Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially afterWorld War II.Western European countries, especially, saw high growth in immigrationpost 1945, and many European nations today (particularly those of theEU-15) have sizeable immigrant populations, both of European and non-European origin. In contemporary globalization, migrations to Europe have accelerated in speed and scale. Over the last decades, there has been an increase in negative attitudes towards immigration, and many studies have emphasized marked differences in the strength of anti-immigrant attitudes among European countries.[1]
Beginningin 2004, theEuropean Union grantedEU citizensfreedom of movement and residence within the EU, and the term "immigrant" has since been used to refer to non-EU citizens, meaning that EU citizens are not to be defined as immigrants within EU territory. The European Commission defines "immigration" as the action by which a person from a non-EU country establishes his or her usual residence in the territory of an EU country for a period that is or is expected to be at least twelve months. Between 2010 and 2013, around 1.4 million non-EU nationals, excluding asylum seekers and refugees, immigrated into the EU each year using regular means, with a slight decrease since 2010.[2]
Historical migration into or within Europe has mostly taken the form ofmilitary invasion, but there have been exceptions; this concerns notably population movements within theRoman Empire under thePax Romana; theJewish diaspora in Europe was the result of theFirst Jewish–Roman War of AD 66–73.
With the collapse of the Roman Empire, migration was again mostly coupled with warlike invasion, not least during the so-calledmigration period (Germanic), theSlavic migrations, theHungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, theIslamic conquests and theTurkic expansion into Eastern Europe (Kipchaks,Tatars,Cumans).TheOttomans once again established a multi-ethnic imperial structure across Western Asia and Southeastern Europe, butTurkification in Southeastern Europe was due more to cultural assimilation than to mass immigration.In the late medieval period, theRomani people moved into Europe both via Anatolia and the Maghreb.[5]
There were substantial population movements within Europe throughout theEarly Modern period, mostly in the context of theReformation and theEuropean wars of religion, and againas a result of World War II.
From the late 15th century until the late 1960s and early 1970s, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Norway,[6] Sweden,[7] Denmark, Belgium, Portugal,Spain and the United Kingdom[8] were primarily sources ofemigration, sending large numbers of emigrants to theAmericas,Australia,Siberia andSouthern Africa. A number also went to other European countries (notably France, Switzerland, Germany and Belgium). As living standards in these countries have risen, the trend has reversed and they were a magnet for immigration (most notably from Morocco, Somalia, Egypt to Italy and Greece; from Morocco, Algeria and the Americas to Spain and Portugal; and from Ireland, India,Pakistan, Germany, the United States, Bangladesh, and Jamaica to the United Kingdom).
Article 17 of theSchengen Agreement aims at moving internal borders to external borders.[9]
Mobility or mobility of workers is the name given to ease people from one EU country to work into another EU country. The Maastricht treaty name it "the free movement of persons".[10] This is one of the key principles of the European Union.
As a result of theSchengen Agreement, signed on 14 June 1985,[11] there is free travel within part of Europe — known as theSchengen area[12] — for all citizens and residents of all 27 member states;[13] however, non-citizens may only do so for tourism purpose, and for up to three months.[12][14]Moreover,EU citizens and their families have the right to live and work anywhere within the EU;[15] citizens of non-EU or non-EEA states may obtain aBlue Card or long-term residency.[16]
A large proportion of immigrants in western European states have come from former eastern bloc states in the 1990s, especially in Spain, Greece, Germany, Italy, Portugal and the United Kingdom. There are frequently specific migration patterns, with geography, language and culture playing a role. For example, there are large numbers ofPoles who have moved to theUnited Kingdom andIreland andIceland, whileRomanians and alsoBulgarians have chosenSpain andItaly.[17][18]
With the earlier of the two recent enlargements of the EU although most countries restricted free movement by nationals of the acceding countries, the United Kingdom did not restrict for the2004 enlargement of the European Union and received Polish, Latvian and other citizens of the new EU states.
Spain was not restricted for the2007 enlargement of the European Union, when 9 countries entered Schengen area in 2007, and received many Romanians and Bulgarians as well other citizens of the new EU states.[19]
Many of these Polish immigrants to the UK have since returned to Poland, after the serious economic crisis in the UK[citation needed]. Nevertheless, free movement of EU nationals is now an important aspect of migration within the EU, since there are now 27 member states,[20] and has resulted in serious political tensions between Italy and Romania, since Italy has expressed[when?] the intention of restricting free movement of EU nationals (contrary to Treaty obligations and the clear jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice).[21][citation needed]
Another migration trend has been that ofNorthern Europeans moving towardSouthern Europe. Citizens from the European Union make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Portugal, Spain, South of France, Italy and Greece.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]
In 2023 and 2024, 3 new countries entered the Schengen area, including Romania and Bulgaria.
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Many immigrants and their descendants have ancestral origins outside the continent. For the former colonial powers France, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, and Portugal, most immigrants, and their descendants have ties to former colonies in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. In addition, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium recruited Turkish and Moroccanguest workers beginning in the 1960s, and many current immigrants in those countries today have ties to such recruitment programs.[29][30][31]
Moroccan immigrants also began migrating substantially to Spain and Italy for work opportunities in the 1980s.[32] In the Nordic countries of Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland, the bulk of non-Western immigrants are refugees and asylum seekers from the Middle East, East Africa, and other regions of the world arriving since the 1980s and 1990s.[quantify] Increasing globalization has brought a population of students, professionals, and workers from all over the world into major European cities, most notably London, Paris, and Frankfurt. The introduction of theEU Blue Card in May 2009 has further increased the number of skilled professional immigrants from outside of the continent.[33][34]
Illegal immigration and asylum-seeking in Europe from outside the continent have been occurring since at least the 1990s. While the number of migrants was relatively small for years, it began to rise in 2013. In 2015, the number of asylum seekers arriving from outside Europe increased substantially during theEuropean migrant crisis (seetimeline). However, the EU-Turkey deal enacted in March 2016 dramatically reduced this number, and anti-immigrant measures starting in 2017 by the Italian government further cut illegal immigration from the Mediterranean route.
Some scholars claim that the increase in immigration flows from the 1980s is due toglobal inequalities between poor and rich countries.[35] In 2017, approximately 825,000 persons acquired citizenship of a member state of the European Union, down from 995,000 in 2016.[36] The largest groups were nationals ofMorocco,Albania,India,Turkey andPakistan.[37] 2.4 million non-EU migrants entered the EU in 2017.[38][39] In addition, cheaper transportation and more advanced technology have further aided migration.
