 Joe Biden takes theoath of office to become the 46thpresident of the United States. | |
| Date | January 20, 2021; 4 years ago (2021-01-20) |
|---|---|
| Location | United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. |
| Organized by | Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies,Inaugural Committee |
| Participants | Joe Biden 46th president of the United States — Assuming office John Roberts Chief Justice of the United States — Administering oath Kamala Harris 49th vice president of the United States — Assuming office Sonia Sotomayor Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States — Administering oath |
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|---|---|---|
Personal U.S. Senator from Delaware 47th Vice President of the United States Vice presidential campaigns 46th President of the United States Tenure | ||
| January 6 United States Capitol attack |
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| Timeline •Planning |
| Background |
2020 presidential election and other causes |
| Participants |
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| Aftermath |
Theinauguration ofJoe Biden as the 46thpresident of the United States took place on Wednesday, January 20, 2021, on the West Front of theUnited States Capitol inWashington, D.C. It was the 59th inauguration and marked the commencement of Joe Biden's term as president andKamala Harris' term asvice president. Biden took thepresidential oath of office, before which Harris took thevice presidential oath of office.
The inauguration took place amidst extraordinary political, public health, economic, and national security crises, including theCOVID-19 pandemic; outgoing PresidentDonald Trump'sattempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, which provoked anattack on the United States Capitol on January 6; Trump'ssecond impeachment; and a threat ofwidespread civil unrest, which stimulated a nationwide law enforcement response. Festivities were sharply curtailed by efforts to prevent the spread ofCOVID-19 and mitigate the potential for violence near the Capitol.[1][2] The live audience was limited; members of theCongress attended with one guest of their choosing, resembling aState of the Union address.[3] Public health measures such as mandatoryface coverings, testing, temperature checks, andsocial distancing were used to protect participants in the ceremony.[4]
"America United" and "Our Determined Democracy: Forging a More Perfect Union"—a reference to thePreamble to the United States Constitution—served as the inaugural themes.[5]
At 78 years, 61 days of age, Biden became the oldest person to assume the presidency.[6] However, four years later, in2025,Donald Trump was re-inaugurated at 78 years, 220 days of age, surpassing Biden's record.[7]
The inauguration marked the formal culmination of theJoe Biden's presidential transition that began with hiselection onNovember 3, 2020, him becoming thepresident-elect.[8] Biden and his running mate Kamala Harris were formally elected by theElectoral College on December 14, 2020.[9] Thevictory was certified by anelectoral vote tally by ajoint session of Congress on January 6, 2021. In accordance withArticle I, Section 6 of theUnited States Constitution, Harris resigned her seat in theU.S. Senate effective noon on January 18, 2021.[10] Trump repeatedly disputed the legitimacy of the election, but committed to an orderly transition of power exactly two months after losing.[11]
Biden, at age 78 years and 61 days upon taking office, became theoldest sitting U.S. president, older thanRonald Reagan, who left office at 77 years and 349 days. Upon his inauguration, he also became the first president fromDelaware, thesecond Catholic, afterJohn F. Kennedy, and the first person sinceGeorge H. W. Bush to have held the office of both president and vice president.[12][13][14] Harris became the first woman to hold a nationally elected office, and the firstAfrican American and firstAsian American vice president.
The swearing-in ceremony forPresident-elect Biden andVice President-elect Harris was planned by theJoint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, a bipartisan committee composed ofUnited States SenatorsRoy Blunt (chairman),Mitch McConnell, andAmy Klobuchar, andUnited States RepresentativesNancy Pelosi,Steny Hoyer, andKevin McCarthy.[15][5] The committee is overseen by theSenate Committee on Rules and Administration.[5]
On December 8, 2020, Republican members of the committee voted against a resolution that would have publicly recognized Biden as the president-elect and Harris as the vice president-elect.[16] After Biden and Harris's win was certified by the Electoral College, Blunt and several otherRepublican senators finally acknowledged him and her as the president-elect and vice president-elect, stating that he will facilitate communications with Biden's presidential inaugural committee to prepare for the inauguration.[17]
The 2021 Presidential Inaugural Committee organized several other inauguration‑related events at the direction of the president‑elect and vice president‑elect of the United States. The committee was led byJim Clyburn,Eric Garcetti,Cedric Richmond,Lisa Blunt Rochester, andGretchen Whitmer (co-chairs), Tony Allen (chief executive officer),Maju Varghese (executive director),Yvanna Cancela and Erin Wilson (deputy executive directors),David A. Kessler (chief medical adviser), and Adrienne Elrod (director of talent and external affairs).[18] The committee hiredStephanie Cutter andRicky Kirshner, who produced the largely virtual2020 Democratic National Convention, along withGlenn Weiss to organize the inaugural programming.[19]
The Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies chose the inaugural theme "Our Determined Democracy: Forging a More Perfect Union" to highlight the inaugural ceremony as a "hallmark of American governance and democracy" and stress thepeaceful transition of power.[5]
