Ike Turner | |
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 Turner in 1971 | |
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| Born | Izear Luster Turner Jr. (1931-11-05)November 5, 1931 Clarksdale, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Died | December 12, 2007(2007-12-12) (aged 76) San Marcos, California, U.S. |
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| Years active | 1940s–2007 |
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Izear Luster "Ike"Turner Jr. (November 5, 1931 – December 12, 2007) was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, record producer, andtalent scout. An early pioneer of 1950srock and roll, he is best known for his work in the 1960s and 1970s with his wifeTina Turner as the leader of theIke & Tina Turner Revue.
A native ofClarksdale, Mississippi, Turner began playing piano in childhood and formed theKings of Rhythm as a teenager. His first recording, "Rocket 88," credited toJackie Brenston and his Delta Cats, is widely regarded as a contender for thefirst rock and roll song. During the 1950s, Turner taught himself to play guitar and worked as a talent scout and producer forSun Records andModern Records, playing a key role in the early careers of several blues musicians, includingB.B. King,Howlin' Wolf, andBobby Bland.[2][3] In 1954, he relocated toEast St. Louis, where the Kings of Rhythm became one of the leading acts in theGreater St. Louis area.[4] In 1960, Turner formed the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which went on to achieve major success as a soul and rock crossover act during the decade.
Turner'scocaine addiction, along with allegations ofdomestic violence described by Tina Turner in her 1986 autobiographyI, Tina and the 1993 film adaptationWhat's Love Got to Do with It, adversely affected his career. Addicted to cocaine for at least 15 years, Turner was convicted of drug offenses and served 18 months in prison. After his release in 1991, he relapsed in 2004 and died of a drug overdose in 2007. In the final decade of his life, Turner experienced a career resurgence as a frontman, returning to his blues roots with the release of the award-winning albumsHere and Now (2001) andRisin' with the Blues (2006).
Hailed as a "great innovator" of rock and roll by contemporaries such asLittle Richard andJohnny Otis,[5][6] Turner received critical acclaim as well.[7]Rolling Stone editorDavid Fricke ranked Turner No. 61 on his list of 100 Greatest Guitarists and noted, "Turner was one of the first guitarists to successfully transplant the intensity of the blues into more commercial music."[8] Turner won fiveGrammy Awards, including two competitive awards and threeGrammy Hall of Fame Awards.[9][10] He also received theRecording Academy's Heroes Award. Turner was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame with Tina Turner in 1991.[11] As a solo artist, he is inducted into theSt. Louis Walk of Fame, theClarksdale Walk of Fame, theMississippi Musicians Hall of Fame, theBlues Hall of Fame, and theRhythm & Blues Hall of Fame.
Izear Luster Turner Jr. was born inClarksdale, Mississippi, on November 5, 1931, to Beatrice Cushenberry, aseamstress, and Izear Luster Turner, aBaptist minister.[13][14] His parents wereCreole.[15] Turner was the younger of their two children; his sister, Lee Ethel Knight, was "some ten years" his senior. When Turner applied for his first passport in the 1960s, he discovered that his name was registered as Ike Wister Turner. By then both of his parents were deceased, so he could not verify the origin of his name.[15]
Blues historian Ted Drozdowski claimed that Turner's father died in an industrial accident;[16]according to Turner, he witnessed his father beaten and left for dead by a white man[15] (another account given by Turner alleged that "a couple of pickup-truck loads of whites in khaki pants and khaki shirts" dragged his father away, returning him after having "kicked holes in his stomach").[17] He claimed he was later told this assault was an act of retaliation over a woman with whom his father was having an affair, and that his father lived for two or three years as an invalid in a tent erected by the Health Department in the family's yard before succumbing to his injuries when Turner was about five years old.[15] Donald Brackett, author ofTumult! The Incredible Life of Tina Turner, observed Turner "often related" this story, but that "like most Ike stories, it might need to be taken with a pound of salt."[18]
His mother remarried an artist named Philip Reese, who Turner described as a violent alcoholic.[19] One day after Reese gave him a whipping, Turner knocked him out with a length oflumber and ran away toMemphis for a few days before returning home.[20] Despite their troubled relationship, Turner moved his stepfather into one of his homes in St. Louis after his mother died in 1959 and took care of him until his death in 1961.[21]