European Commission PresidentUrsula von der Leyen praised theEU Asylum and Migration Pact as a "huge achievement for Europe".[40] The provisions of the EU Asylum and Migration Pact apply to migrants caught illegally crossing anexternal EU border, such as those reaching the shores of Greece, Italy or Spain via theMediterranean Sea orAtlantic Ocean on boats provided by smugglers; estimated at 300,000 migrants in 2023.[41] Provisions do not apply to legal migrants to the EU (~3.5 million in 2023) and migrants who arrived legally but overstayed their visas (~700,000 in 2023).[41]
The Nordic countries have differed in their approach to immigration. While Norway and Sweden used to have generous immigration policies, Denmark and Finland had more restricted immigration. Although both Denmark and Finland have experienced a significant increase in their immigrant populations between 2000 and 2020 (6.8% points in Denmark and 5.0% in Finland), Norway (11.9%) and Sweden (11.0%) have seen far greater relative increases.
The table below shows the percentage of the total population in the Nordic countries that are either (1) immigrants or (2) children of two immigrant parents:
| Nr | Country | 2000 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Sweden[42] | 14.5% | 19.1% | 21.5% | 22.2% | 23.2% | 25.5% |
| 2 |  Norway[43][44][45][46] | 6.3% | 11.4% | 15.6% | 16.3% | 16.8% | 18.2% |
| 3 |  Iceland[47][48] | 3.2% | 8.9% | 10.0% | 10.8% | 12.0% | 15.6% |
| 4 |  Denmark[49] | 7.1% | 9.8% | 11.6% | 12.3% | 12.9% | 13.9% |
| 5 |  Finland[50] | 2.9% | 4.4% | 6.2% | 6.6% | 7.0% | 7.9% |
For decades, Danish immigration and integration policy were built upon the assumption that with the right kind of help, immigrants and their descendants will eventually tend to the same levels of education and employment as Danes. This assumption was doubted by a 2018 study by theDanish Immigration Service and theMinistry of Education. There are only small differences between children of descendants, descendants and immigrants (arrived in Denmark as 0-12 year olds) of non-Western origin in terms of labor market attachment and education.[51] One of the reasons was that second-generation immigrants from non-Western countries marry someone from their country of origin and so Danish is not spoken at home which disadvantages children in school. Thereby the process of integration has to start from the beginning for each generation.[52]
In January 2015 the "immigrant population" in Norway consisted of approximately 805,000 people, including 669,000 foreign-born and 136,000 born in Norway to two immigrant parents. This corresponds to 15.6% of the total population.[53] The cities with the highest share of immigrants areOslo (32%) andDrammen (27%).[54] The six largest immigrant groups in Norway are Poles, Swedes, Somalis, Lithuanians, Pakistanis and Iraqis.
In the years since 1970, the largest increase in the immigrant population has come from countries inAsia (includingTurkey),Africa andSouth America, increasing from about 3500 in 1970 to about 300,000 in 2011. In the same period, the immigrant population from other Nordic countries andWestern Europe has increased modestly from around 42,000 to around 130,000.[55]
In 2014 the "immigrant population" in Sweden consisted of approximately 2.09 million people, including 1.60 million foreign-born and 489,000 born in Sweden to two immigrant parents. This corresponds to 21.5% of the total population.[56]
Of the major citiesMalmö has the largest immigrant population, estimated to be 41.7% in 2014.[57] However, the smaller municipalitiesBotkyrka (56.2%),Haparanda (55.5%) andSödertälje (49.4%) all have a higher share of immigrants. In the Swedish capitalStockholm 31.1% (in 2014) of the population are either foreign-born or born in Sweden by two foreign-born parents.[58]
In 2014 127,000 people immigrated to Sweden, while 51,000 left the country. Net immigration was 76,000.[56][59]
Sweden has been transformed from a nation ofemigration ending after World War I to a nation ofimmigration from World War II onwards. In 2009, Sweden had the fourth largest number of asylum applications in theEU and the largest number per capita afterCyprus andMalta.[60][61] Immigrants inSweden are mostly concentrated in theurban areas ofSvealand andGötaland and the five largest foreign born populations in Sweden come fromFinland,Yugoslavia,Iraq,Poland andIran.[62]
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Immigration has been a major source ofpopulation growth and cultural change throughout much of thehistory of Finland.[63] The economic, social, and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding ethnicity, economic benefits, jobs for non-immigrants, settlement patterns, impact on upwardsocial mobility, crime, and voting behavior.
At the end of 2017, there were 372,802 foreign born people residing inFinland,[64] which corresponds to 6.8% of the population, while there are 384,123 people with a foreign background, corresponding to 7.0% of the population.[65] Proportionally speaking, Finland has had one of the fastest increases in its foreign-born population between 2000 and 2010 in all of Europe. The majority of immigrants in Finland settle in the Helsinki area, although Tampere, Turku, and Kuopio have had their share of immigrants in recent years.
In 2024, theUnited Nations estimated 12 million immigrants (foreign-born people) inFrance, representing 17.2% of the total population, making France thesecond largest foreign born population in Europe afterGermany and tied with theUnited Kingdom. This is an increase from the United Nations statistics in 2018 in which there were 9 million immigrants (foreign-born people) in France, which at the time represented 14% of the country's total population.[66][67] As of 2024, around 12 million people living in France, or 17.2% of the population, arefirst-generation immigrants, while the population with amigrant background in the wider sense stood at approximately 19.2 million, accounting for 30.2% of the total population of 69.4 million.[68][69]
As of 2008, the French national institute of statistics (INSEE) estimated that 5.3 million foreign-born immigrants and 6.5 million direct descendants of immigrants (born in France with at least one immigrant parent) lived in France. This represents a total of 11.8 million, or 19% of the population. In terms of origin, about 5.5 million areEuropean, four millionMaghrebi, one millionSub-Saharan African, and 400,000Turkish. Among the 5.3 million foreign-born immigrants, 38% are from Europe, 30% from Maghreb, 12.5% from Sub-Saharan Africa, 14.2% fromAsia and 5.3% fromAmerica andOceania[70][71] The most significant countries of origin as of 2008 were Algeria (713,000), Morocco (653,000), Portugal (580,000), Italy (317,000), Spain (257,000), Turkey (238,000) and Tunisia (234,000). However, immigration from Asia (especially China, as well as the former French colonies of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos), and from Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal, Mali and others), is gaining in importance.