Allen, Biden Inaugural Committee CEO, said the events would "look different amid the pandemic" but maintain inaugural traditions while engaging Americans in a safe manner.[18] This included severalvirtual concerts and events hosted by celebrities, featuring live musical performances and speeches that spanned five days—Saturday, January 16, 2021, through the evening of Inauguration Day.[20] The committee's inaugural theme was "America United" and its officialYouTube channel and othersocial media featured exclusive content related to the ceremonies.[21]
On September 3, 2020, theCapitol Police Board announced that public access to the West Front of theUnited States Capitol would be restricted from September 7, 2020, to February 28, 2021, to "allow for the safe and secure construction of the Inaugural platform, stands, and other infrastructure necessary to support the event".[22] Construction began on September 29, 2020.[23] The traditional "first nail ceremony" commemorating the start of construction of the inaugural platform was not held because it coincided with thedeath and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, theSupreme Courtjustice.[24] The platform can support 1,600 spectators. However, far fewer were permitted for this event, due to attendance restrictions designed to prevent the spread of COVID-19.[4] Another 1,000 people, often choirs and musical guests, are traditionally situated on risers above the platform, but these were not used at full capacity for this event.[5]
Compared to past inaugurations, the drastic reduction in crowd size at Biden's inauguration was expected to reduce costs.[25] Typically, presidential inaugurations cost about US$100 million.[25] In September 2020, prior to implementing attendance restrictions, costs were estimated to exceed US$44.9 million, with theDistrict of Columbia's costs incurred in connection with the event being reimbursed by the federal government.[26] However, the storming of the Capitol two weeks prior to the inauguration on January 6, along with threats of nationwide unrest, significantly increased the need for security.[27]John Sandweg, a formerHomeland Security Department official, remarked that theUnited States Secret Service likely has a surplus of funds because of lower-than-usual expenses during the 2020 campaign season, whenpresidential nominating conventions were mostly virtual and the travel of presidential candidates was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[25]
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The storming of the United States Capitol on January 6 raised concerns about the security of the inauguration.[28][29] However, Biden chose not to move the ceremony indoors, indicating that he believed a public, outdoor ceremony was necessary to demonstrate strength.[30] In response, organizers and officials made an unprecedented effort to secure the Capitol during the ceremony and deter people from visiting Washington, D.C., during theweek of the inauguration over concerns of political violence. While several individuals were arrested near the Capitol in the days preceding the event for carrying illegal weapons,[31] disobeying police,[32] and trespassing,[33] and a fire near a homeless encampment prompted an evacuation of the grounds,[34] the ceremony proceeded without incident.[35] A heightened security presence remained in the city through the end of the month.[36]
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The inauguration, like all ceremonies since thefirst inauguration of George W. Bush in 2001, was designated aNational Special Security Event (NSSE).[27] However, following the attack and reports of subsequent threats to disrupt Biden's inauguration and incite nationwide unrest, the Secret Service launched a security operation that surpassed any in modern U.S. history.[28][37] The Secret Service established a Multi-Agency Command Center (MACC) to coordinate security—formed six days earlier than planned—composed of agents and representatives from many government agencies (such as the FBI,U.S. Marshals Service,Defense Department,Park Police, andD.C. Metro Police) and private companies (including a gas company,CSX railroad, andAmtrak).[28] Combined efforts included:
On the Saturday before the inauguration,America United: An Inauguration Welcome Event Celebrating America's Changemakers, opened the inaugural program through a series of musical performances and political speeches.[59][20] The live-streamed event opened with an original performance of "Everybody Deserves To Be Free" by the Resistance Revival Choir, a group of female andnon-binaryprotest singers,[60] featuring a lead vocal by soul artistDeva Mahal.[59]
ThePledge of Allegiance was then led by members of theGirl Scouts.Mexican American producerCristela Alonzo hosted the program, remarking that Biden's inauguration will be "the beginning of the next chapter" in American history.[59]New Mexico CongresswomanDeb Haaland then recounted the history ofAmerica's indigenous peoples, and introducedQuechan Indian tribal nation leader Claudette White, who joined in the performance of atraditional song.[59] After the performance, several female political organizers appeared and discussed the significance of Harris's election as the first female vice president.[59] Alonzo then introduced actorNik Dodani, who emphasized the importance of Biden's inauguration, and civil rights activistJanet Murguía, who spoke of the political successes ofwomen of color in the 2020 presidential election.[59] International, national, and local union leaders, includingAmerican Federation of Teachers presidentRandi Weingarten andNational Education Association presidentRebecca S. Pringle, along with leaders representingfirefighters,government andservice sector employees,steel,auto,postal,food, andcommunications workers then hailed Biden's win as a success for workers in their respective industries, citing his support of their causes, such as theFight for $15.[59]