Turner recounted how he wassexually assaulted at the age of six by a woman called Miss Boozie.[22] Walking past her house to school, she would invite him to help feed her chickens and then take him to bed. This continued daily for some time.[23] Turner was also sexually assaulted by another middle-aged woman, Miss Reedy, before he was twelve.[24] Reflecting on these experiences, he stated: "That's probably why every relationship I was in was surrounded by sex. Sex was power to me."[14]
| External videos | |
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 Oral History, Ike Turner shares moments of his life story and career. (Interview date December 1, 2005), NAMM (National Association of Music Merchants) Oral History Library |
Turner attended Booker T. Washington Elementary School, then was promoted to Myrtle Hall in the sixth grade.[25] He quit school in the eighth grade and began working as an elevator operator at theAlcazar Hotel in downtown Clarksdale.[26] During breaks, he would watch DJ John Friskillo play records at the radio station,WROX, located in the hotel.[27] WROX is noted for being the first radio station in Mississippi to employ a black DJ,Early Wright.[28] One day, Friskillo spotted Turner watching and put him to work, teaching him the ins and outs of the control room.[29][30] Soon, he was left to play records while Friskillo took coffee breaks.[30][31] This led to Turner being offered a job by the station manager as the DJ on the late-afternoon shift. On his show, "Jive Till Five", he played a diverse range of music such asRoy Milton andLouis Jordan alongside earlyrockabilly records.[21][29]
Turner was inspired to learn the piano after he heard blues pianistPinetop Perkins play at his friendErnest Lane's house.[32] Turner persuaded his mother to pay for piano lessons, but he did not take to the formal style of playing. Instead, he spent the money in a pool hall and learnedboogie-woogie from Perkins.[33] At some point in the 1940s, Turner moved into Clarksdale'sRiverside Hotel.[34] The Riverside played host to touring musicians, includingSonny Boy Williamson II andDuke Ellington.[35][34] Turner associated with many of these musicians, and at 13 years old he backed Sonny Boy Williamson II on piano.[6]
As a teenager, Turner joined a local rhythm ensemble called the Tophatters, who played aroundClarksdale, Mississippi.[36] Members of the band were Clarksdale musicians and included Turner's school friendsRaymond Hill, Eugene Fox andClayton Love.[37] The Tophatters playedbig band arrangements fromsheet music. Turner, who was trained by ear and could notsight read, would learn the pieces by listening to a version on record at home, pretending to be reading the music during rehearsals.[36] The Tophatters had over 30 members, but they broke up into two groups after six months to a year. One faction wanted to playjazz music and became the Dukes of Swing.[38] The other band led by Turner became the Kings of Rhythm. Turner said, "we wanted to playblues, boogie-woogie andRoy Brown,Jimmy Liggins,Roy Milton."[36] Turner kept the name throughout his career, although it went through lineup changes over time. Their early stage performances consisted largely of covers of popularjukebox hits.B.B. King helped them to get a steady weekend gig and recommended them toSam Phillips atMemphis Recording Service.[2] In the 1950s, Turner's group got regular airplay from live sessions on the radio stations WROX in Clarksdale andKFFA inHelena, Arkansas.[28][39]
Around the time he was starting out with the Kings of Rhythm, Turner and Lane became unofficialroadies for blues musicianRobert Nighthawk, who often played live on WROX.[30] The pair played drums and piano on radio sessions. Turner gained experience performing by supporting Nighthawk at gigs around Clarksdale.[40][41] He playedjuke joints alongside other local blues artists such asElmore James,Muddy Waters, andLittle Walter.[30] Performances typically lasted about twelve hours, from early evening to dawn the next day. Turner recalled, "there wasn't no intermission. If the drummer had to pee, I would play drums until he returned....There were no breaks. We just switched around."[42]
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In March 1951, Turner and his band recorded the song "Rocket 88" at Memphis Recording Service.[43] Turner's vocalistJohnny O'Neal had left to sign a solo contract withKing Records, soJackie Brenston, a saxophonist in the Kings of Rhythm, sang lead vocals while Turner was on piano. "Rocket 88" is notable among other things for Willie Kizart'sdistorted guitar sound.[44]
Phillips licensed the recording toChess Records in Chicago.[43] Chess released it under the name "Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats" instead of "Ike Turner and His Kings of Rhythm Featuring Jackie Brenston".[45] Turner blamed Phillips for this misrepresentation. Soon after its release, the single caused a sensation and Turner performed with his band at theW.C. Handy Theatre in Memphis.[43]
