TheIllyrian kingdom was anIllyrianpolitical entity that existed on the western part of theBalkan Peninsula in ancient times. Regardless of the number of the alternately ruling dynasties, of their tribal affiliation, and of the actual extension of their kingdom, it represented an alliance of Illyrian tribes that united under the rulership of a single leader, expressly referred to as "King of the Illyrians" in ancient historical records (whether inAncient Greek or inLatin).[1] The monarchic superstructure of the Illyrian state coexisted with the Illyriantribal communities and the republican system of the Illyriankoina.[2]
TheEnchele's polity was the earliest to emerge among Illyrians. The earliest known Illyrian king –Bardylis – emerged in southernIllyria around 400 BC, most likely centered inDassaretis, a region alongLake Ohrid and east to thePrespa Lakes, located on the border betweenMacedon andEpirus. He aimed to make Illyria a regional power interfering with Macedon. He united many southernIllyrian tribes under his realm and defeated theMacedonians andMolossians several times, expanding his dominion overUpper Macedonia andLynkestis and subjugatingMacedon for several decades until he was decisively defeated byPhilip II of Macedon. Before theRise of Macedon Illyrians were the dominant power in the area. The kingdom of theTaulantii on the south-eastern coast of the Adriatic evidently reached its apex underGlaukias' rule and dominated southern Illyrian affairs in the late 4th century BC, exerting great influence on theEpirote state through the close ties with theMolossian kingPyrrhus.
TheArdiaei,Autariatae, andDardani are described as the strongest Illyrian peoples byStrabo. From the 6th–5th centuries BC they followed their own social-political development in the regions they inhabited, and only the political entity of the Ardiaei, which expanded in the south-easternAdriatic, came to be identified with the Illyrian kingdom in the 3rd century BC. Under the Ardiaean kingAgron and his wifeTeuta, the Illyrian kingdom reached its apex. It became a formidable power both on land and sea by assembling a great army and fleet, and directly ruling over a large area made up of different Illyrian tribes and cities that stretched from theNeretva River in the north to the borders ofEpirus in the south, while its influence extended throughout Epirus and down intoAcarnania. The Ardiaean realm became one ofRome's major enemies, and its primary threat in theAdriatic Sea. The dominant power of the Illyrian kingdom in the region ceased after its defeat in theIllyro-Roman Wars (229–168 BC).[3] The last known "King of the Illyrians" wasGentius, of theLabeatae tribe.
In southernIllyria organized realms were formed earlier than in other areas of this region. One of the oldest known Illyrian dynasty is that of theEnchelei, which seems to have reached its height from the 8th–7th centuries BC, but the dynasty fell from dominant power around the 6th century BC.[4] It seems that the weakening of the dynasty of Enchelae resulted in their assimilation and inclusion into a newly established Illyrian realm at the latest in the 5th century BC, marking the arising of theDassaretii, who appear to have replaced the Enchelei in the Lakeland area ofLychnidus.[5]
The weakening of the Enchelean realm was also caused by the strengthening of another Illyrian dynasty established in its vicinity—that of theTaulantii—which existed for some time along with that of the Enchelei.[6] The Taulantii—another people among the more anciently known groups of Illyrian tribes—lived on theAdriatic coast of southernIllyria (modernAlbania), dominating at various times much of the plain between theDrin and theAous, comprising the area aroundEpidamnus/Dyrrhachium.[7] When describing the Illyrian invasion ofMacedonia ruled byArgaeus I, somewhere between 678–640 BC, the historianPolyaenus (fl. 2nd-century AD) recorded the supposed oldest known king in Illyria,Galaurus or Galabrus, a ruler of the Taulantii who reigned in the latter part of the 7th century BC.[8][9][10][11] Some scholars consider the authenticity of Polyaenus' passage as disputable.