The region with the largest proportion of immigrants is theÎle-de-France (Greater Paris), where 40% of immigrants live. Other important regions areRhône-Alpes (Lyon) andProvence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (Marseille).[72]
Among the 802,000 newborns inmetropolitan France in 2010, 27.3% had at least one foreign-born parent and about one quarter (23.9%) had at least one parent born outside Europe.[73][74] Including grandparents; almost 40% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent. (11% were born in another European country, 16% in Maghreb, and 12% in another region of the world.)[75]
In 2022, the total number of new foreigners coming to France rose above 320,000 for the first time, with nearly a majority coming from Africa. A significant increase in students, family reunification and labor migration occurred under the presidency ofEmmanuel Macron.[76]
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Nearly 1.1 million refugees and migrants registered in Germany in 2015, mostly people fleeing wars inSyria,Iraq andAfghanistan.[77]
In 2019, 21.2 million people with amigration background lived in Germany, which corresponded to a population share of around 26%.[78]
In December 2021, German ChancellorOlaf Scholz promised to reduce barriers to immigration and make it easier for immigrants to obtain German citizenship.[79] 352,000 people applied for asylum in Germany in 2023, the highest number since 2016, when 722,370 people applied for asylum. People from Ukraine are not included among asylum seekers. Most asylum seekers in 2023 were fromTurkey, Syria and Afghanistan.[80]
In 2023, 1,933,000 people immigrated to Germany, including 276,000 fromUkraine and 126,000 from Turkey, while 1,270,000 people emigrated. Net immigration to Germany was 663,000 in 2023, down from a record 1,462,000 in 2022.[81]
On 14 September 2024, Scholz and Kenyan PresidentWilliam Ruto signed an agreement that opened the German labor market to up to 250,000 skilled and semi-skilledmigrant workers fromKenya.[82] Scholz's government has already signed migration partnerships with several other countries,[83] includingMorocco,Nigeria andIndia.[84]
In 2014, the number of people who became naturalisedBritish citizens rose to a record 140,795 - a 12% increase from the previous year, and a dramatic increase since 2009. Most new citizens came fromAsia (40%) orAfrica (32%); the largest three countries of origin wereIndia,Pakistan, andBangladesh[86] with Indians making the largest group.[citation needed] In 2005, an estimated 565,000 migrants arrived to live in the United Kingdom for at least a year, primarily from Asia and Africa,[87] while 380,000 people emigrated from the country for a year or more, chiefly toAustralia,Canada and theUnited States.[88]
In 2014 the net increase was 318,000: immigration was 641,000, up from 526,000 in 2013, while the number of people emigrating (for more than 12 months) was 323,000.[89]
In 2021, the government launched ascheme for Hongkongers, with more than 200,000 Hong Kong residents immigrating to the UK.[90]
The number of African students increases rapidly for Example only Nigerians studying in the United Kingdom has risen to a high of 44,195 in the 2021/2022 academic year, the latest official data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) show. According to the UK agency's data, the number of students enrolment in higher education institutions increased by 107.4 percent in the 2021/2022 academic year from 21,305 in the previous year.[91]
Long-term net migration (the number of people immigrating minus the number emigrating) reached a record high of 764,000 in 2022,[92] with immigration at 1.26 million and emigration at 493,000.[93] Of the 1,218,000 immigrants who came to the United Kingdom in 2023, only 126,000 wereEU nationals. Around 250,000 people came fromIndia, 141,000 fromNigeria, 90,000 fromChina and 83,000 fromPakistan.[92]
In 2021,Istat estimated that 5,171,894 foreign citizens lived inItaly, representing about 8.7% of the totalpopulation. These figures includenaturalizedforeign-born residents (about 1,620,000 foreigners acquiredItalian citizenship from 1999 to 2020, of whom 130,000 did so in 2020[94]) as well asillegal immigrants, the so-calledclandestini, whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.[95]
In 2021, around 6,260,000 people residing in Italy have an immigration background (around the 10.6% of the total Italian population).[96][97][98]
Starting from the early 1980s, until then a linguistically and culturally homogeneous society, Italy began to attract substantial flows of foreign immigrants.[99][100] After thefall of the Berlin Wall and, more recently, the2004 and2007 enlargements of the European Union, large waves of migration originated from the former socialist countries ofEastern Europe (especiallyRomania,Albania,Ukraine,Moldova andPoland). Another source of immigration is neighbouring North Africa (in particular,Morocco,Egypt andTunisia), with soaring arrivals as a consequence of theArab Spring. Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from Asia-Pacific (notablyChina,[101]South Asia, and thePhilippines) andthe Americas have been recorded.
Since the expansion of theEuropean Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European states, particularly Eastern Europe, and increasingly Asia,[102] replacing North Africa as the major immigration area.[99]
Romanians made up the largest foreign community in the country (1,077,876; around 10% of them being ethnicRomani people[103]) followed byAlbanians (433,130) andMoroccans (428,940).[104] The fourth largest, but the fastest growing, community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by theChinese; as of 2021 there were 330,495 foreigners holding Chinese citizenship.[105][106] The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city ofWenzhou in the province ofZhejiang.[107] As of 2021, foreign citizens' origins were subdivided as follows: Europe (47,6%), Africa (22.25%), Asia (22.64%), The Americas (7.49%), and Oceania (0.04%).[108]
The distribution of foreigners is largely uneven in Italy: in 2020, 61.2% of foreign citizens lived inNorthern Italy (in particular 36.1% inNorthwestern Italy and 25.1% inNortheastern Italy), 24.2% inCentral Italy, 10.8% inSouthern Italy and 3.9% inInsular Italy.[109]
The children born in Italy to foreign mothers were 102,000 in 2012, 99,000 in 2013 and 97,000 in 2014.[110]
Since 2000,Spain has received around six million immigrants, adding 12% to the population in the country. The total immigrant population in the country now exceeds 5,730,677 (12.2% of the total population). According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 981,823[111] wereMoroccan (The first nationality of Immigrants in Spain.), another 410,000 wereEcuadorian, 300,000 wereColombian, 230,000 wereBolivian and 150,000 wereChinese; from the EU around 535,935[111] wereRomanian, 297,229[112][113] wereBritish,[114][115][116][117] 190,000 wereGerman, 170,000 wereItalian and 160,000 wereBulgarian. A 2005 regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people that year.[118][119][120][121][122] By world regions, in 2006 there were around 2,300,000 from theEU-27, 1,600,000 fromSouth America, 1,000,000 fromAfrica, 300,000 fromAsia, 200,000 fromCentral America &Caribbean, 200,000 from the rest ofEurope, while 50,000 fromNorth America and 3,000 from the rest of the world.[123]
Another migratory trend has been that of northern Europeans heading towards southern Europe. (The first group of immigrants in Spain are Moroccans) European Union citizens constitute a growing proportion of immigrants, in Spain, they came mainly from the United Kingdom and Germany, On the contrary, since 2014 many Britons have left Spain[113] and because of Brexit Many Britons leave Spain.[124][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]
TheSánchez government planned to legalize around 900,000 undocumented migrants by 2027.[125]