The single reachednumber-one on theBillboard R&B charts in June 1951 and spent 5 weeks on top of the charts.[46][47] The record sold approximately half a million copies. Turner and the band were paid $20 each for the record. The exception was Brenston, who sold the rights to Phillips for $910.[48] Phillips used profits from the success of the record to launchSun Records in February 1952.[49]
The song is often cited as the first rock n' roll record,[50] but in a later interview, Turner offered this assessment: "I don't think that 'Rocket 88' is rock 'n' roll. I think that 'Rocket 88' is R&B, but I think 'Rocket 88' is the cause of rock and roll existing".[51]
The success of "Rocket 88" generated tension and ego clashes in the band which culminated with Brenston leaving to pursue a solo career, causing the band to fall apart. Turner, without a band and disappointed his hit record had not created more opportunities for him, disbanded the Kings of Rhythm for a few years.[40]
Soon after the release of "Rocket 88", Turner moved toWest Memphis, Arkansas and played with various local bands.[52] He then became afreelance talent scout, session musician, and production assistant for Sam Phillips at Sun Studio, commuting to Memphis, Tennessee. Wishing to exploit hisDelta music connections, theBihari brothers atModern Records also hired Turner as a talent scout, paying him to find southern musicians who might be worth recording.[40] Turner arranged for B.B. King and theBeale Streeters to record for Modern at theYMCA in Memphis.[53] Turner played piano on King's early records "You Know I Love You" and "3 O'Clock Blues", which became King's first two number-ones.[4] According to Joe Bihari, Turner had brought King to his attention years prior. He said, "Ike wasn't more than sixteen then. He would send dubs of things he cut to us, and if we'd like them we'd make a seal or sign the artist. That's how we acquired B.B. King."[54] King also maintained that Turner introduced him to the Bihari brothers.[55]
Unaware ofsongwriter's royalties, Turner also wrote new material which the Biharis copyrighted under their own names.[56] They often purchased or claimedco-writer credit of songs written by artists on their labels usingpseudonyms.[57][58] Turner estimated he wrote seventy-eight hit records for the Biharis.[56] Artists Turner discovered for Modern and Sun includeBobby Bland,Howlin' Wolf,Rosco Gordon,Boyd Gilmore,Houston Boines,Charley Booker, andLittle Milton.[59] He played piano in sessions with them and lesser-known artists such asthe Prisonaires,Driftin' Slim, Ben Burton, Matt Cockrell,Dennis Binder, Sunny Blair, and Baby Face Turner.[60][4]
Turner was contracted to the Bihari brothers, but he continued to work for Phillips, where he was effectively the in-house producer. This sometimes created conflicts of interest.[61] In 1951, Turner recorded two Howlin' Wolf tracks for Phillips, playing piano on "How Many More Years" and "Moanin' at Midnight", which Phillips sent to Chess.[62][63] Turner and Howlin' Wolf then recorded a version of "Moanin' at Midnight" at radio stationKWEM in West Memphis without Phillips' or theChess brothers' knowledge. He sent the results to the Biharis at Modern and they released it on their subsidiary labelRPM Records.[63] Turner also attempted to poach Elmore James fromTrumpet Records and record him for Modern. Trumpet found out and Modern had to cancel the record. However, James did eventually sign with Modern, and Turner played on his recordings that were released on Modern's subsidiary labelFlair Records.[4][64]
While inHelena, Turner tried to recruitLittle Walter to record for Modern in January 1952, but Little Walter was on his way to Mississippi.[65] In 1952, Turner discoveredLittle Junior Parker in West Memphis, and they formed a band withMatt "Guitar" Murphy.[32] Turner recorded Parker's first single, "You're My Angel" / "Bad Women, Bad Whiskey", credited to Little Junior Parker and the Blue Flames.[66][54] That summer Turner recorded with the new vocalist and pianist in his band, Marion Louis Lee, resulting in "My Heart Belongs to You" / "Looking for My Baby". The records were released on RPM as Bonnie and Ike Turner and they performed together at theHippodrome in Memphis.[67] Turner married Lee in September 1952.[68]
Unbeknownst to Turner, during his time in West Memphis, he metElvis Presley, who was a truck driver.[69][70] He recalled, "[Presley] was just a white boy that would come over to black clubs. He would come in and stand behind the piano and watch me play. I never knew he was no musician."[71] Turner discovered his identity many years later after Presley approached him when they were both playing at theInternational Hotel.[52]