[12] Whether or not this account is historically reliable, and despite Polyaenus' interest in the anecdote, it implies the widespread thought throughout antiquity about a significant animosity between the Macedonians and the Illyrians as early as the 7th century BC, if the consensus in modern scholarship in dating the reigning period of Argaeus I is correct.[13][14] In the 7th century BC the Taulantii invoked the aid ofCorcyra andCorinth in a war against theLiburni. After the defeat and expulsion from the region of the Liburni, the Corcyreans founded in 627 BC on the Illyrian mainland a colony calledEpidamnus, thought to have been the name of an Illyrian (barbarian) king of the region.[15] A flourishing commercial centre emerged and the city grew rapidly. The Taulantii continued to play an important role in Illyrian history between the 5th and 4th–3rd centuries BC, and in particular, in the history of Epidamnus, both as its neighbours and as part of its population. Notably, they influenced the affairs in the internal conflicts between aristocrats and democrats.[16] The Taulantian dynasty seems to have reached its climax duringGlaukias' rule, in the years between 335 BC and 302 BC.[17][18][19]
According to some modern scholars the dynasty ofBardylis—the first attested Illyrian dynasty—was Dassaretan.[20][21][22] There is also another historical reconstruction that considers Bardylis aDardani a ruler, who during the expansion of his dominion included the region of Dassaretis in his realm, but this interpretation has been challenged by historians who consider Dardania too far north for the events involving the Illyrian kingBardylis and his dynasty.[23][24][25]
AfterPhilip II of Macedon defeatedBardylis (358 BC), theGrabaei underGrabos II became the strongest state in Illyria.[26] Philip II killed 7,000 Illyrians in a great victory and annexed the territory up toLake Ohrid. Next, Philip II reduced the Grabaei, and then went for theArdiaei, defeated theTriballi (339 BC), and fought withPleurias (337 BC). After thatAlexander the Great had defeated Illyrian chieftain Clitus forces in 335 B.C. and Illyrian soldiers and tribal leaders participated in his conquest ofPersia. After the death of Alexander, Illyrian tribes started to rise to become independent from Macedonian rule. Following that in 312 BC king Glaucius expelled Greeks fromDurrës.[27]
During the second part of the 3rd century BC, a number of Illyrian tribes seem to have united to form aproto-state stretching from the central part of present-day Albania up toNeretva river inHerzegovina. The political entity was financed on piracy and ruled from 250 BC by the kingAgron. He was succeeded by his wife Teuta, who assumed theregency for her stepsonPinnes following Agron's death in 231 BC.[28] QueenTeuta was famous for having waged wars against theRomans.
At theNeretva Delta, there was a strongHellenistic influence on the Illyrian tribe ofDaors. Their capital wasDaorson located inOšanići nearStolac inHerzegovina, which became the main center of classical Illyrian culture. Daorson, during the 4th century BC, was surrounded bymegalithic, 5 meter high stonewalls, composed out of large trapeze stones blocks. Daors also made unique bronzecoins and sculptures. The Illyrians even conqueredGreek colonies on the Dalmatian islands.
The Illyrian kingdom was composed of small areas within the region of Illyria. Only theRomans ruled the entire region. The internal organization of the south Illyrian kingdom points to imitation of their neighbouring Greek kingdoms and influence from the Greek andHellenistic world in the growth of theirurban centres.[29]Polybius gives as an image of society within an Illyrian kingdom as peasant infantry fought under aristocrats which he calls in GreekPolydynastae (Greek: Πολυδυνάστες) where each one controlled a town within the kingdom.[30] The monarchy was established on hereditary lines and Illyrian rulers used marriages as a means of alliance with other powers.[31]Pliny (23–79 AD) writes that the people that formed the nucleus of the Illyrian kingdom were 'Illyrians proper' orIllyrii proprie dicti.[32] They were theTaulantii, thePleraei, theEndirudini,Sasaei,Grabaei and theLabeatae. These later joined to form theDocleatae.[33]
The last known King of the Illyrians wasGentius, of theLabeatae tribe, and his capital city wasShkodër.
