Theeagle is used inheraldry as acharge, as asupporter, and as acrest. Heraldiceagles can be found throughout world history like in theAchaemenid Empire or in the presentRepublic of Indonesia. The Europeanpost-classical symbolism of the heraldic eagle is connected with theRoman Empire on one hand (especially in the case of thedouble-headed eagle), and withSaint John the Evangelist on the other.
A golden eagle was often used on the banner of theAchaemenid Empire of Persia. Eagle (or the related royal birdvareghna) symbolizedkhvarenah (the God-given glory), and theAchaemenid family was associated with eagle (according to legend,Achaemenes was raised by an eagle). The local rulers ofPersis in theSeleucid andParthian eras (3rd-2nd centuries BC) sometimes used an eagle as thefinial of their banner. Parthians andArmenians used eagle banners, too.[1]
_1545_Jacob_Koebel.jpg)
In Europe the iconography of the heraldic eagle, as with otherheraldic beasts, is inherited fromearly medieval tradition. It rests on a dual symbolism: On one hand it was seen as a symbol of theRoman Empire (theRoman Eagle had been introduced as the standardised emblem of theRoman legions under consulGaius Marius in 102 BC); on the other hand, the eagle in early medieval iconography representedSaint John the Evangelist, ultimately based on the tradition of thefour living creatures inEzekiel.[citation needed]
In early heraldry or proto-heraldry of the 12th century, however, the eagle as a heraldic charge was not necessarily tied to either imperial or biblical symbolism. The Anglo-NormanL'Aigle family, who held Pevensey castle and the Borough of Pevensey, used the eagle as an emblem in an instance ofcanting arms. The earliest known use of the eagle as a heraldic charge is found in the Great Seal ofLeopold IV of Austria, dated 1136.[4]Adalbert I, Duke of Teck used an eagle inhis seal inc. 1190.[citation needed]
By the late medieval period, inGerman heraldry the eagle developed into a symbol of theHoly Roman Empire, and thus became comparatively rare outside of coats of arms derived from the Imperial Eagle. The Imperial Eagle was and is denominated theReichsadler. The first evidence of the use of thedouble-headed Imperial Eagle dates to the mid-13th century (Chronica Majora,c. 1250;Segar's Roll,c. 1280). The German kings continued use of the single-headed eagle during the 14th century. InItaly, theGhibelline faction (the faction loyal to the Emperor in the drawn-out conflict between emperors and popes) began to displayor an eagle sablein chief of their coats of arms, known ascapo dell'impero or "chief of the empire".[5] Similarly, German cities began to incorporate the Imperial Eagle into their seals and coats of arms to implyImperial immediacy. From such usage, use of the heraldic eagle by the end of the medieval period became so strongly associated with the Holy Roman Empire that the eagle was rarely used as an independent heraldic charge. Examples of continued use of an eagle in coats of arms based on traditions of the 13th century include thePolish,Moravian, andSilesian coats of arms.[citation needed]
By far the oldest and most common manner of depicting the eagle in heraldry is what would come to be known asdisplayed (éployée), in direct imitation ofRoman iconography. The eagle's body is depicted with lateral symmetry, but its head is facing the dexter side. In late medieval blasons, the term "eagle" (Middle Frenchegle) without specification refers to an "eagle displayed". In early modern English terminology, it became common to use "eagle displayed". Also specific toEnglish heraldry is the distinction between "eagle displayed with its wings elevated" and "eagle displayed with wings inverted". This is due to a regional English convention of depicting the tips of the wings pointing upward, while in continental heraldry, the tips of the wings were depicted downward ("inverted"). Later, English heraldry partially adopted the continental convention, leading to a situation where it was unclear whether the two forms should be considered equivalent. InGerman heraldry, no attitude other than "eagle displayed with wings inverted" ever became current, so that the simple blason of "eagle" (Adler) still refers to this configuration.[b]
There is a gradual evolution of the standard depiction of the heraldic eagle over the course of the 12th to 16th centuries. In the 12th to 13th century, the head is raised and the beak is closed. The leading edge of the wings (in German heraldry termedSachsen orSaxen, representing the main bones in the bird's wing, humerus and ulna) are rolled up at the ends into a spiral shape, with theremiges shown vertical. The tail is represented as a number of stiff feathers. By the later 14th century, the head is straightened, and the beak opens, with the tongue becoming visible. The rolling-up of the leading edge of the wings disappears. The claws now form an acute angle relative to the body, occasionally receiving a "hose" covering the upper leg. The tail feathers now spread out in curved lines. In the 15th century, the leading edge of the wings become half-circles, with the remiges no longer vertical but radiating outward. The legs form a right angles. In the 16th century, eventually, the depiction of the eagle becomes more extravagant and ferocious, the animal being depicted "it in as ornamental and ornate a manner as possible". Fox-Davies (1909) presents a schematic depiction of this evolution, as follows:[7]
The depiction of the heraldic eagle is subject to a great range of variation in style. The eagle was far more common incontinental European—particularlyGerman—thanEnglish heraldry, and it most frequently appearsSable (colored black) with its beak and clawsOr (colored gold or yellow). It is often depictedmembered (having limbs of a different color than the body) /armed (an animal depicted with its natural weapons of a different color than the body) andlangued (depicted having a tongue of a different color than the body)gules (colored red), that is, with red claws / talons and tongue. In its relatively few instances in Gallo-British heraldry (e.g. the arms of theEarls of Dalhousie) the outermost feathers are typically longer and point upward.