ActressWhoopi Goldberg then appeared and said she felt "optimistic" for the nation under Biden's and Harris's leadership, and actor and musicianDarren Criss then performed a cover of "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher".[59][61]MayorKeisha Lance Bottoms ofAtlanta,Georgia, an early endorser of Biden's 2020 campaign,[62] then joined, saying Biden "will ensure that all Americans ... have their voices heard".[59] Musical group theBlack Pumas then performed their song "Colors" and said they were "looking forward to a new sense of optimism, unity and peace" for all Americans.[61] Concluding the event,New York CongresswomanGrace Meng introduced Harris, who said that she "stands on the shoulders" of those who created opportunities for women, particularlyAfrican-American women, to participate and lead in politics.[20][59]
The Biden Inaugural Committee released an officialmusical playlist of 46 songs (symbolizing Biden as the 46th president) that was curated bydisc jockeyD-Nice and music label Raedio,[63] created by actressIssa Rae.[64] The playlist was part of the committee's efforts to have Americans participate from home for the inauguration.[65] The playlist, released on all major streaming platforms, included Biden, Harris, and their spouses' "walk-on songs", which were played when they appeared on stage at campaign rallies.[63][65] According toRolling Stone, Biden's "walk-on song" was "We Take Care of Our Own" byBruce Springsteen;Jill Biden's was "You Make My Dreams (Come True)" byHall & Oates; Harris's was "Work That" byMary J. Blige; and Emhoff's was "You Get What You Give" byNew Radicals.[63] Committee CEO Allen remarked that the musical selections "reflect the relentless spirit and rich diversity of America" and served as the "score to a new chapter" in American history as Biden and Harris begin their "important work to unite [the] country".[63][65]
On the Sunday before the inauguration, Biden's inaugural committee organized the virtual "We the People" concert fundraiser co-hosted by actorKeegan-Michael Key and actressDebra Messing.[66] Attendees of the live-streamed event had to donate to the Biden Inaugural Committee to be allowed entry.[67] The concert opened with Biden and his wife, Jill, thanking supporters of his campaign and acknowledging the lives lost in the COVID-19 pandemic; Biden remarked that it is the "honor of [his] lifetime" to serve as president.[67]
MusicianBen Harper was the first musical performance of the night, playing his song "With My Own Two Hands".[68] SingerMichael Bivins made a video appearance and thanked viewers for their donations. BandAJR then performed their song "Bummerland".[68] SingerBarbra Streisand then joined to congratulate Biden and Harris, calling for them to "restore the health" of the United States and world; she also performed her rendition of "Happy Days Are Here Again", an Americanstandard.[68][67] Messing introduced actor and formerBarack Obama administration memberKal Penn, who reflected on the importance of the inauguration and hope of a "brighter future".[68] Harris and her husband, Doug Emhoff, then joined via video link to thank supporters and list the issues they will face in leading the nation.[67]
Rapperwill.i.am then performed "American Dream",[68] acharity single supporting his fundraising initiative for the i.am Angel Foundation to expandSTEM education forunderprivileged students.[69] Actress and activistSophia Bush later appeared to thank donors to the inaugural committee, and musicianCarole King performed herGrammy Award-winning song "You've Got a Friend".[70] Mexican actorJaime Camil then delivered a short address on immigration, andJames Taylor performed "America the Beautiful", which he previously had played at the2013 inauguration.[71][72] ActressConnie Britton reflected on political unity and the time she met then-Vice President Biden at the 2016United State of Women Summit.[71] Musical actFall Out Boy performed their song "Centuries" in a pre-recorded video.[68]Cher then addressed Biden's and Harris's win, saying that she was "thrilled" and "optimistic" for them to lead the nation; she then performed a cover ofMiley Cyrus's song "I Hope You Find It".[67] In concluding the event,DJ Cassidy addressed viewers and sampled music.[68]
Two days before Inauguration Day, January 18, 2021, wasMartin Luther King Jr. Day, the federal holiday that recognizesDr. King's birthday. Biden and his inaugural committee encouraged Americans to engage in acts of community service and organized more than 2,500 virtual orsocially distant volunteer events in 56 U.S. states and territories in partnership withAmeriCorps.[73] The committee recommended several volunteer activities aimed at improving people's economic, health, and social well-being,[74] including writing cards for those recovering from COVID-19, knitting sentimental items for the homeless, serving at "contactless" food and clothing donation drives, and participating in community cleanups.[75] Biden and his wife volunteered atPhilabundance, a non-profit food bank inPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania, by helping boxcanned goods.[76] Harris and her husband volunteered in Washington, D.C.[77]
On the evening of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, the Biden inaugural committee celebrated King's commitment to community service through virtual speeches and music inUnited We Serve: A Celebration of the National MLK Day of Service.[78][79] Co-hostsSean Patrick Thomas andLynn Whitfield introduced the event and commended the acts of volunteerism Americans participated in during the day of service; both Harris and her husband, Emhoff, appeared and discussed the importance of the inauguration and community service.[79] King's son,Martin Luther King III, daughter-in-law, Andrea, and granddaughter, Yolanda, discussed community service; his youngest daughter,Bernice King, then spoke at a pulpit and remarked on her father's practice ofnonviolence.[78] MusicianAloe Blacc performed his song "My Way";[80]cellistYo-Yo Ma performedAir and Simple Gifts, a composition he also performed atthe 2009 inauguration in the presence of then-Vice President-elect Biden;[81]Andra Day performed her song "Rise Up";BeBe Winans performed King's "I Have a Dream" speech;[82]Alejandro Fernández and bandManá performed "Decepciones";[83] and Chesca andDiane Warren performed "El Cambio", which was frequently played during Biden's campaign. Additional speakers includedAl Sharpton,NAACP presidentDerrick Johnson,National Urban League presidentMarc Morial, SenatorsCory Booker andTammy Duckworth,Kansas CongresswomanSharice Davids, actressRosario Dawson, and several other academics and civil rights activists who spoke on the legacy of King.[80]