Galaurus: king of Taulantii. Unsuccessfully invaded Macedonia between 678–640 BC.[34] The authenticity of Polyaenus' passage that mentions this early Illyrian king is disputable.[12]
Grabos I (5th century BC): attested on an Athenian inscription, he was very likely a person with great political responsibilities. He probably was the grandfather ofGrabos II.[35][36]
Sirras (437–390 BC), Illyrian or Lynkestian ruler.[37][38]
Grabos II (r. 358–356 BC): entered Athenian alliance to resist Philip's power in 356 BC.[39]
Pleuratus I (r. 356–335 BC): reigned near the Adriatic coast in southern Illyria. In a losing effort in 344 BC, tried to thwart Philip's advances in Illyria.[40]
Pleurias (r. c. 337/336 BC): Illyrian ruler who campaigned against Philip II about 337 BC. He is considered by some scholars as king of either theAutariatae, theTaulantii, or theDardani.[41] Some have suggested that he was the same asPleuratus I;[42][43] Pleurias is mentioned only in Diodorus (16.93.6), elsewhere unattested in ancient sources.[42]
Glaucias: king of Taulantii. He aided Cleitus at the Battle of Pelion in 335 BC, raisedPyrrhus of Epirus and was involved in other events in southern Illyria in the late 4th century BC.[45]
Ballaios: ruled from c. 260 – c. 230 BC over the city ofRhizon and surrounding areas;
Pleuratus II: reigned in a time of peace and prosperity for the Illyrian kingdom.,[47] ruled BC 260 ~ BC 250 (before his son Agron)
Agron of Illyria: reigned from 250 BC to 230 BC (after his father Pleuratus II). In 231 BC, Agron possessed the most powerful land army and navy, of any of the kings who had reigned Illyria before him. He extended the kingdoms' borders in the north and south.[48]
Scerdilaidas: allied with Rome to defeat Macedonia in 208 BC.,[51] ruled B.C 218~B.C 206
Pinnes: too young to become king; ruled under the regency of Teuta, Demetrius and Scerdilaidas.,[52] ruled B.C 230~B.C 217
Pleuratus III: rewarded by the Romans in 196 BC, with lands annexed by the Macedonians.,[53] ruled B.C 205~B.C 181
Gentius: defeated by the Romans in 168 BC during the Third Illyrian War; Illyrian kingdom ceased to exist while the king was taken prisoner.,[54] ruled B.C 181~B.C 168
^Cambi, Nenad; Čače, Slobodan; Kirigin, Branko, eds. (2002).Greek influence along the East Adriatic Coast. Knjiga Mediterana. Vol. 26.ISBN9531631549.Undoubtedly the word Illyrian had a distinct political (hence to some extent also ethnic) meaning, when applied to the Illyrian kingdom of Sirrhas or Bardylis I, at thend of the 5th or the beginning of the 4th century BC to the fall of Genthius in 168 BC, regardless of the unsolvable problem of how many dynasties alternately occupied the throne and what was the origin and the actual expanse of the kingdom of each of them
^Neritan Ceka: Illlyrian to the Albanians, 2005, Migjeni
^abThe Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992,ISBN0-631-19807-5, p. 129, "No Illyrian production of coins is known before King Monunius struck his coins at Dyrrhachium (see figure 11), followed by Mytilus around ten years later..."
^Fanula Papazoglu (1965), "Les origines et la destinée de l'état Illyrien," p. 143
^Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, page 105.
^Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 120,ISBN0-631-19807-5, p. 158, "Illyrian success continued when command passed to Agron's widow Teuta, who granted individual ships a licence to universal plunder. In 231 AC the fleet and army attacked Ells and Messenia..."
^A History of Rome to A.D. 565 – p. 111 by Arthur Edward Romilly Boak, William Gurnee Sinnigen,"The island of Pharos and some adjacent territory in Illyria were given to a Greek adventurer, Demetrius of Pharos"
^Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes by Danièle Berranger, Pierre Cabanes, Danièle Berranger-Auserve, page 137
^Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN0-631-19807-5, p. 162, "...revival of Illyrian power under Demetrius of Pharos, who had succeeded Teuta and married Triteuta, mother of the infant King Pinnes."
^The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992,ISBN0-631-19807-5, pages 121, 156, 167, 170–174, 190
^Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN0-631-19807-5, p. 221, "Ardiaei from which intoxicated men were conveyed home by their women who had also participated to the overindulgence of their kings Agron and Gentius..."
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Cabanes, Pierre (1988).Les illyriens de Bardulis à Genthios (IVe–IIe siècles avant J.-C.) [The Illyrians from Bardylis to Gentius (4th – 2nd century BC)] (in French). Paris: SEDES.ISBN2718138416.
Cabanes, Pierre (2002a) [1988]. Dinko Čutura; Bruna Kuntić-Makvić (eds.).Iliri od Bardileja do Gencia (IV. – II. stoljeće prije Krista) [The Illyrians from Bardylis to Gentius (4th – 2nd century BC)] (in Croatian). Translated by Vesna Lisičić. Svitava.ISBN953-98832-0-2.
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Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2004). "Mythological stories concerning Illyria and its name". In P. Cabanes; J.-L. Lamboley (eds.).L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Epire dans l'Antiquité. Vol. 4. pp. 493–504.
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