  | |
| United Nationsmembership | |
|---|---|
| Represented by |
|
| Membership | Full member |
| Since | 30 October 1945 (1945-10-30) |
| UNSC seat | None permanent (G4 member) |
| Permanent Representative | Parvathaneni Harish |
| This article is part of a series about the |
| United Nations |
|---|
 |
| Charter |
| UN System |
Principal organs |
| Funds, programmes, and other bodies |
| Specialized agencies |
Finance & trade |
| Membership |
Members and observers |
| History |
| Resolutions |
India was among thecharter members of theUnited Nations that signed theDeclaration by United Nations at Washington, D.C., on 1 January 1942[1] and also participated in theUnited Nations Conference on International Organization atSan Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions in implementing the goals of theCharter, and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies. In 1947, theUnited Nations Information Centre (UNIC) inNew Delhi became the first United Nations office in independent India.[2]
India has been a non permanentmember of theUN Security Council for eight terms (a total of ongoing 16 years), with the most recent being the2021–22 term. India is a member ofG4, group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in favour ofthe reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of theG-77.
India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of itsspecialised agencies and organizations. India has contributed troops toUnited Nations peacekeeping efforts inKorea,[3][4]Egypt and theCongo in its earlier years and inSomalia,Angola,Haiti,Liberia,Lebanon andRwanda in recent years, and more recently in theSouth Sudan conflict.[5]
India was one of the original members of theLeague of Nations. In principle, only sovereign states can becomeUN members. However, although today all UN members are fully sovereign states, four of the original members (Belarus,India, thePhilippines, andUkraine) were not independent at the time of their admission.[6] India signed theDeclaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 and was represented byGirija Shankar Bajpai who was the IndianAgent-General at the time. Afterwards the Indian delegation led by SirArcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed theUnited Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historicUnited Nations Conference on International Organization held inSan Francisco, United States on 26 June 1945.[7] Sir A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar later went on to serve as the first president of theUnited Nations Economic and Social Council.
India gainedfull independence in 1947. Independent India viewed its membership at the United Nations as an important guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. India stood at the forefront during the UN's tumultuous years of struggle againstcolonialism andapartheid. India's status as a founding member of theNon-Aligned Movement and theGroup of 77 cemented its position within the UN system as a leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order. India was among the most outspoken critics ofapartheid andracial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).[8]
India was one of the founding members of the United Nations, joining in October 1945, two years before acquiring independence fromUnited Kingdom.[9] By 1946, India had started raising concerns regardingdecolonization,apartheid andracial discrimination. From early 1947–48, India took an active part inDrafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Dr.Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflectinggender equality by changing the language of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights from 'all men are created equal' (Eleanor Roosevelt's preferred phrase) to 'all human beings'.[10][11]
In 1953, the chief delegate of India at the time,Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected the first womanPresident of the UN General Assembly. India supported the struggle towards global disarmament and the ending of thearms race, and towards the creation of a more equitable international economic order. India had a mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea contributing to the signing of thearmistice ending theKorean War in 1953.[12] India chaired the five-memberNeutral Nations Repatriation Commission while theIndian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed. India then went on to chair the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. India also had an active role to play in theSuez Crisis in 1956 with the role ofJawaharlal Nehru, both asPrime Minister of India and a leader of theNon-Aligned Movement being significant. Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that "Now Nehru—who had tried to be even-handed between the two sides—denouncedAnthony Eden and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorous. He had a powerful, if relatively silent, ally in theUS presidentDwight D. Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America's clout in the IMF to make Eden andMollet (the then French Prime Minister) behave".[13]
Charter provisions onnon-self-governing territories were given a new thrust when the UN adopted the landmark 1960Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples which was co-sponsored by India. The following year, theSpecial Committee on the Implementation of the Declaration on Decolonization was established to study, investigate and recommend action to bring an end to colonialism, it was chaired by India for the first time. India played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee against Apartheid set up by theGeneral Assembly. When theConvention on Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest signatories, however it does not recognise competence under article 14 and it does not consider itself bound by article 22.
India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic concerns of developing countries in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference on Trade and Development and the 1992Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.[14] It has been an active member of theGroup of 77, and later the core group of theG-15 nations. Other issues, such as environmentally sustainable development and the promotion and protection of human rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign policy in international forums.