An eagle can appear either single- ordouble-headed (bicapitate), in rare casestriple-headed (tricapitate) eagle is seen.[c]
An eagle can be displayed with his head turned to thesinister (left side of the field).In full aspect describes an eagle with his head facing the onlooker.In trian aspect (a rare, later 16th and 17th century heraldry term) describes when the eagle's head is facing at a three-quarter view to give the appearance of depth – with the head cocked at an angle somewhere between profile and straight-on.
Overture orclose is when the wings are shown at the sides and close to the body, always depictedstatant (standing in profile and facing the right side of the field). (Trussed - the term when depicting domestic or game birds with their wingsclosed - is not used because the eagle is a proud animal and the word implies it is tied up or bound by a net.)
Addorsed ("back to back") is when the eagle is shownstatant (standing in profile and facing the right side of the field) and ready to fly, with the wings shown open behind the eagle so that they almost touch.
Espanie orépandre ("expanded") is when the eagle is shownaffronté (facing the viewer with the head turned to thedexter) and the wings are shown with the tips upward.
Abaisé orabaissé ("lowered") is when the eagle is shownaffronté (facing the viewer) and the wings are shown with the tips downward. A good example is the eagle on the reverse side of theUS quarter-dollar coin.
Kleestängel, alsoKleestengel orKlee-Stengeln ("clover-stems"), are the pair of long-stemmed trefoil-type charges originating in 13th-century German depictions of the heraldic eagle. They represent the upper edge of the wings and are normallyOr (gold / yellow), like the beak and claws, as in thearms of Brandenburg or several versions of thearms of Prussia.[8]Reinmar von Zweter fashioned theKlee-Stengeln of his eagle into a second and third head.[9] In Polish the term isprzepaska, which means "cloth" or "band" (in Latin, "perizonium" or "perisonium"), which may refer either to theKleestängel, as in the Polish arms (white on a white eagle, formerly also gold on a white eagle[10]) and others derived from it,[11] or to theBrustspange as below.
Brustspange, alsoBrustmond orBrustsichel, is an elongated crescent across the breast and wings (in effect, a pair ofKleestängel extended to join each other). As withKleestängel, there is no specific English term for this charge as it does not occur in English heraldry: it is usually blazoned simply as a crescent, and when the ends terminate in trefoils as a "crescent trefly" or "treflée". Sometimes there is across paty in the centre, notably in thearms of Silesia(silver on a black eagle) introduced in the early 13th century by either DukeHenry the Bearded or DukeHenry II the Pious,[12] which occurs in numerous related arms.[13]
The informal term "spread eagle" is derived from a heraldic depiction of aneagledisplayed (i.e. upright with both wings, both legs, and tailfeathers all outstretched). The wings are usually depicted "expanded" or "elevated" (i.e., with the points upward);displayed inverted is when the wings are depicted points downward. According to Hugh Clark,An Introduction to Heraldry, the termspread eagle refers to "an eagle with two heads, displayed",[14] but this distinction has apparently been lost in modern usage. Most of the eagles used as emblems of various monarchs and states aredisplayed, including those on the coats of arms ofGermany,Romania,Poland and theUnited States.
Displayed is the most common attitude, with examples going back to the early Middle Ages.