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Across the National Mall to 13th Street, apublic art display composed of 191,500U.S. flags and 56pillars of light (representing the 50 U.S. states, D.C., and the five permanently inhabited U.S. territories), wereinstalled, representing those who could not attend the inauguration in person due to the attendance restrictions to prevent the spread of COVID-19.[84][85] The field was lit the evening of January 18.[86]
On January 19, Biden departed his home state of Delaware in a send-off ceremony at his deceased sonBeau Biden's namesakeMajor Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III National Guard/Reserve Center inNew Castle;[87] the event included remarks fromDelaware GovernorJohn Carney, Biden, his wife Jill, and a benediction by Rabbi Michael S. Beals of Congregation Beth Shalom inWilmington.[88] Later that day, Biden, Harris, and their spouses participated in a nationwide lighting ceremony at theLincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool.[89] Inaugural organizers invited communities around the United States to light buildings and ring church bells at 5:30 p.m. ET on the eve of the inauguration in a moment of "unity and remembrance" for those who died during the pandemic.[89] The Lincoln Memorial lighting was held simultaneously, providing a moment of national reflection to help Americans find the spirit to rebuild after the pandemic.[90] CardinalWilton Daniel Gregory, thearchbishop of Washington, delivered the ceremony'sinvocation; gospel singerYolanda Adams sang "Hallelujah" and Michigan nurse Lori Marie Key performed "Amazing Grace". Both Biden and Harris, in their addresses, emphasized the importance of national grieving, with Biden saying it's "how [Americans] heal".[87] Several national landmarks participated in the lighting ceremony, including theEmpire State Building,Space Needle, and other buildings in major U.S. cities, as well as on tribal lands.[90]Washington National Cathedral tolled its bells four hundred times, each one in memory of a thousand Americans who had died, thus far, in the COVID-19 pandemic.[91]
Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) were celebrated inAAPI Inaugural Ball: Breaking Barriers, a partnership between the inaugural committee, and advocacy organizations IMPACT and RUN AAPI.[92][80] The event featured remarks and musical performances fromNeera Tanden, CongresspeopleAmi Bera,Pramila Jayapal,Andy Kim, andRaja Krishnamoorthi; formerOlympianMichelle Kwan; actorsKal Penn,John Cho,Kumail Nanjiani, andChloe Bennet;[93] and musical performances byJapanese Breakfast,[92] Ari Afsar,Raja Kumari, and others.[80]
African Americans were celebrated inWe Are One, hosted byTerrence J, through "inspiring stories and entertaining performances".[94] PoliticiansStacey Abrams, congresspeopleJim Clyburn,Cedric Richmond,Joyce Beatty, SenatorCory Booker, and Senator-electRaphael Warnock appeared.[80] Actors and actresses, includingLeslie Jones andKim Fields, were also featured; musical actsTobe Nwigwe, DJ D-Nice,Frankie Beverly,The O'Jays,Rapsody, andStep Afrika!, among others, performed.[80] The event also included aBattle of the Bands, featuring severalhistorically black college marching bands from around the nation.[80][94]Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority presidentGlenda Glover and Howard University presidentWayne A. I. Frederick delivered remarks.[95]
Hispanic and Latino Americans were celebrated inLatino Inaugural 2021: Inheritance, Resilience, and Promise, hosted byEva Longoria, in partnership with many Hispanic advocacy groups, including theHispanic Federation.[80][94] Entertainment figuresJohn Leguizamo,Rita Moreno,Edward James Olmos,Ivy Queen, andBecky G appeared along with many civil and voting rights advocates and U.S. senatorsBen Ray Luján,Bob Menendez,Catherine Cortez Masto, andAlex Padilla (Harris's senatorial designate).[80] Musical performers includedGilberto Santa Rosa,Gaby Moreno (featuringDavid Garza), who performed "Fronteras",[80]Lin-Manuel Miranda and Luis Miranda paid tribute toPuerto Rico through the song "En Mi Viejo San Juan",[93] Mariachi Nuevo Santander, who performed American folk song "This Land is Your Land"; and All-Star Tejanos United, an act fromRoma, Texas, performed "America the Beautiful: A Salute to the Latino Imprint".[96]The Wailers performed the Emilio Estefan production "One World, One Prayer", featuring relatives of Jamaican musicianBob Marley.[94]
Biden originally planned to travel to Washington, D.C., fromWilmington, Delaware, on anAmtrak passenger train, which he routinely took during his time as aU.S. Senator. However, on January 14, this plan was canceled due to security concerns.[97] On January 20, 2017, after completing his tenure as vice president, Biden departed the city on an AmtrakAcela train bound forhis namesake station in Wilmington.[98]
Biden and his wife spent the night of January 19 atBlair House, the President's Guest House—a custom for incoming presidents.[99] Traditionally, the president-elect meets with the outgoing president at the White House on the morning of their inauguration after a church service. Since Trump did not attend the inaugural ceremony—becoming the first outgoing president to not attend sinceAndrew Johnson in1869[100]—and did not communicate with Biden directly since thesecond presidential debate of the 2020 campaign, this tradition was not upheld.[101] Before each of his inaugurations as vice president, Biden attended a CatholicMass celebrated byKevin O'Brien. In 2013, this service was at thevice president's residence.[102] Biden and his wife, along with the second family attended a Mass of Thanksgiving celebrated by O'Brien at theCathedral of St. Matthew in Washington.[103] Biden extended invitations to the four congressional leaders from both parties—Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.), Senate Minority LeaderChuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.)—and all four accepted.[104]