To accommodate his then-wife Bonnie, who also played piano, Turner taught himself how to play guitar by ear, andWillie Kizart taught him blues guitar techniques.[72] He began playing guitar in sessions in 1953, and by 1954, with the assistance of Joe Bihari, he built a makeshift recording studio at a defunctGreyhound bus station in Clarksdale.[60] Turner used his Kings of Rhythm as session musicians. They played on many recordings for Bihari's Modern, RPM, and Flair labels. Some of the artists Turner backed on piano and guitar during this period include Elmore James,Johnny Ace andthe Flairs.[73] Around this time Turner discoveredBilly "The Kid" Emerson inGreenville. He brought Emerson to record at Sun Records and backed him on guitar in 1954.[74]
In 1954, Turner visited his sister Lee Ethel Knight inSt. Louis, Missouri. During his stay, he went clubbing at Ned Love's inEast St. Louis, Illinois. Love invited Turner and his band to play at his club.[75][76] Eventually, Turner returned with his reformed version of the Kings of Rhythm. The band consisted of Willie Kizart on guitar, Willie "Bad Boy" Sims on drums, vocalist Johnny O'Neal, Turner's nephew Jesse Knight Jr. on bass, and Turner's wife Annie Mae Wilson on piano and vocals.[77]
Turner maintained strict discipline and the band lived at his home on Virginia Place in East St. Louis which doubled as a studio.[78] Ateetotaler at the time, he avoided drugs and insisted all band members also adopt this policy, firing anyone he even suspected of breaking the rules.[14] Turner established his group as one of the most highly rated on the St. Louis club circuit, vying for popularity with their main competition,Sir John's Trio featuringChuck Berry.[77] The bands would play all-nighters in St. Louis, then cross the river to the clubs of East St. Louis, and continue playing until dawn. Initially, they played for predominately black audiences at clubs in Illinois such as theClub Manhattan in East St. Louis, which Turner and his band built, theClub Riviera in St. Louis, the Harlem Club in Brookline and the Kingsbury inMadison.[79][80] In St. Louis, Turner was exposed to a white audience who were excited by R&B. He played at the Moonlight Bar, Latin Quarter, and theClub Imperial, which was popular with white teenagers.[75][81][82] He also gained a big following at Club DeLisa and locally he was acknowledged as the "King of Rock and Roll."[83][84] As his popularity grew among both whites and blacks, he demanded that the clubs should be integrated.[76] He performed regularly onDave Dixon's radio show, which aired live from the Birdcage Lounge, onKSTL.[75] He also had live music broadcasts on the St. Louis radio stationKATZ.[76]
In between live dates, Turner took the band toCincinnati to record forFederal Records in 1956. The single, "I'm Tore Up" / "If I Never Had Known You" featuringBilly Gayles, was released in April 1956.[85] It became a regional hit and Turner's booking fee doubled after its release.[86] Like Brenston years prior, Gayles left Turner's band to pursue a solo career.[87] In 1958, Turner took the band to Chicago to record forCobra/Artistic, as well as fulfilling his contract as a session musician back at Sun. While in Chicago, Turner backedOtis Rush, playing the signature vibrato guitar parts on "Double Trouble".[88] He also helpedBuddy Guy record his second record,[89] resulting in the single "You Sure Can't Do" / "This Is The End", on which Turner played guitar and composed the latter.[90]
Turner befriended St. Louis R&B fan Bill Stevens, who set up the short-livedStevens Records in 1959.[91] Turner released two singles on the Stevens label, "Jack Rabbit" / "In Your Eyes Baby" and "Ho–Ho" / "Hey–Hey."[92] He used theanagram "Icky Renrut" because he was still under contract with Sun for several more months, and he didn't want to cause friction with Phillips.[77] In addition, Turner recorded numerous sessions for Stevens with various vocalists and musician lineups of the Kings of Rhythm.[93]
In 1956, Ann Bullock accompanied her sisterAlline Bullock to watch Turner and the Kings of Rhythm at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis.[94][95] Alline was abarmaid at the club and was dating Turner's drummer Eugene Washington.[96] Through her sister and Washington, Ann Bullock asked Turner to sing with his band.[97][98] Turner said he'd call her onstage, but he never did.[98] One night during anintermission, she got hold of the microphone from Washington and sang "You Know I Love You" by B.B. King.[99] Impressed by her voice, Turner invited her to sing with the band. She made her recording debut on Turner's song "Boxtop", released on Tune Town Records in 1958.[100]