Despite its anti-status quo stand on manyglobal issues, India's attitude toward the basic structure of the UN was fundamentally conservative.[15] It accepted the organization and distribution of power in the UN, as both a guarantee of Indian sovereignty and as a check on the numerical superiority of the U.S. and its western coalition. India supported the charter provisions for a Security Council veto for the great powers, opposed the U.S. initiative to circumvent the veto through theUniting for Peace Resolution, dismissedHammarskjöld's notion of a "UN presence" as interventionist and opposed all efforts to conduct UN directedplebiscites as tests of opinion.[16]
India's procedural conservatism was based both on its commitment to national sovereignty and its desire to protect Indian interests. Its experience with the UN had not always been positive. In the early years after independence, a whole range of issues, which had their origins in the partition of the Indian subcontinent between India and Pakistan, came before the UN. These issues included the disputed princely states ofJunagadh,Hyderabad andKashmir, which were ultimately incorporated into the Indian Union through the use of military force.[17][18]
The most persistent of these disputes was theKashmir conflict. Nehru's faith in the UN and adherence to its principles proved costly on some occasions due to the power play inherent in the organization. This was seen by his decision to refer Pakistan's intervention ('invasion') in disputed Kashmir to the UN Security Council in January 1948.[19] The United Kingdom, which was hoping to avoid being seen as unfriendly to a Muslim state after thecreation of Israel, used pressure tactics on its allies France, Canada and the US to support the Pakistani viewpoint that Kashmir's accession to India was disputable and had to be put to the test of aplebiscite.[20] Nehru's hope that the UN would unconditionally instruct Pakistan to vacate the one-third portion of Kashmir that the Pakistani tribesmen and army had occupied fell flat in the face of geopolitical manoeuvrings and cross-issue linkage. To this day, Indian strategic commentators and critics of Nehru bemoan his cardinal mistake of taking the Kashmir dispute to a UN that was packed with pro-Pakistani partisan powers.[21] According to columnistBrahma Chellaney, 'Nehru did not appreciate that the UN was an institution of power politics, not an impartial police force'.[22] As if a double reminder were needed that India was small fry in a UN dominated by crafty Great Powers divided into two ideological camps, New Delhi was disappointed to find that Security Council members the US, United Kingdom and France tried to prevent it from forcibly absorbing thePortuguese colony of Goa in 1961.[23] But for theSovietveto in favour of India,Goa could have become enmeshed in another Kashmir-like stalemate for decades, buffeted by the changing winds of Great Power alignments and preferences that were paralysing and hijacking the UN.[19][24]
Overall the period from 1947-1962 was marked by India's active interest in all UN activities under the leadership ofV. K. Krishna Menon who was the Indian Ambassador to the United Nations from 1952-1962. Indian leadership and peacekeeping roles in the UN brought it considerable recognition and global standing.[25][26]
India's defeat in theSino-Indian War came as a grave shock compared to its global aspirations and recognition. Large-scale hostilities and military reverse dealt a shattering blow to its self-confidence and pride. India was obliged to turn towards the west for military and political support. Following the conflict with China, India became involved intwo wars with Pakistan and entered a period ofpolitical instability,economic stagnation,food shortages and near-famine conditions. India's role diminished in the UN which came both as a result of its image and a deliberate decision by the post-Nehru political leadership to adopt a low profile at the UN and speak only on vital Indian interests.[27] This change in policy was implemented during the 1965 debate on Kashmir in the Security Council when Indian Foreign MinisterSwaran Singh dramatically stormed out of the session in response to the intemperate language ofZulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Foreign Minister.[28] In his book"India's Changing Role in the United Nations" Stanley Kochanek shows how 'bilateralism became the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy', relegating the UN to just an 'arena for maintaining such contacts'.[29] Further theSoviet Union's backing became far more important than a slow and indecisive UN Security Council when India obtained itsgreatest strategic victory by beating China in the1967 War and breaking up Pakistan into two and carving out independentBangladesh in 1971.
In 1974, India tested itsfirst nuclear device, the aftermath of which resulted in an atomic embargo by the US and Canada. Soon after the UN'snon-proliferation agenda became another irritant that forced New Delhi to view some units of the organization with distaste as fronts for imposing discriminatory regimes instead of promoting universal disarmament.[19] From the very beginning it has refused to lend its support to theNuclear Non-proliferation Treaty with India's then External Affairs Minister and laterPresident,Pranab Mukherjee in a visit to Tokyo in 2007 commenting that:"If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognise the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment."[30] In short, the 1960s as a whole saw major changes in the global system but a general decline in UN activities.
From January 2011 to January 2013, India was a non permanent member of the UN Security Council. According toRejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of India's foreign policy, as a non-permanent member from January 2011 to January 2013, India played a crucial role on important international issues with a view to promote international peace and security as well as India's own national security.[31]
From January 2021 onwards, India became a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council for the 8th time.[32] India's term lasted through 2021 and 2022. India became thePresident of the Security Council in the month of August 2021 and held the position once more in the month December 2022. India aimed to focus on issues likemaritime security,peacekeeping,counter-terrorism,Africa, etc. India seeks a permanent seat in the Security Council as a member of the G4. India will bid for non-permanent member for term 2028-2029.[33] If elected it will be her 9th term in UNSC.
India has been elected eight times to theUN Security Council.
India has been seeking a permanent seat on theUnited Nations Security Council as a member of theG4, an organization composed of Brazil,Germany, Japan, and India, all who are currently seeking permanent representation. The Russian Federation, United States, United Kingdom and France support India and the other G4 countries gaining permanent seats.[34]
The UN Security Council was envisaged as per the UN Charter, as the apex body meant to safeguard international peace and security. However, the realities of 1945, when the Council was established, have long been superseded by the geo-political realities of the modern era and a new century; with the need for change being felt across the board.