An eaglerising orrousant (essorant) is preparing to fly, but its feet are still on the ground. It is the eagle's version ofstatant (standing in profile and facing the right side of the field).
There is sometimes confusion between arousant eagle withdisplayed wings and adisplayed eagle.[citation needed] The difference is thatrousant eagles face to the right and have their feet on the ground anddisplayed eagles face the viewer, have their legs splayed out, and the tail is completely visible. There is a debate over whetherrousant ordisplayed is the eagle's default depiction.[citation needed]
Volant describes an eagle in profile shown in flight with wings shownaddorsed andelevated and its legs together and tucked under. It is consideredin bend ("diagonal") as it is flying from the lowersinister (heraldic left, from the shield-holder's point of view) to the upperdexter (heraldic right, from the shield-holder's point of view) of the field. However, the term "in bend" is not used unless abend is actually on the field.
An eagle shownrecursant has its back towards the viewer, e.g., "An eagle volant recursant descendant in pale" is an eagle flying downward in the vertical center of the shield with its back towards the viewer.
Like theheraldic lion, the heraldic eagle is seen as dominating the field and normally cannot brook a rival. When two eagles are depicted on a field, they are usually showncombatant, that is, facing each other with wings spread and one claw extended, as though they were fighting.Respectant, the term used for depicting domestic or game animals shown facing each other, is not used because eagles are aggressive predators.
When two eagles are shown back-to-back and facing the edges of the field the term used isaddorsed /endorsed oradossés ("back-to-back").
This term is used when three or more Eagles are shown on a field. They represent immature eagles.
Originally the termerne oralerion in early heraldry referred to a regular eagle. Later heralds used the termalerion to depict baby eagles. To differentiate them from mature eagles, alerions were shown as aneagle displayed inverted without a beak or claws (disarmed). To difference it from adecapitate (headless) eagle, the alerion has a bulb-shaped head with an eye staring towards the dexter (right-hand side) of the field. This was later simplified in modern heraldry as an abstract winged oval.
An example is the arms of theDuchy of Lorraine (Or, on a BendGules, 3 Alerions AbaiséArgent). It supposedly had been inspired by the assumed arms of crusaderGeoffrey de Bouillon, who supposedly killed three white eaglets with a bow and arrow when out hunting.[15] It is far more likely to be canting arms that are a pun based on the similarities of "Lorraine" and "erne".[citation needed]
TheAquila was the eagle standard of aRoman legion, carried by a special gradelegionary known as anAquilifer, from the second consulship ofGaius Marius (104 BC) used as the only legionary standard. It was made ofsilver, orbronze, with outstretched wings. The eagle was not immediately retained as a symbol of the Roman Empire in general in the early medieval period. Neither the early Byzantine emperors nor theCarolingians used the eagle in their coins or seals. It appears that the eagle is only revived as a symbol of Roman imperial power in thehigh medieval period, being featured on the sceptres of theOttonians in the late 10th century, and the double-headed eagle gradually appearing association with theKomnenos dynasty in the 11th and 12th centuries.
The eagle is used as an emblem by the Holy Roman Emperors from at least the time ofOtto III (late 10th century), in the form of the "eagle-sceptre".
Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1155–90) is reported as having displayed an eagle on his banner,Otto IV (r. 1209–15) an eagle hovering over a dragon.[16] The first evidence of the use of theReichsadler (imperial eagle) proper dates to the mid-13th century.Matthew Paris'Chronica Majora (c. 1250) displays a coat of arms with a black double-headed eagle in a yellow field for Otto IV.Segar's Roll (c. 1280) displays the same coat of arms,or, an eagle sable beaked and armed gules for the "king of Germany" (rey de almayne). Outside of these exceptional depictions (in sources from outside of Germany), the double-headed eagle remains unattested as emblem of the German kings or emperors until the 1430s. In the 14th century, the German kings used the royal banner (Königsfahne) with the single-headed eagle. The earliest pictorial representations of this date to the first half of the 14th century (Codex Balduini). This banner develops into theReichssturmfahne (imperial war flag) with the double-headedReichsadler (imperial eagle) by the mid-15th century.Sigismund (r. 1433–37) still uses either the single-headed or the double-headed eagle. Consistent use of the double-headed eagle only begins with theHabsburg emperors (withFrederick III, 1440). After 1558 (Ferdinand I), the title ofKing of the Romans is used for the emperor's heir apparent; the double-headed eagle now represents the emperor, and the single-headed eagle the emperor's heir apparent (thus,Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans, who pre-deceased his father in 1654 and never became emperor, is given a single-headed eagle only).