In March 1960, Turner allowed her to record a demo of his self-penned song "A Fool in Love". He intended to use the demo as guide track forArt Lassiter, who did not attend the scheduled recording session atTechnisonic Studios.[76] A local DJ suggested he send the record toSue Records in New York, where label ownerJuggy Murray insisted on releasing the track with Bullock's vocal. Murray offered a $20,000 advance for the song and suggested Turner "make her the star" of his show.[101] Turner then renamed her "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena; however, family and friends still called her Ann.[102] He was inspired bySheena, Queen of the Jungle andNyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona.[103] He had the name "Tina Turner" trademarked, so that in case she left, another singer could perform under the same name.[104]
The single "A Fool In Love" was released in July 1960, and it became a national hit, selling a million copies.[105] It peaked at No. 2 on theBillboard R&B chart and No. 27 on theHot 100.[106] Turner added a backinggirl group he renamedthe Ikettes, and along with the Kings of Rhythm they began performing as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. The success of the single was followed by a string of hits including "I Idolize You", "Poor Fool", and "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" which gave them their second million-seller and their first Grammy nomination.[107]
In 1961, Turner played piano onAlbert King's first hit record, "Don't Throw Your Love on Me So Strong". The single, released on King Records, peaked at No. 14 on theBillboard R&B chart.[88] He also wrote and produced the Ikettes hit "I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song)".[108]
The Revue performed rigorously on theChitlin' Circuit and built a reputation as "one of the hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles."[109] To assure he always had a record out while on tour, Turner formed multiple labels such as Sputnik,Teena,Prann,Innis,Sony andSonja.[110] He produced singles by the Ikettes,Jimmy Thomas,Fontella Bass,George Jackson, and other artists on his labels.[102] The duo switched to Turner's Sonja label in 1963.[110] For the next six years, they recorded onWarner Bros./Loma, Modern/Kent, Cenco,Philles,Tangerine,Pompeii,Blue Thumb,Minit, andA&M.[111] Between 1964 and 1965, they scored fourteen top 40 R&B hits with "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had", "Tell Her I'm Not Home", "Good Bye, So Long", and "Two Is a Couple".[112][106] Around this time,Jimi Hendrix briefly played backing guitar in the band.[113]
In 1965,Phil Spector saw them perform at a club on theSunset Strip and invited them to filmThe Big T.N.T. Show.[114] Impressed by their performance, Spector negotiated a deal with their managerBob Krasnow, head of Loma Records, offering $20,000 to produce Tina and have them released from their Loma contract.[115][116] After Tina and Spector recorded "River Deep – Mountain High", the duo signed to Spector's Philles label in 1966.[117] The failure of the single in America triggered Spector's retreat from the music industry. However, it was a hit in Europe, reaching No. 3 on theUK Singles Chart and No. 1 onLos 40 Principales in Spain.[118][119] Following the song's success in the UK, they were invited to open forthe Rolling Stones on their1966 British Tour.[120][121] This exposure introduced them to a wider audience outside of R&B. Soon they were booking bigger venues, and by 1969 they were headlining in Las Vegas.[122]
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In April 1969, Turner and the Kings of Rhythm released an album,A Black Man's Soul, on Pompeii Records.[123] The album earned Turner his first solo Grammy nomination forBest R&B Instrumental Performance at the12th Annual Grammy Awards.[10] Later that year, the duo released the blues-oriented albumsOutta Season andThe Hunter on Blue Thumb Records. Turner and Bob Krasnow, founder of Blue Thumb, co-producedEarl Hooker's 1969 albumSweet Black Angel.[124] In November, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue opened for the Rolling Stones on their1969 American Tour.[116]
In January 1970, they performed onThe Ed Sullivan Show and released their rendition of "Come Together", which reached No. 21 on the R&B chart. Their cover of "I Want to Take You Higher" bySly and the Family Stone was also successful on the charts in 1970. Turner, who was a friend ofSly Stone, played guitar on Sly and the Family Stone's albumThere's a Riot Goin' On (1971).[125] The release of "Proud Mary" in 1971 became Ike & Tina Turner's biggest hit, reaching No. 4 on theBillboard Hot 100 and No. 5 on the R&B chart.[106] It sold more than a million copies, and won the duo aGrammy Award forBest R&B Vocal Performance by a Group at the14th Annual Grammy Awards.[10]
Their mainstream success provided Turner with the finances to open his own recording studio,Bolic Sound inInglewood, in 1972.[126] Turner had twosixteen track studios built, a large one to rent out and a smaller one for his personal recordings. He fitted them out withstate-of-the-art equipment.[127] Artists who recorded there includedPaul McCartney,George Harrison,Duane Allman,Little Richard,Gayle McCormick, andFrank Zappa.[6]
