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Imperial Rule Assistance Association

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Empire of Japan's sole political party during much of World War II
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Imperial Rule Assistance Association
大政翼贊會
Taisei Yokusankai
FounderFumimaro Konoe
LeaderKantarō Suzuki(final)
Foundation12 October 1940; 85 years ago (12 October 1940)
Dissolved13 June 1945; 80 years ago
Merger of
GroupsYokusan Sonendan and etc.,see#Organisation
HeadquartersChiyoda,Tokyo,Japan[1]
NewspaperImperial Rule Assistance
Ideology
Political positionFar-right
AnthemTaisei Yokusan no Uta [ja]
StatusPurged (under Edict No. 109)[2]
Allies
OrganizationImperial Rule Assistance Political Association
Succeeded by
Volunteer Fighting Corps (unofficial)
Imperial Rule Assistance Association
Japanese name
Kanaたいせいよくさんかい
Kyūjitai大政翼贊會
Shinjitai大政翼賛会
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnTaiseiyokusankai
Part ofa series on
Kokkashugi

TheImperial Rule Assistance Association (Japanese:大政翼贊會/大政翼賛会,Hepburn:Taisei Yokusankai), orImperial Aid Association, was theEmpire of Japan's ruling political organization during much of theSecond Sino-Japanese War andWorld War II. It was created byPrime MinisterFumimaro Konoe on 12 October 1940,[3] to promote the goals of hisShintaisei ("New Order") movement. It evolved into astatist,para-fascist[4]rulingpolitical party which aimed at removingsectionalism andfactionalism from politics and economics in the Empire of Japan, creating atotalitarianone-party state in order to maximize the efficiency of Japan'stotal war effort againstChina and laterthe Allies.[5] When the organization was launched officially, Konoe was hailed as a "political savior" of a nation in chaos; however, internal divisions soon appeared.

History

[edit]

Origin

[edit]

Based on recommendations by theShōwa Kenkyūkai (Shōwa Research Association), Konoe originally conceived of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association as areformist political party to overcome the deep-rooted differences and political cliques betweenbureaucrats, politicians and the military. During the summer of 1937, Konoe appointed 37 members chosen from a broad political spectrum to a preparatory committee which met inKaruizawa, Nagano. The committee included Konoe's political colleaguesFumio Gotō, CountYoriyasu Arima and entrepreneur andright-wing spokesmanFusanosuke Kuhara. A radical wing of the military was represented byKingoro Hashimoto, while thetraditionalist military wings were represented bySenjūrō Hayashi,Heisuke Yanagawa andNobuyuki Abe.

Konoe proposed originally that the Imperial Rule Assistance Association be organized alongnational syndicalist lines, with new members assigned to branches based on occupation, which would then develop channels for mass participation of the common population to "assist with the Imperial Rule".[6] However, from the start, there was no consensus in a common cause, as the leadership council representedall ends of the political spectrum, and in the end, the party was organized along geographic lines, following the existing political sub-divisions. Therefore, all local government leaders at each level of village, town, city and prefectural government automatically received the equivalent position within their local Imperial Rule Assistance Association branch.[7]

In 1938, Konoe passed theState General Mobilization Law, which effectivelynationalized strategic industries, thenews media, andlabor unions, in preparation fortotal war withChina. Labor unions were replaced by the Nation Service Draft Ordinance, which empowered the government to draft civilian workers into critical war industries. Society was mobilized and indoctrinated through theNational Spiritual Mobilization Movement, which organized patriotic events and mass rallies, and promoted slogans such as"Yamato-damashii" (Japanese spirit) and"Hakkō ichiu" (All the world under one roof) to supportJapanese militarism. This was urged to "restore the spirit and virtues of old Japan".[8]

Formation

[edit]
Establishment of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association

In July and August 1940, four contemporary political partiesRikken Seiyūkai,Rikken Minseitō,Kokumin Dōmei, andShakai Taishūtō voted to dissolve. They subsequently joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Association.[9] The Imperial Rule Assistance Association was formed in October 1940. It was modelled on the mass party model found in Germany with theNazi Party and Italy'sNational Fascist Party but was not as successful in mobilizing the public as Germany and Italy were. Compared to Germany and Italy, Japan got its support from the top and not the bottom as it was created by the government along with Japanese elites.[10][11]