To cater to these new realities and the pressing need for reforms of all aspects of UNSC, G-4 proposed to have the General Assembly increase the Security Council’s membership from 15 to 25 or 26, by adding six permanent and four or five non-permanent members.[35]
The models that only expand non-permanent seats, failed to truly address the current imbalance at the core of the Security Council, which requires the expansion and thereby reform of permanent membership of the UNSC to reflect the current realities of our world.
If this actually happens, it would be the first time permanent Security Council status is extended to aSouth Asian nation and supporters of the G4 plan suggest that this will lead to greater representation of developing nations rather than the current major powers.
India makes a number of claims to justify its demand. India has the world'slargest population and is the world's largestliberal democracy. It is also the world'sfifth largest economy andthird largest in terms ofpurchasing power parity as of 2020. India is the largest contributor of troops toUnited Nations peacekeeping missions with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions as of 2014 after Bangladesh and Pakistan,[36][37] all three nations being inSouth Asia. India has contributed more than 180,000 troops, the largest number from any country, participated in more than 43 missions and 156 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India has also provided and continues to provide eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.[36]
Although the U.S. and other permanent Council members were not very supportive of expanding the Security Council, in his visit to India,US PresidentBarack Obama has offered his support for India to become a permanent member of the Council. However, the reaction from other Council members are not very clear, particularly from China. Thus it is uncertain whether the demands by G4 nations will be implemented anytime soon.
According to a formal statement by Prime Minister of IndiaNarendra Modi at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly :[38]
Today, people of India are concerned whether this reform-process will ever reach its logical conclusion. For how long will India be kept out of the decision-making structures of the United Nations? Reform in the responses, in the processes, and in the very character of the UN is the need of the hour. It is a fact that the faith and respect that the UN enjoys among the 1.3 billion people in India is unparalleled.
— Narendra Modi, 26 September 2020
From 1945 to present, a total of 4 members from India have been appointed asJudges of the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Moreover,Nagendra Singh was appointed as the President from 1985 to 1988. In addition, 3 members have also served as Judges sitting ad hoc. In 2017 India's Supreme Court JusticeDalveer Bhandari was appointed as a judge in the International Court of Justice for a second term.[39]
In November 2016,Vinod Rai was appointed as Chairman of UN Panel of External Auditors andShashi Kant Sharma as Member of the United Nations Board of Auditor General.[40]
Joint Inspection Unit is the only independent external oversight body of the United Nations system mandated to conduct evaluations, inspections and investigations system-wide. Achamkulangare Gopinathan currently serves as Chairman, since January 2013. He was re-appointed to this post.[41][42]
Many schools in India have now started taking up Model United Nations to educate their students about global issues.
.jpg)
.jpg)
So far India has taken part in 43 Peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding•India has contributed the most personnel to UN2,53,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. In 2014 India is the third largest troop contributor (TCC) with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions of which 995 are police personnel, including the first female formed Police Unit under the UN.[36] The Indian Army has undertaken numerousUN peacekeeping missions.[43] As of 30 June 2014, 157 Indians have been killed during such operations.[44] The Indian army has also provided paramedical units to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded.
In service to the United Nations,Satish Nambiar was appointed as 1st Force Commander and Head of Mission ofUNPROFOR andJai Shanker Menon as Head of Mission and Force Commander ofUnited Nations Disengagement Observer Force.
According to UN estimates, India is currently the fourth-largest police-contributing country with 1,009 officers, and the third-largest contributor of female police officers.[45]
As of February 2017, 163 Indians have been killed while serving in UN peacekeeping operations.[46]
As of 16 April 2019, the United Nations had arrears of US$38 million to India for its troop contributions.[47]
In 2023, India contribute 6073 (5946 male and 127 female) personnel in UN peacekeeping mission. Almost double than all five permanent members of UNSC.
On 11 December 2014, theUnited Nations General Assembly adopted without a vote a resolution commemorating 21 June as theInternational Yoga Day,[48] recognising the holistic benefits of this timeless practice and its inherent compatibility with the principles and values of the United Nations.[49]
In 2016, with focus on combating inequalities to achieveSustainable Development Goals,B. R. Ambedkar's birth anniversary was observed at the United Nations for the first time.[50] India has made a plea to declare April 14 as International Equality Day.[51][52]
For Fiscal Year 2015-16, India's contribution to the United Nations was₹2,440,000,000 (US$29 million),[53] which was 55 per cent more compared with the previous fiscal year.[53] India is a contributor to the UN regular budget.[54] Indian contribution toUnited Nations Democracy Fund was US$250 million until 2009.[55] India contributed US$30,540,402 for 2023 and US$32,895,257 for the 2024 UN budget.
India has a permanent mission to the UN, which is led by thePermanent Representative (UN Ambassador), currentlyParvathaneni Harish,[56] who was appointed in September 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