Trump departed for hisMar-a-Lago resort inPalm Beach, Florida, the morning of the inauguration out ofJoint Base Andrews aboardAir Force One.[105][106] Trump and his wife, First LadyMelania Trump, landed on the tarmac in helicopterMarine One.[107] Cannons fired in salute, after a military band played "Hail to the Chief", in front of a modest crowd of a few hundred aides and other loyalists.[108] Trump's White House had issued invitations for the event to many present and former administration officials. Several invitees who have been critical of Trump, such asDon McGahn,John F. Kelly, andAnthony Scaramucci, declined to attend.[109][87]
Trump was only the fifth outgoing United States president not to attend their elected successor's inauguration, afterJohn Adams in 1801,John Quincy Adams in 1829,Martin Van Buren in 1841, andAndrew Johnson in 1869.[110]
Before departing, Trump delivered short remarks at a podium bearing thepresidential seal, telling his supporters "we will be back in some form."[107][106][111] A number of songs played as he boarded the airplane, many of which featured prominently at Trump rallies; this included "Macho Man" and "Y.M.C.A.", as well as "Fortunate Son", "Funeral for a Friend", and "Billie Jean".[112] As Air Force One lifted off,Frank Sinatra's "My Way" played—the song Trump and his wife danced to during his inaugural ball four years prior.[106]
Trump delivered his officialfirst farewell address, a recorded online video, the day before the inauguration. Without naming Biden, he referred to the "inauguration of a new administration", saying that "we pray for its success at keeping America safe and prosperous."[113][114] In keeping with tradition, Trump left Biden a letter of support in theResolute desk.[115] When asked about the letter, Biden said it was "generous", but refused to provide details.[116] Outgoing Vice President Mike Pence attended Biden's inauguration, then departed for his home state ofIndiana, where a group of supporters, including his brother,Indiana CongressmanGreg Pence, welcomed him.[87]
Beginning two hours before the outset of the inaugural ceremony, actressKeke Palmer hostedOur White House: An Inaugural Celebration for Young Americans, a livestream aimed at engaging youth in the day's events.[117] Jill Biden addressed viewers in a pre-recorded message, and historiansDoris Kearns Goodwin andErica Armstrong Dunbar discussed the ceremony's significance; aNickelodeon special on White House pets andPBS NewsHour student interviews aired, along with other curated educational content.[117]
The transfer of power included the transition of official administrationTwitter accounts, @POTUS and @VP. Members of the Biden administration also assumed ownership of a number of institutional accounts, including @WhiteHouse, @FLOTUS forFirst Lady Jill Biden, @SecondGentleman forSecond Gentleman Doug Emhoff, and @PressSec forWhite House Press SecretaryJen Psaki.[118] New executive branch websites were initialized; previous administrations' websites reside in theNational Archives.[119]
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Mosttraditional inaugural festivities were conducted virtually, primarily modeled after the 2020 Democratic National Convention.[120] The ceremony took place outdoors on the West Front of the United States Capitol, the site of every inauguration since Ronald Reagan's in1981. While members of Congress, in previous years, would receive 200,000 tickets to distribute among constituents, on this occasion, each member was allotted one guest ticket,[121] with many taking their spouses.[122] Only about three thousand people were to be permitted into the secure perimeter areas,[123] and the total live attendance for the scaled-down event was to be just over a thousand,[124] with guests seated both on the inaugural platform and in front of the platform.[122]
The decision to limit attendance was made by the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies based on consultation with public health experts.[121] According to historian Jim Bendat, COVID-19 prevention and security measures instituted for Biden's inauguration would make it the smallest ceremony sinceFranklin D. Roosevelt's fourth inauguration in 1945, when the inaugural was held at the White House before an audience of just a thousand people due to Roosevelt's poor health and theongoing world war.[125]
Outgoing U.S. President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump refused to attend the ceremony, the first time an incumbent skipped their successor's inauguration sinceAndrew Johnson refused to attendGrant's first inauguration in 1869. Former U.S. presidentsBill Clinton,George W. Bush, andBarack Obama (under whomBiden served as vice president), along with respective former first ladiesHillary Clinton,Laura Bush, andMichelle Obama, attended. Former U.S. presidentJimmy Carter and former first ladyRosalynn Carter could not attend due to their advanced age and inability to travel.[126]
Outgoing U.S. Vice PresidentMike Pence (whosucceeded Biden as vice president in2017) and Second LadyKaren Pence were in attendance.[127][128] Apart from Pence and Biden himself,Dan Quayle was the only other living former U.S. vice president who attended the ceremony, asWalter Mondale (who died 3 months after Biden's inauguration),Al Gore andDick Cheney were absent.[129][130]
For the first time in more than two decades, not everyU.S. Supreme Court justice attended: JusticesClarence Thomas,Stephen Breyer, andSamuel Alito, the oldest members of the Court, officially opted not to attend in light of the COVID-19 health risks, while the other six justices attended.[131] Alito'shome had been displaying a "Stop the Steal" symbol[132][133] while Thomas's wifeGinni had beeninvolved in that movement. Other attendees included the family members of Biden and Harris,[122]Biden's Cabinet nominees,[122] variousambassadors to the United States,[134][135] and other dignitaries.[136] For the first time, therepresentative of Taiwan in the United States (the country'sde facto ambassador) was invited to attend a presidential inauguration, withHsiao Bi-khim attending the ceremony.[137]