Turner released two solo albums forUnited Artists Records,Blues Roots (1972) andBad Dreams (1973). In 1973, the duo released "Nutbush City Limits" penned by Tina. The single peaked at No. 22 on theBillboard Hot 100, No. 11 on the R&B chart and it was a bigger hit in Europe.[106] The Turners received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe.[128]
During this period, Turner produced singerJudy Cheeks' debut albumJudy Cheeks (1973),[129] and the last album by the Ikettes,(G)Old & New (1974). In 1974, Ike and Tina released the albumThe Gospel According to Ike & Tina Turner.[130] The album was nominated forBest Soul GospelPerformance.[107] Turner also earned a solo nomination for his single "Father Alone".[10] Between 1974 and 1975, the duo released the singles "Sweet Rhode Island Red", "Sexy Ida", and "Baby, Get It On".[106]
The Ike & Tina Turner Revue ended abruptly in 1976.[101] That year, they headlined at theWaldorf Astoria New York and signed a television deal withCBS-TV.[131] Turner had plans to leave United Artists Records for a five-year $150,000 per year deal withCream Records, which was to be signed on July 6.[132] On July 1, the Turners got into a violent altercation en route to their gig at theDallas Statler Hilton.[133] Turner later claimed that Tina initiated the conflict by purposely irritating him so that she would have a reason to break up with him before they signed the new contract.[132] Tina fled from the hotel shortly after they arrived, and filed for divorce on July 27, 1976. She would later describe a relationship in which Turner was frequently violent and abusive, sometimes beating her with wooden objects like a shoe-stretcher or hanger. The night she left, his beating left her face bruised, swollen, and bleeding.[134][135]
United Artists responded to the Turners' separation by releasing albums of compiled recordings from their last sessions together,Delilah's Power (1977) andAirwaves (1978). Two years after their divorce was finalized, Turner released the single "Party Vibes" / "Shame, Shame, Shame" from the albumThe Edge (1980) which peaked at No. 27 on theBillboard Disco Top 100 chart.[136]
After his breakup with Tina, singerHolly Maxwell sang with Turner on occasion from 1977 to 1985 and again for eight months in 1992. She reported a positive working relationship with Turner, and later released the memoirFreebase Ain't Free about their close friendship.[137] In 1979, Turner spent time in the studio withChaka Khan following her separation from her manager-husband. She toldJet: "He's been real inspiration and a catalyst emotionally and in other ways as well. We plan to record together."[138] Turner struggled to find success due to his cocaine addiction and run-ins with the law.[139] In 1988, Turner attempted an ill-fated return to the stage withMarcy Thomas, Bonnie Johnson, andJeanette Bazzell as his Ikettes.[140]
While Turner was in prison following a drug conviction, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to theRock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.[11] Tina did not attend because she took the year off from making public appearances, so Phil Spector delivered a speech at the ceremony on their behalf.[141][142] After his release from prison, Turner told the press that he was nervous about returning to performing live, but had plans to return to the studio.[143] He sold 20 unreleased Ike & Tina Turner masters to the independent label Esquire Records.[144] In 1992, Turner performed as a special guest atOliver Sain's Soul Reunion concert atMississippi Nights in St. Louis.[145]
Hip-hop groupSalt-N-Pepa sampled theSweet Inspirations rendition of Turner's composition "I'm Blue (The Gong Gong Song)" for their 1993 single "Shoop". The song reached No. 4 in theBillboard Hot 100 and Turner earned around half a million dollars in royalties.[139] He re-recorded "I'm Blue" as a duet with singer Billy Rogers in 1995. Produced by Rogers, the remake received favorable reviews.[146] Turner later appeared on the song "Love Gravy" withRick James for the soundtrack albumChef Aid: The South Park Album.[147]
Turner reformed the Ikettes in the mid-1990s, which included his then-wife Jeanette Bazzell Turner, Nina Hill, and Michelle Love (Randi Love).Vera Clyburn, who was an Ikette in the 1970s, was the lead singer.[148] They performed to positive reviews as the Ike Turner Revue.[149][3] In August 1997, Turner returned to his hometown Clarksdale to headline the 10th AnnualSunflower River Blues & Gospel Festival.[150] Turner creditedJoe Louis Walker with encouraging him to return to his roots in blues music. Turner played guitar and assisted in the production on Walker's 1997 albumGreat Guitars; Walker paid him $5,000 a night for six songs.[151] Walker invited Turner to perform with him at theSan Francisco Blues Festival and to tour in Europe.[32][152] The positive response to the tour encouraged Turner to reform the Kings of Rhythm. They toured the US in 2001, and headlined a showcase atSouth by Southwest, where they were hailed as one of the highlights of the conference.[152] Turner's work on the tour led to the recording and release of his Grammy-nominated albumHere & Now (2001).[10] In 2002, Turner's performance at theMontreux Jazz Festival was released as a live album and DVD.[2]