Portugal, long a country of emigration,[126] has now become a country of net immigration, from both its formercolonies and other sources. In 2022, legal immigrants represented about 7% of the population, and the largest communities were fromBrazil, theUnited Kingdom,Cabo Verde,India,Italy,Angola,France, andUkraine.[127][128] As of 2024, according to the latest official report, legal immigrants now represent 14.4% of the population. The largest community is still from Brazil (which represents more than 30% of the foreign population), being now followed by India, Angola, Ukraine, Cabo Verde,Nepal,Bangladesh, and the UK.[129]
According toEurostat, in 2010 there were 1.8 million foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU and 0.43 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State.[130] In 2022, there were 4.4 million residents in the Netherlands with at least one foreign-born parent.[131] Over half the young people in Amsterdam and Rotterdam have a non-western background.[132] In 2022, 403,100 persons immigrated to the Netherlands,[133] up from 252,528 in 2021.[131]
On 1 January 2011 there were almost 229,000 people (11.1%) living in Slovenia with foreign country of birth. At the end of March 2002 when data on the country of birth for total population were for the first and last time collected by a conventional (field) census, the number was almost 170,000 (8.6%).Immigration from abroad, mostly from republics of former Yugoslavia, was the deciding factor for demographic and socioeconomic development of Slovenia in the last fifty years. Also after independence of Slovenia the direction of migration flows between Slovenia and abroad did not change significantly. Migration topics remain closely connected with the territory of former Yugoslavia. Slovenia was and still is the destination country for numerous people from the territory of former Yugoslavia. The share of residents of Slovenia with countries of birth from the territory of former Yugoslavia among all foreign-born residents was 88.9% at the 2002 Census and on 1 January 2011 despite new migration flows from EU Member States and from non-European countries still 86.7%.[134]
Since the years 1970s–1980s, theEuropean continent has been increasingly targeted by waves ofunauthorized immigrants fromAfrica, theMiddle East, and other regions of the world, primarily affecting the countries ofSouthern Europe (such asSpain,Italy,Greece, andMalta).[135] Among themember states of the European Union, "migration constitutes the greatest concern to EU citizens".[135]
According to aYougov poll in 2018, majorities in all seven polled countries were opposed to accepting more migrants: Germany (72%), Denmark (65%), Finland (64%), Sweden (60%), United Kingdom (58%), France (58%), and Norway (52%).[136]
A February 2017 poll of 10,000 people in 10 European countries byChatham House found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in a number of countries: Poland (71%), Austria (65%), Hungary (64%), Belgium (64%), and France (61%). Except for Poland, all of those had recently sufferedjihadist terror attacks or been at the centre of a refugee crisis. Of those opposed to further Muslim immigration, 3/4 classify themselves as on the right of the political spectrum. Of those self-classifying as on the left of the political spectrum, 1/3 supported a halt.[137]
In April 2025, after meeting withPakistani Prime MinisterShehbaz Sharif in Minsk,Belarusian PresidentAlexander Lukashenko announced a plan to open Belarus to 150,000migrant workers from Pakistan.[138] Lukashenko's migration plans have raised concerns in neighboring Poland and among the Belarusian public. Belarusian authorities have cracked down on online opponents of Pakistani immigration to Belarus andarrested the most vocal critics of Lukashenko's immigration policies.[139][140]
In Denmark, the parliamentary party most strongly associated with anti-immigration policies is theDanish People's Party.
According to a Gallup poll in 2017, two out of three (64%) wished for limiting immigration from Muslim countries which was an increase from 2015 (54%).[141]
According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 65% of Danes opposed accepting more migrants into the country.[142]
On 14 August 2020, the Ministry of Immigration and Integration in Denmark revealed that it denied 83 people Danish citizenship in the past two years because they have committed serious crimes.[143]
According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 64% of Finns opposed accepting more migrants into the country.[142]
In November 2020,Swedish crime trends were used as an example not to follow by theFinns Party who claimed both Sweden and Finland's problem with youth crime were the result of failed immigration policies.[144]
In France, theNational Front seeks to limit immigration. Major media, political parties, and a large share of the public believe that anti-immigration sentiment has increased since the country'sriots of 2005.
According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 58% of the French opposed accepting more migrants into the country.[142]
In Germany, the conservativeCDU,[145] the left-wing populistBSW,[146] thefar-right[147] and the right-wing populistAlternative for Germany and the neo-Nazi[148]National Democratic Party oppose immigration.
In 2018, a poll byPew Research found that a majority (58%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 30% wanted to keep the current level and 10% wanted to increase immigration.[149]
According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 72% of Germans opposed accepting more migrants into the country.[142]
The2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Cologne ended the atmosphere of euphoria earlier in the year when hundreds of thousands of migrants had arrived in Germany.[150] Four violent crimes committed during the week of 18 July 2016, three of them by asylum seekers, created significant political pressure for changes in theAngela Merkel administration policy of welcoming refugees.[151] TheSiegaue rape case as well as the murders ofMia Valentin andSusanna Feldmann intensified the discussion about admitting migrants.[152][153] The2024 Solingen stabbing has reignited debates over migration policies in Germany ahead of upcoming regional elections.[154]
In February 2020, more than 10,000 individuals attempted to cross the border between Greece and Turkey after Turkish presidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan opened its border to Europe, but they were blocked by Greekarmy andpolice forces. Hundreds of Greek soldiers and armed police resisted the trespassers and firedtear gas at them. Among those who attempted to cross were individuals from Africa, Iran and Afghanistan. Greece responded by refusing to accept asylum applications for a month.[155][156]
In March 2020, migrants set fires and threwMolotov cocktail firebombs over to the Greek side in order to break down the border fence. Greek and European forces responded with tear gas and by trying to keep the fence intact. By 11 March 348 people had been arrested and 44,353 cases of unlawful entry had been prevented.[157]
Public anti-immigrant discourse started in Italy in 1985 by theBettino Craxi government, which in a public speech drew a direct link between the high number of clandestine immigrants and some terrorist incidents.[158][159][160][161] Public discourse by the media hold that the phenomenon of immigration is uncontrollable and of undefined proportions.[162]
According to poll published byCorriere della Sera, one of two respondents (51%) approved closing Italy's ports to further boat migrants arriving via the Mediterranean, while 19% welcomed further boat migrants.[163]
In 2018, a poll byPew Research found that a majority (71%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 18% wanted to keep the current level and 5% wanted to increase immigration.[149]
In Norway, the only parliamentary party that seeks to limit immigration is theProgress Party. Minor Norwegian parties seeking to limit immigration are theDemocrats in Norway, theChristian Unity Party, thePensioners' Party and theCoastal Party.