The weather was blustery on the day of the ceremony: at 12 noon atRonald Reagan Washington National Airport, located 3.1 miles from the Capitol, the temperature was 42 °F (6 °C), with 20 mph winds gusting to 28 mph.[138] TheU.S. Army Herald Trumpets playedruffles and flourishes. TheU.S. Marine Band (nicknamed "The President's Own") played a medley of patriotic music bySousa,Bagley, and others; heralded the entry of dignitaries to the inaugural platform with works including a newly commissionedFanfare for Tomorrow written byPeter Boyer,[139] "Hail, America" to introduce then-President-elect Biden; "Hail, Columbia" (the official anthem of the vice president) to introduce then-Vice President Pence and after Harris was sworn in, and "Hail to the Chief" (the official anthem of the president) after Biden was sworn in. The band had appeared at every presidential inauguration sinceThomas Jefferson's in1801.[140][141] Courtney Williams, Senior Chief Musician and concert moderator for theU.S. Navy Concert Band, returned as the platform announcer for his fourth consecutive inauguration.[142]
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SenatorAmy Klobuchar opened the ceremony with a short speech, saying the storming of the Capitol two weeks prior "awakened us to our responsibilities as Americans"; she declared the inaugural day "the day when our democracy picks itself up, brushes off the dust, and does what America always does: goes forward as a nation".[143][144] SenatorRoy Blunt, chair of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and themaster of ceremonies, delivered a short speech expounding theConstitution's Preamble, noting that unlike theArticles of Confederation or theMagna Carta, it roots and establishes law and authority in "We the People". Blunt remarked that the endeavor to create a "more perfect Union" is a continuing project and "we are more than we have been and we are less than we hope to be."[145]
Leo J. O'Donovan, a Catholic priest and formerpresident of Georgetown University,[146][147] invoked the "gracious and merciful God" in praying for Biden and Harris to "care for thecommon goodwith malice toward none and with charity for all", and quotedArchbishop John Carroll,Pope Francis, and theEpistle of James.[148]Lady Gaga then sang thenational anthem,[149] wearing a custom design gown and brooch bySchiaparelli.[150] TheGeorgia firefighters' union leader Andrea Hall led thePledge of Allegiance, usingAmerican Sign Language in addition to speaking.Jennifer Lopez performed her renditions of "This Land Is Your Land" and "America the Beautiful", and during the bridge she translated the last stanza of the Pledge of Allegiance in Spanish: "¡una nación, bajo Dios, indivisible, con libertad y justicia para todos!"
After the inaugural address (see below),Garth Brooks performed "Amazing Grace" (including the verse "When we've been there ten thousand years"), and asked the public to join him in singing the final verse; andNational Youth Poet LaureateAmanda Gorman recited her poem "The Hill We Climb".[151][152][153] At 22, Gorman is the youngest inaugural poet.[152] Silvester Beaman, aMethodist pastor of BethelAME Church in Wilmington, Delaware, and a friend of Biden, delivered thebenediction paraphrasing Isaiah 11 by replacing both in the messianic role of the "shoot from the stump of Jesse", and in the yet-to-be-reconciled role of the "wolf" and "lamb", with references to "We the People"—saying, for example, "We will not kill or destroy on all your Holy Mountain," and "We will not learn hate anymore."[147]
Biden was sworn in on aBible that has been in his family since 1893—the same one he used during his senatorial and vice presidential swearing-in ceremonies—held by his wife.[154] It is a late 19th-century edition of theDouay–Rheims Bible, with commentary byGeorge Leo Haydock.[155] The Bible is large—five inches (12.7 cm) thick—and has aCeltic cross on the front.[156] Biden's inauguration marked the first time a Catholic Chief Justice administered the oath to an incoming Catholic president.[157] Harris was sworn in on two Bibles held by her husband, one belonging to Regina Shelton, a person important to her and her sisterMaya Harris, and another belonging to former Supreme Court Associate JusticeThurgood Marshall.[158]
Associate JusticeSonia Sotomayor administered the oath of office to Harris at 11:40 a.m., with 20 minutes remaining in Pence's term. Sotomayor became the first woman to administer an inaugural oath twice after she administered then-Vice President Biden's at his 2013 swearing-in.[158] Harris recited the following:
I, Kamala Devi Harris, do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. [So help me God.]
Chief JusticeJohn Roberts then administered Biden's oath of office at 11:47 a.m., with 13 minutes remaining in Trump's term.[159][160] Biden recited the following, as prescribed by theConstitution:
I, Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr., do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. [So help me God.]
Upon completing the oath, theU.S. Army Band ("Pershing's Own") played four ruffles and flourishes, but a 21-gun cannon salute was not rendered, which caused a brief delay in the proceedings before Biden was able to deliver hisinaugural address. The 21-gun cannon salute for President Biden was later rendered at the wreath-laying ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery.[161]
Theflag of the vice president of the United States was present at the beginning of the inauguration ceremony, indicating the presence of the then-incumbent vice president Mike Pence. At noon the flag continued to fly for the new incumbent Kamala Harris. When the noon hour arrived, theflag of the president of the United States was raised by the military sentry, indicating the presence of the newly sworn incumbent president.