In 2002, Turner filmedMartin Scorsese'sPBS documentary seriesThe Blues, which aired in September 2003.[153] He is featured in the documentariesThe Road to Memphis andGodfathers and Sons, as part of the series.[154] Turner appeared on theGorillaz's albumDemon Days (2005), playing piano on "Every Planet We Reach Is Dead".[155][156] He performed the song with Gorillaz at theManchester Opera House in November 2005.[157][158] His performance is featured in the live concert DVDDemon Days: Live at the Manchester Opera House.[159]
In 2006, Turner released his last album,Risin' With the Blues, on theindependent labelZoho Roots. The album received positive critical reception, and was nominated for best Blues Album at the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards.[160][161] Turner won his first soloGrammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album at the49th Annual Grammy Awards in 2007.[10]
Turner began working on a collaboration album with Gorillaz's producerDanger Mouse andthe Black Keys in early 2007.[162] The Black Keys sent demos to Turner, but the project was temporarily shelved.[162][163] After Turner's death, the songs were used for their 2008 albumAttack & Release.[162] Although Turner does not appear on the album,Pitchfork noted his influence in the production.[164]
In his career, Turner originally worked in the style of 1950s R&B, or post-jump blues. His early influences includedAmos Milburn and Louis Jordan, as well as country music artists such asHank Williams Sr. andMerle Travis.[3] Though primarily known as a guitarist, Turner began his career playing piano and personally considered it his main instrument.[25] In 1951, journalist Mike McGee compared him to jazz pianistFats Waller and wrote: "Ike Turner is the hottest piano player in many a day."[165]
Turner grew up playingboogie woogie piano, which he learned from blues pianist Pinetop Perkins.[166] He decided he was not meant to be a frontman when at twelve he was coerced into giving an impromptu piano recital in school. He found the experience terrifying and from then on preferred not to be the focus of attention, but rather to be in the background controlling the show. He considered himself an organizer rather than a performer.[167] MusicianDonald Fagen noted: "[T]alented as he was, there wasn't anything really supernatural about Ike's skills as a musician... What Ike excelled at was leadership: conceptualization, organization, and execution."[168]
Turner's guitar style is distinguished by heavy use of thewhammy bar to achieve a strongreverb-soakedvibrato, string bending,hammer-ons andtriplets in his blues phrasing.[169] Turner was an early adopter of theFender Stratocaster electric guitar, buying one from O.K. Houk's Piano Co. store in Memphis the year of its release in 1954.[170] Unaware that the guitar'stremolo arm could be used to subtle effect, Turner used it to play screaming, swooping and diving solos that predated artists such asJimi Hendrix andJeff Beck by a decade.[171] InThe Stratocaster Chronicles, Tom Wheeler wrote that Turner's "inventive style is a classic example of an artist discovering the Stratocaster, adapting to its features and fashioning something remarkable."[172] Turner himself said of his tremolo technique: "I thought it was to make the guitar scream—people got so excited when I used that thing."[171] Dave Rubin wrote inPremier Guitar magazine: "All those years of playing piano and arranging taught him a considerable amount about harmony, as he could certainly navigate I-IV-V chord changes. Ike modestly terms what he does on the guitar as 'tricks', but make no mistake, he attacked his axe with the conviction of a man who knew precisely what he wanted to hear come out of it."[169]
Reviewing Turner's 1973 albumBad Dreams,Robert Christgau wrote: "After twenty years of raking it in from the shadows, he's finally figured out a way of applying his basically comicbass/baritone to rock and roll. Studio-psychedelicNew Orleans, echoes ofthe Band andDr. John, some brilliant minor r&b mixed in with the dumb stuff. My God—at the moment he's more interesting than Tina."[173]
"It ain't Little Richard, it ain't Chuck, it ain't Fats Domino — no, we came on later. This man was playing the blues, rhythm and blues. Rock 'n' roll came from rhythm and blues: rock 'n' roll ain't nothing but rhythm and blues up-tempo. Ike Turner was the innovator, for rhythm and blues and for rock 'n' roll. We just came and took it home."