As soon as October 1940, the Imperial Rule Assistance Association systemized and formalized theTonarigumi, a nationwide system of neighborhood associations. The 6 November 1940 issue ofShashin Shūhō (Photographic Weekly Report) explained the purpose of this infrastructure:

TheTaisei Yokusankai movement has already turned on the switch for rebuilding a new Japan and completing a new Great East Asian order which, writ large, is the construction of a new world order. TheTaisei Yokusankai is, broadly speaking, the New Order movement which will, in a word, place One Hundred Million into one body under this new organisation that will conduct all of our energies and abilities for the sake of the nation. Aren't we all mentally prepared to be members of this new organization and, as one adult to another, without holding our superiors in awe or being preoccupied with the past, cast aside all private concerns in order to perform public service? Under theTaisei Yokusankai are regional town, village, andtonarigumi; let's convene council meetings and advance the activities of this organization.[12]

In February 1942, all women's associations were merged into theGreater Japan Women's Association which joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Association in May. Every adult woman in Japan, excepting the under twenty and unmarried, was forced to join the Association.[13] Likewise, in June, all youth organizations were merged into theGreater Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Youth Corps (翼賛青年団,Yokusan Sonendan), based on the model of the GermanSturmabteilung (stormtroopers).[14]

In March 1942, Prime MinisterHideki Tōjō attempted to eliminate the influence of elected politicians by establishing an officially sponsored election nomination commission, which restricted non-government-sanctioned candidates from the ballot.[15] After the1942 Japanese General Election, all members of Diet were required to join theImperial Rule Assistance Political Association (Yokusan Seijikai),[16] which effectively made Japan a one-party state.

Dissolution

[edit]

The Imperial Rule Assistance Association was formally dissolved on 13 June 1945, around three months before theend of World War II in thePacific Theater. During the Alliedoccupation of Japan, theAmerican authoritiespurged thousands of government leaders from public life for having been members of the Association. Later, many of them returned to prominent roles inJapanese politics after the end of the occupation on 28 April 1952 by theTreaty of San Francisco.

Ideology and activities

[edit]
Celebratory performance on founding of the IRAA

The Imperial Rule Assistance Association is considered to be a far-right,[17][18]para-fascist organization.[4][19][20] It supportedKokkashugi,[a] which included elements oftotalitarianism[28] andultranationalism.[29] Japanese scholarMasao Maruyama defined the ideology adhered by the group to be "Emperor-system fascism".Encyclopædia Britannica referred toHideki Tojo as afascist.[30] While it was founded under the influence ofEuropean fascism based on theNew Political Order [ja], many members were drawn from the pre-existing Diet, covered the whole of theleft-right political spectrum, and did not adhere to a particular ideology.

The anthem of the association isTaisei Yokusan no Uta [ja] (transl. Song of the Imperial Aid Association).[31] They published their own newspaperImperial Rule Assistance (大政翼賛,Taisei yokusan).

In addition to drumming up support for the ongoingwars in China and in thePacific, the Imperial Rule Assistance Association helped maintain public order and provided certain public services via thetonarigumi neighborhood association program.[32] It also played a role in increasing productivity, monitoring rationing, and organizingcivil defense. The Imperial Rule Assistance Association was also militarized, with its members donning khaki-colored uniforms. In the last period of the conflict, the membership received military training and was projected to integrate with theVolunteer Fighting Corps in case of the anticipatedAllied invasion.

Some objections to it came on the grounds thatkokutai, imperial polity, already required all imperial subjects to support imperial rule.[33]

Organisation

[edit]

Multiple groups were established under the association. A parliamentary caucus翼賛議員同盟,'Parliamentarian Alliance of Imperial Rule Assistance Association', was first established in September 1941. It was reorganised into theImperial Rule Assistance Political Association after the1942 election. In March 1945, parliamentarians that came from the youth wingYokusan Sonendan formed another caucus翼壮議員同志会,'Imperial Rule Assistance Young Men's Parliamentarian Brothers Association'.