The presidentialnuclear football, which can authorize a nuclear attack while away from a command center, was discreetly given to military aides of the new administration during the ceremony; however, Trump's absence did not change the automatic deactivation of his and Pence's nuclear access and activation of Biden and Harris'.[162]
The inaugural address was 2,514 words long and took 21 minutes to deliver, between 11:52 a.m. and 12:13 p.m., with 7 minutes remaining in President Trump's first term and in the first 13 minutes of President Biden's term. Biden's inaugural speech was regarded as laying out his vision to unite the nation prefaced by the various impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic,economic strife,climate change,political polarization, andracial injustice.[163] Biden composed the speech with the assistance of speechwriterVinay Reddy, senior advisorMike Donilon, then-incoming Secretary of StateAntony Blinken, and chief of staffRon Klain.[164] His speech was described by theNew York Times as a "direct rebuttal" in tone to Trump's inaugural address (in which Trump spoke of "American carnage"), as Biden called for an end to the "uncivil war" of political, demographic, and ideological American cultures through a greater embrace of diversity.[165]In the speech, Biden repeated his campaign pledge to "fight as hard for those who did not support me as for those who did".[166][167] Focusing on the struggles of American citizens, Biden expressed sympathy, but stressed that distrust and fighting amongst one another would not better their conditions.[168] He cited theCivil War,Great Depression,world wars, andSeptember 11 attacks as moments in American history where citizens' "better angels" prevailed, saying that the solution—unity—must again be invoked to rise from the "cascading" crises of the present; this unity, he proclaimed, exists in the "common objects" that define America: "opportunity, liberty, dignity, respect, honor, and ... truth".[168][166]
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Biden vocalized his opposition todisinformation and politicians who seek to gain from its weaponization—a passive reference to Trump, who frequentlymade false or misleading statements while in office.[165] He explicitly decriedwhite supremacy andnativism, calling them an "ugly reality" of American life he vows to defeat that clouds the "American ideal" set out in theU.S. Declaration of Independence—thatall Americans are equal.[165][166][169] Biden pledged that the United States would "engage with the world once again"; "repair our alliances"; and act as a "trusted partner for peace and security".[170] His decision, for example, to reinstate American participation in theParis Agreement viaexecutive order, which Trumpwithdrew from, signaled his commitment to a global policy onclimate change.[171]
Biden also discussed the historical significance of Harris's ascension to the vice presidency, recounting the movements forcivil rights andwomen's suffrage that permitted African Americans and women to participate in politics; he celebrated their inauguration as a "triumph" fordemocracy, affirming apeaceful transfer of power exactly two weeks after the violent storming of the Capitol.[167][166] Near the conclusion of his speech, Biden held a moment of silence for those who died in the COVID-19 pandemic.[168] Quoting theGene Scheer composition "American Anthem",[172] he implored Americans to consider their legacy in answering the "call of history" to protect "democracy, hope, truth, and justice", "secure liberty", and make America a "beacon to the world", insisting that generations of their descendants will judge them on their actions.[168] In closing his speech, Biden promised to "always level" with the American people and govern exclusively in their interest.[168]
Following the swearing-in ceremony, President Biden participated in a signing ceremony, proclaiming the day aNational Day of Unity and declaring his nominations for Cabinet and sub-Cabinet positions to Congress.[173] Later in the evening, Vice President Harris performed her first vice presidential duty by swearing in Senators-electJon Ossoff andRaphael Warnock who, respectively, won the January 5regular andspecial Georgia Senate runoff elections that yielded aDemocratic majority in the U.S. Senate, along withAlex Padilla, who was appointed by CaliforniaGovernorGavin Newsom to fill Harris's vacated seat.[174]
Thecongressional luncheon, a tradition witnessed since the 1897inauguration of William McKinley, was canceled due to public health concerns, the first time since the 1977inauguration of Jimmy Carter.[175] However, President Biden and Vice President Harris were presented several gifts in theCapitol rotunda, includingLandscape with Rainbow byRobert S. Duncanson, twoleadLenox crystal vases cut by Peter O'Rourke, two flags that had been flown over the Capitol during the inaugural ceremony, and portraits of them taking their oaths of office.[176]
Later in the afternoon, President Biden, Vice President Harris, and their spouses participated in aPass in Review on the East Front of the United States Capitol featuring members of theUnited States Armed Forces. Traditionally, before the Pass in Review, the new president would escort the outgoing president to a helicopter,Marine One, where they would officially depart Washington, D.C.[177] However, Trump's decision to not attend Biden's inauguration and rather depart prior to the event's outset broke this custom.
Following the Pass in Review, President Biden and Vice President Harris, along with former presidents Clinton, Bush, and Obama, and all their spouses, participated in awreath laying ceremony at theTomb of the Unknown Soldier atArlington National Cemetery.[46] The television package included footage of former presidents Clinton, Bush, and Obama atArlington Memorial Amphitheater discussing the peaceful transition of power.[178] Presidential historianTimothy Naftali noted that the ceremony was significant because Congress had decided onInauguration Day in 1921, almost a hundred years prior to Biden's, to bury an unidentified soldier who died inWorld War I at the spot.[179] Naftali additionally remarked that the gathering of Biden and former presidents to honor the unknown soldiers who died in war served as a "visual message of unity, at a time of anxiety, pain and suffering in [the] country".[179]
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Following the wreath laying ceremony, a parade downPennsylvania Avenue,NW escorted President Biden and Vice President Harris to the White House which included every branch of the U.S. military, along with drumline bands from Biden and Harris's alma maters, theUniversity of Delaware andHoward University, respectively.[180][181] The Virtual Parade Across America, organized by the Biden Inaugural Committee, was hosted by actorTony Goldwyn, reflecting the "diversity, heritage, and resilience of the country" in the event's musical acts, poets, dance troupes, and more.[182][180] Viewing stands outside the White House that were originally constructed for members of the public were dismantled because they were ultimately deemed unnecessary for the revised plans.[183] The live parade was announced byCharlie Brotman, who has served as the inaugural parade announcer during almost every ceremony since former PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower'ssecond inauguration.[87][184]