According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 52% of Norwegians opposed accepting more migrants into the country.[142]
A 2015 opinion poll conducted by theCentre for Public Opinion Research (CBOS) found that 14% thought that Poland should let asylum-seekers enter and settle in Poland, 58% thought Poland should let asylum-seekers stay in Poland until they can return to their home country, and 21% thought Poland should not accept asylum-seekers at all. Furthermore, 53% thought Poland should not accept asylum-seekers from the Middle East and North Africa, with only 33% thinking Poland should accept them.[164]
Another opinion poll conducted by the same organisation found that 86% of Poles think that Poland does not need more immigrants, with only 7% thinking Poland needs more immigrants.[165]
Despite Polish public sentiment, 683,000 immigrants from outside of the EU arrived in Poland in 2017, with 87.4% of them immigrating for work. This was the highest number of residence permits granted by an EU member state that year.[166]
Portugal had little immigration until a sudden influx in the 1970s, as ex-colonists, most of them ethnically white, returned.[167] After the former Portuguese African colonies gained independence, and because nationals of Portuguese-speaking nations can freely live and work in Portugal without much bureaucracy, an incremental growth of immigration from Portugal's former overseas possessions was observed over the past few decades, primarily fromBrazil,Cape Verde,Angola andMozambique.[168][169] The country now has nearly 240,000 Brazilians[170] and about 350,000 people born in an African country.[171] Although immigrants are mostly concentrated in urban and suburban areas, mainly on Portugal's coast, Portuguese authorities have in recent times encouraged immigration, notably from Brazil, to rural areas, in an effort to increase an ever shrinking population.[172] The growth of the number of immigrants has been linked to an escalation of anti-immigration sentiments and protests throughout Portugal since the mids 2000's.[173][174]
Until recently,[when?] far-right party "National Renewal Party", known as PNR, was the only one in Portugal which actively targeted[clarification needed] the mass-immigration and ethnic minorities (mainly related toGypsy and African communities) issues.[175][176] After years of growing support—0.09% 4,7122002, 0.16% 9,3742005, 0.20% 11,5032009, 0.31% 17,5482011— it managed 0.50%, or 27,269, of the electorate in the2015 Portuguese legislative election. Since 2019, far-right political partyChega has gained traction in the country. Following the2019 Portuguese legislative election, the party's president,André Ventura, assured a seat inAssembly of the Republic, after having received over 66,000 votes, 1,3% of the electorate.[177] In the2020 Azorean regional election, the party secured two assemblyman to the regional parliament[178] and, during the2021 Portuguese presidential election, André Ventura managed to gather approximately 500,000 votes, 12% of the total.[179] The party opposes immigration and has been described by the media and mainstream parties as xenophobic.[180] Chega has an estimated 28,000 militant members[181] and is expected to continue to rise in popularity and political force.[182]A January 2004 survey by Spanish newspaperEl País found that the "majority" of Spaniards believed immigration was too high.[183]
In Spain, as of 2005, surveys found "in descending order, jobs, crime and housing" were the primary concerns for citizens opposed to immigration.[184]
SmallNeo-fascist parties, such as Movimiento Social Español, openly campaign using nationalist or anti-immigrant rhetoric as do other small far-right parties such asNational Democracy (Spain) andEspaña 2000. These parties have never won national or regional parliamentary seats.[citation needed]According to an October 2024 survey for theEl País newspaper andCadena SER radio station, 57% of Spaniards believe there is "too much" immigration to Spain.[185]
In response to the high immigration of 2015, the anti-immigration partySweden Democrats rose to 19.9% in theStatistics Sweden poll.[186]
In late 2015, Sweden introduced temporary border checks on theØresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden and public transport operators were instructed to only let people with residence in Sweden board trains or buses. The measures reduced the number of asylum seekers from 163 000 in 2015 to 29 000 in 2016.[187]
In 2018, a poll byPew Research found that a small majority (52%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 33% wanted to keep the current level and 14% wanted to increase immigration.[188]
According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 60% of Swedes opposed accepting more migrants into the country.[142]
In February 2020 finance ministerMagdalena Andersson encouraged migrants to head for other countries than Sweden. Andersson stated in an interview that integration of immigrants in Sweden wasn't working since neither before nor after 2015 and that Sweden cannot accept more immigration than it is able to integrate.[189]
After the2022 general election, the Swedish government saw a surge in support for right-wing parties, notably bolstered by the rise ofanti-immigration sentiments.[190]
During the 1990s underChristoph Blocher, theSwiss People's Party started to develop an increasingly eurosceptic and anti-immigration agenda.[191] In 2014, they launched a popular initiative titled "Against mass immigration" that was narrowly accepted. They are currently the largest party in theNational Council with 53 seats.
Anti-immigration sentiment in theUnited Kingdom has historically focused on non-indigenousAfrican,Afro-Caribbean and especiallySouth Asian migrants, all of whom began to arrive from theCommonwealth of Nations in greater numbers followingWorld War II. Since the fall of theSoviet Union and theenlargement of the European Union, the increased movement of people out of countries such asPoland,Romania andLithuania has shifted much of this attention towards migrants fromEastern Europe. While working-class migrants tend to be the focus of anti-immigration sentiment, there is also some discontent aboutRussian,Chinese,Singaporean andGulf Arab multimillionaires resident in the UK, particularly inLondon andSouth East England. These residents often invest in property and business, and are perceived as living extravagant "jet-set" lifestyles marked by conspicuous consumption while simultaneously taking advantage of tax loopholes connected tonon-dom status.
Policies of reduced immigration, particularly from the European Union, are central to the manifestos of parties such as theUK Independence Party. Such policies have also been discussed by some members of the largest parties in Parliament, most significantly theConservatives.
| Country | Refused entry | illegally present | Order to leave | Returned outside the EU |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU 27 (2018) | 454600 | 456700 | 145900 | |
| EU 27 (2019) | 717600 | 627900 | 491200 | 142300 |
| 2018-2019 change (%) | +58% | +10% | +8% | -2.5% |
This is a list of European countries byimmigrant population, based on theUnited Nations reportTrends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision.