Other groups that were part of the association include:[37]

Leaders

[edit]
Imperial Rule Assistance Association cadres, 1940

In the history of Imperial Rule Assistance Association there were four leaders:[38]

No.Leader
(birth–death)		PortraitConstituency ortitleTook officeLeft office
1Fumimaro Konoe
(1891–1945)
House of Peers12 October 194018 October 1941
2Hideki Tojo
(1884–1948)
[38][39][40]		Military (Army)18 October 194122 July 1944
3Kuniaki Koiso
(1880–1950)
Military (Army)22 July 19447 April 1945
4Kantarō Suzuki
(1868–1948)
Military (Navy)7 April 194513 June 1945

Deputy President

General Secretary

Election results

[edit]

House of Representatives

[edit]
ElectionLeaderSeats wonPositionStatus
1942Hideki Tojo
381 / 466
1stGovernment

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abTranslated in various ways, including "statism",[21] "nationalism",[22] "state-nationalism",[23] and "national socialism".[24]

References

[edit]
  1. ^^ 東京會舘編『東京會舘いまむかし』（東京會舘、1987年）、pp.159-162
  2. ^Tetsuo, Hirata; Dower, John W. (July 2007)."Japan's Red Purge: Lessons from a Saga of Suppression of Free Speech and Thought".The Asia-Pacific Journal.5 (7): 3.
  3. ^Berger, Gordon M. (1974). "Japan's Young Prince. Konoe Fumimaro's Early Political Career, 1916–1931".Monumenta Nipponica.29 (4):473–474.doi:10.2307/2383896.ISSN 0027-0741.JSTOR 2383896.
  4. ^abThe Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. 16 August 2005.ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9.Para-fascist 'single-party' organisation established in Japan in 1940.
  5. ^Wolferen,The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation, page 351
  6. ^Sims,Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000, p. 220
  7. ^Duus,The Cambridge History of Japan, page 146
  8. ^Edwin P. Hoyt,Japan's War, p 189ISBN 0-07-030612-5
  9. ^Yoshimi, Yoshiaki."社会大衆党(しゃかいたいしゅうとう)とは".kotobank.jp (in Japanese).Encyclopedia Nipponica. Retrieved15 February 2020.
  10. ^Schwartz, Frank J.; Pharr, Susan J., eds. (2006).The state of civil society in Japan (Repr ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 54.ISBN 978-0-521-53462-8.
  11. ^Ienaga, Saburō (2010).The Pacific War, 1931-1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan's Role in World War II. Frank Baldwin. Westminster: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 112.ISBN 978-0-307-75609-1.
  12. ^David C. Earhart,Certain Victory, M.E. Sharpe, 2008, p.142, citingShashin Shūhō
  13. ^Modern Japan in archives, the Yokusan System,http://www.ndl.go.jp/modern/e/cha4/description15.html
  14. ^abShillony, Ben-Ami (1981).Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–33,71–75.ISBN 0-19-820260-1.
  15. ^Stockwin,Governing Japan: Divided Politics in a Major Economy, page 22
  16. ^Havens, Thomas R. H. (1981)."Review of The 1942 Japanese General Election: Political Mobilization in Wartime Japan".The American Historical Review.86 (4): 145,905–906.doi:10.2307/1860276.ISSN 0002-8762.
  17. ^Iacobelli, Pedro (2017).Postwar Emigration to South America from Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 54.ISBN 9781474297271.
  18. ^Hwang, Minhyuk (2019).Fukuzawa Yukichi's Bourgeois Liberalism: The Betrayal of the East Asian Enlightenment. Springer. p. 33.ISBN 9783030215309.
  19. ^Sanitized Sex: Regulating Prostitution, Venereal Disease, and Intimacy in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952. University of California Press. 26 September 2017. p. 45.ISBN 978-0-520-96869-1.
  20. ^Colonial Taiwan: Negotiating Identities and Modernity Through Literature. Brill. 3 April 2017. p. 33.ISBN 978-90-04-34450-1.
  21. ^Tamanoi, Mariko Asano (31 October 2008).Memory Maps: The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 144.ISBN 978-0-8248-6359-3.
  22. ^Stegewerns, Dick (27 July 2005). "The dilemma of nationalism and internationalism in modern Japan". In Stegewerns, Dick (ed.).Nationalism and Internationalism in Imperial Japan: Autonomy, Asian Brotherhood, Or World Citizenship?. Routledge. p. 12.ISBN 978-1-135-79060-8.
  23. ^Julia C., Schneider (31 July 2023). "Chinese Nationalism in Late Qing Times: How to (not) change a multi-ethnic empire into a homogenous nation-state". In Zhouxiang, Lu (ed.).The Routledge Handbook of Nationalism in East and Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 110.ISBN 978-1-000-91168-8.
