, UAV etc.[253] An Air Force Squadron consists of 3TELs per Squadron. |
| Akash | .jpg) | 15 squadrons (120 launchers)[254] | India | Status: In service. Akash 1S has 40 km operational range and flight ceiling of 20 km. 2 regiments of Akash Prime on order for Army.[255] Akash NG with increased range of 70–80 km is being tested.[256] | |
| SPYDER |  | Short and Medium rangesurface-to-air missile | 18 Systems (Batteries)[257] | Israel | Status: In service.[258] 18 SPYDER-SRs Systems (Batteries) along with 750 Python-5 surface to air missiles (SAMs) and 750 Derby SAMs has been delivered. 50 km operational range and flight ceiling of 16 km. A typical battery consists one central command and control unit, six missile firing units, and a resupply vehicle. |
| SAMAR | Short-rangeSurface-to-air missile | Unknown (On order)[259] | India | Status: On order.[258] The system employsVympel R-73 andVympel R-27 air-to-air missiles, which are of Russian origin.[260] User trials complete.[261] | |
| S-125 (SA-3 Goa) |  | 25 Squadrons for IAF |  Soviet Union | Status: Being replaced byAkash. Mainly used for point-defense of airbases.[254] Will be completely replaced by Akash NG and MRSAM by 2030 | |
| 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko) |  | 80 | Soviet Union | Status: In service (To be replaced byQRSAM)[254] | |
| Man-portable air-defense systems | |||||
| 9K38 Igla (SA-18) 9K338 Igla-S |  | Man-portable air-defense system | 2500[262]: 87 48 launchers | Russia | Status: In service. Igla-S deployed alongLAC. Additional 96 launchers, 300 missiles of Igla-S on order.[264] |
| Air defence - anti-aircraft gun systems | |||||
| Sudarshan CIWS | Close-in weapon system | 240 (to be ordered) | India | Status: In Service. Advanced version ofBofors L/70 manufactured byL&T Defence. System includes 3DAESA radar and has a range of 3.5 km and firing rate of 300 rounds/min.[265][266] Two orders cleared: | |
The number of aircraft in the IAF has been decreasing from the late 1990s due to the retirement of older aircraft and several crashes. To deal with the depletion of force levels, the IAF has started to modernize its fleet. This includes both the upgrade of existing aircraft, equipment and infrastructure as well as induction of new aircraft and equipment, both indigenous and imported. As new aircraft enter service and numbers recover, the IAF plans to have a fleet of 42 squadrons.[270]
IAF has sent a proposal to rename itself as Indian Air and Space Force (IASF). It has declared this as a part of its current drive to become a credible space power.[271]
On 3 January 2017,Minister of DefenceManohar Parrikar addressed a media conference and announced plans for a competition to select a Strategic Partner to deliver "... 200 new single engine fighters to be made in India, which will easily cost around (USD)$45 million apiece without weaponry" with an expectation thatLockheed Martin (USA) andSaab (Sweden) will pitch theF-16 Block 70 andGripen, respectively. An MoD official said that a global tender will be put to market in the first quarter of 2018,[272] with a private company nominated as the strategic partners production agency followed by a two or more year process to evaluate technical and financial bids and conduct trials, before the final government-to-government deal in 2021. This represents 11 squadrons of aircraft plus several 'attrition' aircraft.[273] India is also planning to set up an assembly line of AmericanLockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon Block 70 in Bengaluru. It is not yet confirmed whether IAF will induct these aircraft or not.
In 2018, the defence ministerNirmala Sitharaman gave the go ahead to scale up the manufacturing of Tejas at HAL and also to export Tejas. She is quoted saying "We are not ditching the LCA. We have not gone for anything instead of Tejas. We are very confident that Tejas Mark II will be a big leap forward to fulfil the single engine fighter requirement of the forces.".[274] IAF committed to buy 201 Mark-II variant of the Tejas taking the total order of Tejas to 324.[275] The government also scrapped the plan to import single engine fighters leading to reduction in reliance on imports thereby strengthening the domestic defence industry.[276]
The IAF also submitted a request for information to international suppliers for a stealth unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV).[277]
.jpg)
IAF's current orders include
Indian defence companyHAL and Defense Research OrganizationDRDO are developing several aircraft for the IAF including:-
TheAir Force Network (AFNET), a robust digital information grid that enabled quick and accurate threat responses, was launched in 2010, helping the IAF become a truly network-centric air force. AFNET is a secure communication network linking command and control centres with offensive aircraft, sensor platforms and ground missile batteries. Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS), an automated system for Air Defence operations will ride the AFNet backbone integrating ground and airborne sensors, weapon systems and command and control nodes. Subsequent integration with civil radar and other networks shall provide an integrated Air Situation Picture, and reportedly acts as aforce multiplier for intelligence analysis, mission control, and support activities like maintenance and logistics. The design features multiple layers of security measures, including encryption and intrusion prevention technologies, to hinder and deter espionage efforts.[298]
In the year 2005, theNational Geographic Channel created a 10 part documentary series detailing out all the branches of the Indian Air Force. It was titledMission Udaan - Inside the Indian Air Force.[299]
In partnership withThreye, a Delhi based game developer, The IAF launchedGuardians of the Skies, a roleplaying combat game for mobile devices in 2014. The IAF would later also create a successor, titledIndian Air Force: A Cut Above, in 2019.
Pakistan ... undertook a guerrilla operation inside Indian held Kashmir with a large number of regular soldiers ... expecting to be welcomed by the local population and raise them up in arms against the Indian government.
Trying to catch the Indian Air Force napping, Yahya Khan, launched a Pakistani version of Israel's 1967 air blitz in hopes that one quick blow would cripple India's far superior air power. But India was alert and Yahya's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields failed!
{{cite press release}}:Missing or empty|title= (help){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)IAF Dhruvs, can carry a 20mm gun plus eight anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) or four air-to-air missiles or four 68mm rocket pods on outriggers.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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