| Country | Number of immigrants[194] | Percentage of total number of immigrants in the world | Immigrants as percentage of national population |
|---|---|---|---|
 Russia | 11,048,064 | 4.8 | 7.7 |
 Germany | 9,845,244 | 4.3 | 11.9 |
 France | 7,839,086 | 3.4 | 12.4 |
 United Kingdom | 7,824,131 | 3.4 | 12.4 |
 Spain | 5,891,208 | 2.8 | 9.6 (2016) |
 Italy | 5,721,457 | 2.5 | 9.4 |
 Ukraine | 5,151,378 | 2.2 | 11.4 |
 Switzerland | 2,335,059 | 1.0 | 28.9 |
 Netherlands | 1,964,922 | 0.9 | 11.7 |
 Turkey | 1,864,889 | 0.8 | 2.5 |
| Sweden | 1,130,025 | 0.7 | 15.9 |
 Austria | 1,333,807 | 0.6 | 15.7 |
 Belgium | 1,159,801 | 0.5 | 10.4 |
 Belarus | 1,085,396 | 0.5 | 11.6 |
 Greece | 988,245 | 0.4 | 8.9 |
 Portugal | 893,847 | 0.4 | 8.4 |
 Croatia | 756,980 | 0.3 | 17.6 |
 Ireland | 735,535 | 0.3 | 15.9 |
| Norway | 694,508 | 0.3 | 13.8 |
 Poland | 663,755 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Denmark | 556,825 | 0.3 | 9.9 |
 Serbia | 532,457 | 0.3 | 5.6 |
 Hungary | 449,632 | 0.3 | 4.7 |
| Finland | 446,434 | 0.3 | 8.1 |
 Czech Republic | 439,116 | 0.2 | 4.0 |
 Moldova | 391,508 | 0.2 | 11.2 |
 Azerbaijan | 411,843 | 0.2 | 3.4 |
 Armenia | 317,001 | 0.2 | 10.6 |
 Latvia | 282,887 | 0.2 | 13.8 |
 Slovenia | 233,293 | 0.2 | 11.3 |
 Luxembourg | 229,409 | 0.1 | 43.3 |
 Estonia | 209,984 | 0.1 | 16.4 |
 Cyprus | 207,313 | 0.1 | 18.2 |
 Romania | 198,839 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
 Georgia | 189,893 | 0.1 | 4.4 |
 Lithuania | 147,781 | 0.1 | 4.9 |
 North Macedonia | 139,751 | 0.1 | 6.6 |
 Albania | 96,798 | 0.1 | 3.1 |
 Bulgaria | 84,101 | 0.1 | 1.2 |
 Andorra | 45,086 | 0.1 | 56.9 |
 Isle of Man | 44,688 | 0.1 | 52.0 |
| Iceland | 34,377 | 0.1 | 10.7 |
 Monaco | 24,299 | 0.1 | 64.2 |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 23,197 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
 Liechtenstein | 12,208 | 0.1 | 33.1 |
 Gibraltar | 9,662 | 0.1 | 33.0 |
 San Marino | 4,399 | 0.1 | 15.4 |
 Vatican City | 799 | 0.1 | 100.0 |
In 2010, 47.3 million people lived in the EU, who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and The Netherlands (1.4 million).[195][196]
| State | Total population (millions) | Population by birth location | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foreign | Other EU state | Non-EU state | |||||
| Total (millions) | % | Total (millions) | % | Total (millions) | % | ||
| Germany | 81.802 | 9.812 | 12.0 | 3.396 | 4.2 | 6.415 | 7.8 |
| France | 64.716 | 7.196 | 11.1 | 2.118 | 3.3 | 5.078 | 7.8 |
| United Kingdom | 62.008 | 7.012 | 11.3 | 2.245 | 3.6 | 4.767 | 7.7 |
| Spain | 46.000 | 6.422 | 14.0 | 2.328 | 5.1 | 4.094 | 8.9 |
| Italy | 61.000 | 4.798 | 8.5 | 1.592 | 2.6 | 3.205 | 5.3 |
| Netherlands | 16.575 | 1.832 | 11.1 | 0.428 | 2.6 | 1.404 | 8.5 |
| Greece | 11.305 | 0.960 | 9.6 | 0.320 | 2.3 | 0.640 | 6.3 |
| Ireland | 3.758 | 0.766 | 20.0 | 0.555 | 14.8 | 0.211 | 5.6 |
| Sweden | 9.340 | 1.337 | 14.3 | 0.477 | 5.1 | 0.859 | 9.2 |
| Austria | 8.367 | 1.276 | 15.2 | 0.512 | 6.1 | 0.764 | 9.1 |
| Belgium | 10.666 | 1.380 | 12.9 | 0.695 | 6.5 | 0.685 | 6.4 |
| Portugal | 10.637 | 0.793 | 7.5 | 0.191 | 1.8 | 0.602 | 5.7 |
| Denmark | 5.534 | 0.500 | 9.0 | 0.152 | 2.8 | 0.348 | 6.3 |
| Slovenia | 2.050 | 0.228 | 11.1 | 0.021 | 1.8 | 0.207 | 9.3 |
| EU 28 | 501.098 | 47.348 | 9.4 | 15.980 | 3.2 | 31.368 | 6.3 |
According to theUnited Nations reportWorld Population Policies 2005,[197] European countries that have the highest net foreign populations are:
| Country | Population | Percentage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | 12,080,000 | 8.5 | |
| Germany | 10,144,000 | 12.3 | |
| Ukraine | 6,833,000 | 14.7 | |
| France | 6,471,000 | 10.2 | |
| United Kingdom | 5,408,000 | 9 | |
| Italy | 5,000,000 | 8.2 | |
| Spain | 4,790,000 | 10.8 | |
| Switzerland | 1,660,000 | 23 | |
| Netherlands | 1,638,000 | 10 | |
| Austria | 1,234,000 | 15 |
The European countries with the highest proportion or percentage of non-native residents are small nations ormicrostates.Andorra is the country in Europe with the highest percentage of immigrants, 77% of the country's 82,000 inhabitants.Monaco is the second with the highest percentage of immigrants, they make up 70% of the total population of 32,000; andLuxembourg is the third, immigrants are 37% of the total of 480,000; inLiechtenstein they are 35% of the 34,000 people; and inSan Marino they comprise 32% of the country's population of 29,000.
Countries in which immigrants form between 25% and 10% of the population are:Switzerland (23%),Latvia (19%),Estonia (15%),Austria (15%),Croatia (15%),Ukraine (14.7%),Cyprus (14.3%),Ireland (14%),Moldova (13%),Germany (12.3%),Sweden (12.3%),Belarus (12%),Slovenia (11.1%),Spain (10.8%, 12.2% in 2010),France (10.2%), and theNetherlands (10%).[198]TheUnited Kingdom (9%),Greece (8.6%),Russia (8.5%),Finland (8.1%),Iceland (7.6%),Norway (7.4%),Portugal (7.2%),Denmark (7.1%),Belgium (6.9%) and theCzech Republic (6.7%),[199] each have a proportion of immigrants between 10% and 5% of the total population.