ComedianJon Stewart, musiciansAndra Day,Nile Rodgers, andKathy Sledge, along with several choirs and athletes (including former OlympiansNathan Chen,Allyson Felix, andKatie Ledecky) appeared in a "virtual roll call".[180][185] The parade included 1,391 virtual participants, 95 horses, and nine dogs.[87] Frontline healthcare workers and several distinguished students and educators who helped their communities during the COVID-19 pandemic were honored as "heroes" during the ceremony.[180] ChoreographerKenny Ortega led a dance featuring 275 recorded segments from participants around the country;[181] the Ryan Martin Foundation, a basketball program for people using wheelchairs, joined the parade virtually.[180] Musical actNew Radicals reunited for the first time in two decades to conclude the parade with their hit song "You Get What You Give".[186] The song was used by Harris's husband,Doug Emhoff, during 2020 campaign rallies, and was referred to by Biden in his autobiography,Promise Me, Dad, as his family's "rallying theme song" during his deceased sonBeau's terminal battle withglioblastoma.[186] The band's leader,Gregg Alexander, said he hoped the group's performance of the song was a "tiniest beacon of light in such a dark time".[186]
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Celebrating America was a television special hosted byTom Hanks that aired the evening of the inauguration across most major television networks and other cable and streaming outlets. The event featured many musical guests and celebrities, includingBruce Springsteen,Jon Bon Jovi,Justin Timberlake,Dave Grohl,Tim McGraw,Lin-Manuel Miranda,John Legend,Demi Lovato, andKaty Perry.[187] The Biden Inaugural Committee raised over $61.8 million for the event from various companies, unions, and individuals.[188]
At 10:00 a.m. on the morning of January 21, the National Prayer Service took place at Washington National Cathedral. A virtual service, Biden and his family participated from the White House. More than thirty religious leaders of various faiths participated;William Barber II preached, calling for a "third reconstruction" of America in hishomily.[189]
A series ofprotests and counter-protests related to the results of the 2020 presidential election began in December 2020.[190] After the storming of the Capitol, D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser requested theInterior Department to cancel city demonstration permits and reject demonstration applications during the inauguration,[46][191] but the agency declined to do so.[191] TheNational Park Service designated two adjacent areas—portions of theJohn Marshall Park andNavy Memorial—exclusively for "First Amendment activities" (protests).[41][192] The U.S. Park Police limited demonstration attendance to a maximum of one hundred individuals in each location and required participants be screened viamagnetometers.[192] The left-wing groupsANSWER Coalition and D.C. Action Lab were granted permits and staged demonstrations within attendance limits.[191]
The scale of protests and armed militia marches that intelligence reports indicated would occur near the U.S. Capitol and at state capitols on Inauguration Day was vastly overestimated, both in size and in scope.[193] Nationally, few people demonstrated at state capitols. At theNew York State Capitol, a lone Trump supporter reportedly visited with the intention of protesting—the demonstrator had expected a "massive protest".[194] On January 17, three days before the inauguration, some members of the MichiganBoogaloo Bois openly carried weapons outside thestate's capitol, but never became violent.[195]NPR attributed the lack of violent protests to several factors: theJustice Department's targeting of rioters from the storming of the Capitol; protest organizers warning of "false flag" events staged by law enforcement to "gather people for potential arrest"; and the banning or removal ofsocial media profiles, groups, pages, and applications, such asParler, associated with politicalextremism and fringe movements.[193]
Nearly forty million people watched Biden's address on the combined major cable news and broadcast network television stations.[196] More than 21 million people watched theprime timeCelebrating America special.[196] In 2017, a combined 38.3 million viewers watched Trump's inaugural address across the same networks,[196] according to Nielsen data, representing a 4% increase in raw television viewership.[197]CNN was the ratings leader throughout the day. Compared to the previous inaugural ceremony in 2017,Fox News's viewership fell 77%, while CNN's tripled andMSNBC's quadrupled.[197] The figures below,Nielsen data sourced fromAdweek,[198] do not includestreaming figures.[197]
Legend
| Total viewers 11:45 AM to 12:15 PMEST
| Total viewers 11:00 AM to 4:00 PM EST
| Total viewers (prime time) 8:30 to 10:00 PM EST
|
Biden and Harris's assumption of their respective offices was met with congratulations from many world leaders, including prime ministersMuhyiddin Yassin,Scott Morrison,Alexander De Croo,Boris Johnson,Justin Trudeau,Mette Frederiksen,Sanna Marin,Kyriakos Mitsotakis,Katrín Jakobsdóttir,Narendra Modi,Micheál Martin,Benjamin Netanyahu,Giuseppe Conte,Yoshihide Suga,Jacinda Ardern,Erna Solberg,Imran Khan,António Costa,Lee Hsien Loong,Pedro Sánchez, andStefan Löfven; presidentsXi Jinping,Vladimir Putin,Sahle-Work Zewde,Frank-Walter Steinmeier,Emmanuel Macron,Jair Bolsonaro,Rodrigo Duterte,Andrés Manuel López Obrador,Tsai Ing-wen andMoon Jae-in;European Commission PresidentUrsula von der Leyen,NATO Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenberg, andPope Francis.[199][200]
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswomanHua Chunying said theChinese government hopes Biden will restorebilateralism.[199]Iranian PresidentHassan Rouhani called Trump a "tyrant" and urged Biden to return to theIran nuclear agreement, which Trumpwithdrew the United States from, saying Iran will then "fully respect" their "commitments under the pact".[200]Hamas called Trump "the biggest source and sponsor of injustice, violence and extremism in the world", calling for Biden to "reverse the course of misguided and unjust policies against [their] people".[200]
Following the inauguration, apicture ofBernie Sanders attending went viral as an internet meme. Sanders' website subsequently sold merchandise with the picture and donated the profits to charity.[201][202]
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