Use of thedouble-headed eagle is first attested in Byzantine art of the 10th century. Its use as an imperial emblem, however, is considerably younger, attested with certainty only in the 15th century, i.e. at about the same time the double-headed eagle was also adopted in the Holy Roman Empire. There are speculative theories according to which the double-headed eagle was first introduced as a dynastic emblem of theKomnenoi, from as early as the 11th century.[d] ThePalaiologoi emperors appear to have used the double-headed eagle often as ornamental emblem on their robes etc. during the 13th and 14th century, but only in the 15th century as an emblem on coins or seals. In the 15th century, the double-heade eagle was first used as an emblem by the semi-autonomousDespots of the Morea, who were younger imperial princes, and by theGattilusi ofLesbos, who were Palaiologan relatives and vassals. The double-headed eagle was used in the breakawayEmpire of Trebizond as well. Westernportolans of the 14th–15th centuries use the double-headed eagle (silver/golden on red/vermilion) as the symbol of Trebizond rather than Constantinople. Single-headed eagles are also attested in Trapezuntine coins, and a 1421 source depicts the Trapezuntine flag as yellow with a red single-headed eagle. Apparently, just as in the metropolitan Byzantine state, the use of both motifs, single and double-headed, continued side by side. Other Balkan states followed the Byzantine model as well: chiefly theSerbians, but also theBulgarians andAlbania under George Kastrioti (better known asSkanderbeg), while after 1472 the eagle was adopted byMuscovy, whenIvan III of Russia marriedSophia, daughter ofThomas Palaiologos.[19][20]
TheSerbian eagle (in the moderncoat of arms of Serbia, 1882) is derived from the coat of arms of theNemanjić dynasty (16th century), in turn derived from the Byzantine imperial eagle. Use of the double-headed eagle for Serbia is among the examples of early representations in Westernportolans (Angelino Dulcert 1339).
John the Evangelist, the author of thefourth gospel account, is symbolized by aneagle, king of the birds, often with ahalo. The eagle is a figure of the sky, and believed by Christian scholars to be able to look straight into the sun.[21]
The best-known heraldic use of the Eagle of St. John has been the single supporter chosen byQueen Isabella of Castile in her armorial achievement used as heiress and later integrated into theheraldry of theCatholic Monarchs. This election alludes to the queen's great devotion to the evangelist that predated her accession to the throne.[22]
The Eagle of St. Johnsupported the shields used byCatherine of Aragon, daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, asqueen consort of England, and byMary I andKing Philip as joint monarchs of England. In Spain, Philip bore the Eagle of St John (variously one or two) in hisornamented armorial achievements until 1668.[23]
The Eagle of the Evangelist was restored as single supporter holding the 1939, 1945 and 1977 official models of thearmorial achievement of Spain,[24] but been removed in 1981 when the current design was adopted.[25] The eagle was used by the Spanish dictatorFrancisco Franco as a symbol of his regime. It is also frequently used in moderncivic heraldry.
The eagles in thePolish,Moravian andSilesian coats of arms are based on 13th-century dynastic arms. TheSilesian Piasts was the first branch ofPiast dynasty to use an eagle for their coat of arms. The first documented use of the Upper Silesian Eagle was on theCasimir I of Opole's seal in 1222 and was later followed by the first use of the Lower Silesian Eagle by theHenry II the Pious in 1224.Przemysł II was the first Polish ruler to use the Polish Eagle as a coat of arms to represent the whole of Poland in 1295.[26]
TheMargraviate of Moravia from at least the 1270s used a chequered eagle.[27] The Moravian Eagle (without chequering) was first documented on the seal of Ottokar's uncle, Margrave Přemysl (d. 1239) and is thus likely derived from the coat of arms of thePřemyslid dynasty, who in the early 13th century used a "flaming eagle" coat of arms alongside theBohemian lion for theKingdom of Bohemia.
Heraldic eagles are enduring symbols used in the national coats of arms of a number of countries:
.svg)
Since 20 June 1782, theUnited States has used itsnational bird, thebald eagle, on itsGreat Seal; the choice was intended to at once recall theRoman Republic and be uniquely American (the bald eagle being indigenous to North America). The representation of the American Eagle is thus a unique combination between a naturalistic depiction of the bird, and the traditional heraldic attitude of the "eagle displayed".