Eurostat data reported in 2006 that Spain was the member state with the largest number of foreign immigrants: 803,000.[200] The EU in 2005 had an overall net gain from international migration of 1.8 million people, which accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth that year.[201] In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were fromAfrica and 13,710 from elsewhere in Europe.[202] In 2005, the total number of immigrants fell slightly, to 135,890.[203]
In the European Union, in 2019, 706 400 persons acquired citizenship, the main nation of origin for citizenship grant were by decreasing number: Morocco, Albania, the United Kingdom, Syria and Turkey.[204]
the largest groups were Moroccans (66 800, or 9.5 %), followed by Albanians (41 700, or 5.9 %), Britons (29 800, or 4.2 %), Syrian (29 100, or 4.1 %) and Turks (28 600, or 4.0 %). The majority of Moroccans acquired citizenship of Spain (37 %), Italy (24 %) or France (24 %), while the majority of Albanians received Italian citizenship (62 %). Almost half of the Britons received German citizenship (46 %) and more than half of the Syrians received Swedish citizenship (69 %). The majority of Turks acquired German citizenship (57 %)
— eurostat[205]
This is a breakdown by major area of origin of the 72.4 million migrants residing in Europe (out of a population of 742 million) at mid-2013, based on the United Nations reportTrends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision.[206]
| Area of origin | Number of immigrants to Europe (millions) | Percentage of total number of immigrants to Europe |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | 8.9 | 12 |
| Asia | 18.6 | 27 |
| Europe | 37.8 | 52 |
| the Americas and theCaribbean | 4.5 | 6 |
| North America | 0.9 | 1 |
| Oceania | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Various | 1.3 | 2 |
| TOTAL | 72.4 | 100 |
Approximate populations of non-European origin in Europe (about 20 - 30+ millions, or 3 - 4% (depending on the definition of non-European origin), out of a total population ofapprox. 831 million):
According toEurostat 59.9 million people lived in theEuropean Union in 2023 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 13.35% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (9.44%) were born outside the EU and 17.5 million (3.91%) were born in another EU member state.[236][237]
| Country | Total population (1000) | Total Foreign-born (1000) | % | Born in other EU state (1000) | % | Born in a non EU state (1000) | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU 27 | 448,754 | 59,902 | 13.3 | 17,538 | 3.9 | 31,368 | 6.3 |
| Germany | 84,359 | 16,476 | 19.5 | 6,274 | 7.4 | 10,202 | 12.1 |
| France | 68,173 | 11,985 | 17.2 | 2,204 | 3.4 | 9,781 | 16.2 |
| Spain | 48,085 | 8,204 | 17.1 | 1,580 | 3.3 | 6,624 | 13.8 |
| Italy | 58,997 | 6,417 | 10.9 | 1,563 | 2.6 | 4,854 | 8.2 |
| Netherlands | 17,811 | 2,777 | 15.6 | 748 | 4.2 | 2,029 | 11.4 |
| Greece | 10,414 | 1,173 | 11.3 | 235 | 2.2 | 938 | 9.0 |
| Sweden | 10,522 | 2,144 | 20.4 | 548 | 5.2 | 1,596 | 15.2 |
| Austria | 9,105 | 1,963 | 21.6 | 863 | 9.5 | 1,100 | 12.1 |
| Belgium | 11,743 | 2,247 | 19.1 | 938 | 8.0 | 1,309 | 11.1 |
| Portugal | 10,467 | 1,684 | 16.1 | 378 | 3.6 | 1,306 | 12.5 |
| Denmark | 5,933 | 804 | 13.6 | 263 | 4.4 | 541 | 9.1 |
| Finland | 5,564 | 461 | 8.3 | 131 | 2.4 | 330 | 5.9 |
| Poland | 36,754 | 933 | 2.5 | 231 | 0.6 | 702 | 1.9 |
| Czech Republic | 10,828 | 764 | 7.1 | 139 | 1.3 | 625 | 5.8 |
| Hungary | 9,600 | 644 | 6.7 | 342 | 3.6 | 302 | 3.1 |
| Romania | 19,055 | 530 | 2.8 | 202 | 1.1 | 328 | 1.7 |
| Slovakia | 5,429 | 213 | 3.9 | 156 | 2.9 | 57 | 1.0 |
| Bulgaria | 6,448 | 169 | 2.6 | 58 | 0.9 | 111 | 1.7 |
| Ireland | 5,271 | 1,150 | 21.8 | 348 | 6.6 | 802 | 15.2 |
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TheEUBorder and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) uses the terms "illegal" and "irregular" border crossings for crossings of an EU external border but not at an officialborder-crossing point.[238] These include people rescued at sea.[239] Because many immigrants cross more than one external EU border (for instance when traveling through the Balkans from Greece to Hungary), the total number of illegal EU external border crossings is often higher than the number of illegal immigrants arriving in the EU in a year. News media sometimes misrepresent these figures as given by Frontex.[240]
In 2015,Hungary built aborder barrier on its border withSerbia andCroatia. The fence was constructed during the European migrant crisis, with the aim to ensure border security by preventing illegal immigrants from entering, and enabling the option to enter through official checkpoints and claim asylum in Hungary in accordance with international and European law.[241]Attempted border entries fell following the barrier's construction. During the month of September 2015 there was a total number of 138,396 migrant entries, and within the first two weeks of November the average daily number of intercepted migrants decreased to only 15, which is a daily reduction of more than 4,500.[242]
| Number of illegal migrants entering Hungary since 2015 |
|---|
2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept |
| Month | Number of migrants |
|---|---|
| 2015-01 | 14,647 |
| 2015-02 | 17,384 |
| 2015-03 | 5,975 |
| 2015-04 | 8,224 |
| 2015-05 | 11,606 |
| 2015-06 | 19,546 |
| 2015-07 | 38,059 |
| 2015-08 | 57,938 |
| 2015-09 | 138,396 |
| 2015-10 | 99,497 |
| 2015-11 | 315 |
| 2015-12 | 270 |
| 2016-01 | 553 |
| 2016-02 | 2,398 |
| 2016-03 | 3,412 |
| 2016-04 | 3,946 |
| 2016-05 | 3,463 |
| 2016-06 | 3,768 |
| 2016-07 | 573 |
| 2016-08 | 348 |
| 2016-09 | 152 |
Source: Police.hu -Border information(original URL)
Since 2013, over 700,000 undocumented migrants have arrived in Italy via the Mediterranean Sea,[243] mostly from sub-Saharan Africa.[244] In September 2023, boats carrying approximately 7,000 migrants arrived on the Italian island ofLampedusa within 24 hours[245] In 2023, 155,754 migrants arrived in Italy illegally, compared to 103,846 in 2022.[246]
A record number of 46,843 migrants, mostly fromSenegal,Mali andMorocco, arrived illegally in Spain'sCanary Islands in 2024, up from 39,910 in 2023.[247]
Frontex tracks and publishes data on numbers of crossings along the main six routes twice a year. The following table summarises the number of "irregular crossings" of the European Union's various external borders. Note that the figures do not add up to the total number of people coming into the EU illegally in a given year, since many immigrants are counted twice (for instance, once when entering Greece and a second time upon entering Hungary).