  24. ^Hofmann, Reto (9 July 2015).The Fascist Effect: Japan and Italy, 1915–1952. Cornell University Press. p. 157.ISBN 978-0-8014-5636-7.... the literal translation of kokkashugi is 'state socialism.' This rendering reflects its proponents' emphasis on the state as an institution to solve economic and social problems. But the adherents of this ideology often translated kokkashugi as 'national socialism,' and contemporaries often remarked about the parallels with German National Socialism. For example, the title of the journal of this school of thought was kokkashakaishugi, which they translated as 'national socialism.'
  25. ^Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Mythor reality, or mythand reality?".New Political Economy.11 (2):227–250.doi:10.1080/13563460600655581.S2CID 155046186.
  26. ^McClain, James L. (2002).Japan: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 454.ISBN 0393041565.Conservatives such as Hiranuma Kiichiro, who served as prime minister for eight months in 1939, objected that the proposed totalitarian IRAA was nothing but a 'new shogunate' that would usurp the power of the emperor's government, and Japanists declared that the national polity, the hallowed kokutai, already united the emperor with subjects who naturally fulfilled their sacred obligation to 'assist imperial rule.' On a more mundane plane, senior officials within the Home Ministry feared the loss of bureaucratic turf and complained that the proposed network of occupationally based units would interfere with local administration at a particularly crucial time in the nation's history.
  27. ^Wolferen, Karel van (1989).The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation. Knopf Doubleday. p. 351.ISBN 0-679-72802-3. Retrieved18 February 2025.Known as Konoe's 'brains trust', the Showa Kenkyukai was a source of inspiration for the New National Structure Movement (also known as the New Order Movement, or Shin Taisei Undo), which aimed to overhaul the political system, to purge Japan of conflicting interests and to promote a totalitarian national The Imperial Rule Assistance Association (IRAA or Taisei Yokusankai), intended as the controlling organisation of the 'new order', was launched in October 1940 in the hope of liberating Japan once and for all from the perennial 'sectionalism' that deprived the empire of its full potential.
  28. ^[25][26][27]
  29. ^Brandon, James R., ed. (2009).Kabuki's Forgotten War: 1931-1945.University of Hawaii Press. p. 113.ISBN 9780824832001..2 All existing political parties 'voluntarily' dissolved themselves, replaced by a single authorized political body, the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association.
  30. ^"fascism".Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved20 April 2025.
  31. ^"大政翼賛の歌 / Taiseiyokusan'nouta / Anthem of Taisei Yokusankai - With Lyrics".Archived from the original on 28 April 2021.
  32. ^Aldus,The Police in Occupation Japan: Control, Corruption and Resistance to Reform, page 36
  33. ^James L. McClain,Japan: A Modern History p 454ISBN 0-393-04156-5
  34. ^婦人団体を統合、婦道修練を目指す（『朝日新聞』昭和15年6月11日夕刊）『昭和ニュース辞典第7巻 昭和14年-昭和16年』p428 昭和ニュース事典編纂委員会 毎日コミュニケーションズ刊 1994年
  35. ^Yoneda, Sayoko[in Japanese].大日本婦人会 だいにほんふじんかい [Greater Japan Women's Association].Encyclopedia Nipponica.Shogakukan. Retrieved8 January 2017.
  36. ^Payne, Stanley G. (1996).A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Routledge. p. 335.ISBN 1-85728-595-6.
  37. ^[34][35][14][36]
  38. ^abRaanan Rein.Spain 1936: Year Zero. Liverpool University Press. p. 247.ISBN 9781782845041.
  39. ^Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard C. (May 2015).The Routledge History of Genocide. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-317-51484-8.
  40. ^"Tojo and the coming of the war | Department of History | University of Washington".

References

[edit]
  • Aldus, Christop (1999).The Police in Occupation Japan: Control, Corruption and Resistance to Reform.Routledge.ISBN 0-415-14526-0.
  • Duus, Peter (2001).The Cambridge History of Japan. Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN 0-312-23915-7.
  • Sims, Richard (2001).Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000. Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN 0-312-23915-7.
  • Stockwin, JAA (1990).Governing Japan: Divided Politics in a Major Economy. Vintage.ISBN 0-679-72802-3.
  • Wolferen, Karel J (1990).The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation. Vintage.ISBN 0-679-72802-3.

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