The American bald eagle has been a popular emblem throughout the life of the republic, with an eagle appearing in its current formsince 1885, in the flags and seals of thePresident,Navy,Marine Corps,Air Force,Justice Department,Defense Department,Postal Service, and other organizations, on various coins (such as thequarter-dollar), and in various American corporate logos past and present, such as those ofCase andAmerican Eagle Outfitters.
Benjamin Franklin is quoted in a letter to his daughter regretting the eagle's use as a national symbol, calling it a "bird of bad moral character" that steals from other birds and is easily frightened, and joking that it is good that the eagle in theCincinnati's proposed seal looked more like a turkey.[28] This has led to a misconception that Franklin actively supported a turkey or opposed an eagle for the grand seal.[29]
.svg)
The French Imperial Eagle orAigle de drapeau (lit. "flag eagle") was a figure of an eagle on a staff carried into battle as a standard by theGrande Armée ofNapoleon I during theNapoleonic Wars.
Although they were presented withRegimental Colours, the regiments ofNapoleon I tended to carry at their head theImperial Eagle. This was thebronze sculpture of aneagle weighing 1.85 kg (4 lb), mounted on top of the blue regimental flagpole. They were made from six separately cast pieces and, when assembled, measured 310 mm (12 in) in height and 255 mm (10 in) in width. On the base would be the regiment's number or, in the case of theGuard,Garde Impériale. The eagle bore the same significance to French Imperial regiments as the colours did toBritish regiments - to lose the eagle would bring shame to the regiment, who had pledged to defend it to the death.
Upon Napoleon's fall, the restored monarchy ofLouis XVIII ordered all eagles to be destroyed and only a very small number escaped. When the former emperor returned to power in 1815 (known as theHundred Days) he immediately had more eagles produced, although the quality did not match the originals. The workmanship was of a lesser quality and the main distinguishing changes had the new models with closed beaks and they were set in a more crouched posture.
Napoleon also used the French Imperial Eagle in theheraldry of theFirst Empire, as did his nephewNapoleon III during theSecond Empire. An eagle remains in the arms of theHouse of Bonaparte and thecurrent royal house of Sweden retains the French Imperial Eagle on itsdynastic inescutcheon, as his founder,Jean Bernadotte, was aMarshal of France andPrince of Pontecorvo.
.svg)
Naturalistic eagles are often used in military emblems, such as the emblem of theRoyal Air Force (United Kingdom),NATO School,theEuropean Personnel Recovery Centre, etc.
InArab nationalism, with theEgyptian Revolution of 1952, the eagle became the symbol of revolutionaryEgypt, and was subsequently adopted by several other Arab states (theUnited Arab Emirates,Iraq,Libya, the partially recognisedState of Palestine, andYemen).
The eagle is commonly identified asSaladin's emblem due to his yellow flag was adorned with an eagle,[30] as well as the depiction of anEgyptian vulture on the west wall of theCairo Citadel which was built during the rule of Saladin.[31]: 24 The current design of the eagle itself, however, is of more recent date specifically after the Egyptian revolution of 1952.
As aheraldic symbol identified with Arab nationalism, the Eagle of Saladin was subsequently adopted as the coats of arms ofIraq andPalestine. It has previously been thecoat of arms of Libya, but later replaced by theHawk of Quraish. The Hawk of Quraish was itself abandoned after theLibyan Civil War. The Eagle of Saladin was part of thecoat of arms of South Yemen prior to that country'sunification withNorth Yemen.
The stone-carved Zimbabwe Bird is the national emblem ofZimbabwe, appearing on the national flags and coats of arms of both Zimbabwe andRhodesia (since 1924), as well as onbanknotes and coins (first onRhodesian pound and thenRhodesian dollar). It probably represents thebateleur eagle or theAfrican fish eagle.[32][33] The bird's design is derived from a number ofsoapstone sculptures found in the ruins of the ancient city ofGreat Zimbabwe.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)One theory is that the symbol was adopted from the many ancient Hittite rock carvings of the mythicalHaga found throughout Anatolia.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
| Types | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topics | |||||||||||||||
| Achievement | |||||||||||||||
| Charges |
| ||||||||||||||
| Tinctures |
| ||||||||||||||
| Applications | |||||||||||||||
| Related | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
.jpg){kind=link}