| Main immigration routes to the European Union | Illegal border crossings | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
| Canary Islands | 31,600 | 12,500 | 9,200 | 2,250 | 200 | 340 | 170 | 250 | 275 | 874 | 671 | 421 |
| Spain (minus Canary Islands) | — | — | 6,500 | 6,650 | 5,000 | 8,450 | 6,400 | 6,800 | 7,840 | 7,164 | 10,231 | 23,063 |
| Greece andMalta sea borders | — | — | 39,800 | 11,000 | 4,500 | 64,300 | 15,900 | 40,000 | 170,760 | 153,946 | 181,459 | 118,962 |
| Apulia andCalabria | — | — | — | 807 | 2,788 | 5,259 | 4,772 | 5,000 | ||||
| Greece's land borders withAlbania andNorth Macedonia | — | — | 42,000 | 40,000 | 35,300 | 5,300 | 5,500 | 8,700 | 8,840 | 8,932 | 5,121 | 6,396 |
| Western Balkan route[a] | — | — | — | 3,090 | 2,370 | 4,650 | 6,390 | 19,950 | 43,360 | 764,038 | 130,261 | 12,179 |
| Eastern Mediterranean route[b] | — | — | 52,300 | 40,000 | 55,700 | 57,000 | 37,200 | 24,800 | 50,830 | 885,386 | 182,277 | 42,319 |
| Eastern Borders route[c] | — | — | 1,335 | 1,050 | 1,050 | 1,050 | 1,600 | 1,300 | 1,270 | 1,920 | 1,349 | 776 |
| Totals | — | — | — | 104,847 | 106,908 | 146,349 | 77,932 | 106,800 | 283,175 | 1,822,260 | 500,248 | 204,654 |
Source:Frontex | ||||||||||||
In August 2021, thegovernment of Belarus began sponsoring an influx of migrants, mostly from the Middle East and North Africa, to the borders ofLithuania,Poland andLatvia.[248] Although Belarus denied involvement, both theEuropean Union and independent observers viewed it ashybrid warfare undertaken in response to the deterioration inBelarus–European Union relations following the2020 Belarusian presidential election and the2020–2021 Belarusian protests.[249][250] Between August and December 2021, tens of thousands of unauthorized border crossing attempts were recorded, peaking in October.[251][252] Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia each declared states of emergency and announced their intentions to build border walls.[253] The EU sent supporting officers and patrol cars to Lithuania,[254] and 12 EU governments stated their support for a physical barrier along the border.[255] After the EU refused to finance protective structures on the external borders, Poland and Lithuania completed their barriers on the border with Belarus on their own.[256][257] In 2024, there was a 192 percent increase in illegal crossings from Belarus into the EU.[258] In May 2025, Lithuania filed a case against Belarus at theInternational Court of Justice for "orchestrating a migrant crisis that endangered lives and violated international law".[259]
Gallup has published a study estimating potential migrants in 2010.[260]The study estimated that 700 million adults worldwide would prefer to migrate to another country. Potential migrants were asked for their country of preference if they were given free choice.
The total number of potential migrants to theEuropean Union is estimated at 200 million, comparable to the number for North America (USA andCanada). In addition, an estimated 40 million potential migrants within the EU desire to move to another country within the EU, giving the EU the highest intra-regional potential migration rate.[261]
The study estimates that from 2015 to 2017, there were about 750 million potential migrants. One in five potential migrants (21%), or about 158 million adults worldwide name the U.S. as their desired future residence. Canada, Germany, France, Australia and the United Kingdom each appeal to more than 30 million adults. Apart from the United States, the top desired target countries were:Canada (47 million),Germany (42 million),France (36 million),Australia (36 million) and theUnited Kingdom (34 million).[262]
The study also compared the number of potential migrants to their desired destination's population, resulting in aNet Migration Index expressing potentialpopulation growth. This list is headed bySingapore, which would experience population growth by +219%.Among European countries,Switzerland would experience the highest growth, by +150%, followed bySweden (+78%),Spain (+74%),Ireland (+66%), theUnited Kingdom (+62%) andFrance (+60%). The European countries with highest potential population loss areKosovo andNorth Macedonia, with -28% each.[263]
La presenza di questi immigrati in Europa non e' semplicemente finalizzata alla ricerca di un lavoro, (per lo piu' come camerieri, venditori ambulanti, braccianti stagionali, ecc.). Le migrazioni del nostro tempo pongono con forza una "domanda di accoglienza" (v. Ponzio 1993), cioe' una domanda non contenibile nel mercato e nell'"integrazione", che evidenzia, anche inconsapevolmente, le divaricazioni crescenti sul nostro pianeta tra poverta' e ricchezza.
La "vulgata" difunde la idea de que el fenomeno es de dimensiones incontrolables e indefinibles, y se llega a formular la afirmacion comun de que hay tantos, o mas, extranjerosclandestinos como extranjeros visibles y regulares.
[...] la inmigracion [...] ha entrado en el imaginario de los miedos o de las extrañezas. Progresivamente, el lenguaje que se utilizara sera el de orden publico, de las varias "tolerancia cero".
[...] Se evocan banalmente los choques de civilizaciones para dar dignidad al prejuicio. El mecanismo es antiguo, pero la sociedades no estan vacunadas contra ellos.
p215: France Number of migrants (thousands) 6,471
For example, in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Italy, the majority of Black people arrived only since the 1990s, they did not speak the national language, they arrived as refugees, and are primarily Muslims. In the UK, France, Netherlands, as well as in Belgium and Portugal, large numbers of Black people arrived in the 1950s–1970s, speaking the national language, as citizens and mainly Christians.
Today, nearly three million ethnic Turks live in Germany, and many have raised children there.
Europe has always been reluctant to accept Turkey into the EU–partly due to a cultural bias against Muslims–despite the some seven million Turks living in Germany today.
Presently (2020) more than seven million Turks live in Germany.
Fransa'da yaşayan 2 milyon dokuz yüz bin Türk...
Turks are the second-largest ethnic group in the Netherlands... with a population of about 2 million
Turks are the second-largest ethnic group in the Netherlands following the Dutch, with a population of about 2 million