Turner was praised by his contemporaries for his influence.Johnny Otis said, "Ike Turner is a very important man in American music. The texture and flavor of R&B owe a lot to him. He defined how to put theFender bass into that music. He was a great innovator."[6] B.B. King was a great admirer of Turner, describing him as "The best bandleader I've ever seen."[175] King also said, "When they talk about rock 'n roll, I see Ike as one of the founding fathers."[176] Turner was a big influence on Little Richard, who wrote the introduction to Turner's autobiography.[177] Little Richard was inspired to play the piano after he heard Turner's piano intro on "Rocket 88", and later used it note for note on "Good Golly, Miss Molly".[178][179]Prince also said Turner was his first musical influence.[180]
Phil Alexander, editor-in-chief ofMojo magazine, referred to Turner as the "cornerstone of modern day rock 'n' roll" and credited his arrangements of blues standards as being an influence on 1960s British Invasion groups: "He proceeded to influence British rockers from the mid-1960s onwards. Without Ike you wouldn't have had the Stones andZeppelin. People like that wouldn't have had the source material on which they drew."[7]
Speaking on "Rocket 88" being a contender for the first rock 'n' roll record, broadcasterPaul Gambaccini said:
In musical terms [he was] very important. "Rocket 88" is one of the two records that can claim to be the first rock 'n' roll record, the other being "The Fat Man" byFats Domino from 1949. But "Rocket 88" does have a couple of elements which "The Fat Man" did not. The wailing saxophone and that distorted electric guitar. It was number one in the rhythm and blues chart for five weeks, it is in theGrammy Hall of Fame and it was an indisputable claim to fame for Ike Turner....To critics he will be known as a great founder, unfortunately to the general public he will always be known as a brutal man.[7]
Nigel Cawthorne—co-author of Turner's autobiography—said:
Although there had been black rock 'n' rollers who had made it big already, they really only played to a white audience. Ike and Tina played to a mixed audience and he deliberately desegregated audiences in the southern states and he wouldn't play to any segregated audiences at all. Because he had such a big band and entourage he desegregated a lot of the hotels because the hotel chains wouldn't want to miss out on the money they would make from him touring the southern states.[7]
Turner's songs have beensampled byhip hop artists; most notably, Salt-N-Pepa used "I'm Blue" for their 1994 hit "Shoop".[139]Jurassic 5 used "Getting Nasty" fromA Black Man's Soul on the track "Concrete Schoolyard" in 1997.Main Source also sampled "Getting Nasty" on the track "Snake Eyes" as well as Ike & Tina Turner's "Bold Soul Sister" on "Just Hanging Out"; both featured on their 1991 albumBreaking Atoms. The track "Funky Mule", also fromA Black Man's Soul, has been sampled extensively by jungle DJs, with the drum introduction being a very popularbreak. It was sampled by producerGoldie for his 1994 hit "Inner City Life", in the same year by Krome & Time on "The License", and by Paradox in 2002 on track "Funky Mule".[181]
In 2009, a Nashville-based band, Mr. Groove Band, recorded a tribute album titledRocket 88: Tribute to Ike Turner. Vocalists on the album include Turner's last wifeAudrey Madison Turner and former IketteBonnie Bramlett.[182]
Turner won two competitive Grammy Awards.[10] Ike & Tina Turner won Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group for "Proud Mary" in 1972.[183] In 2007, Turner won Best Traditional Blues Album forRisin' with the Blues.[184] Turner also has three songs inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame: "Rocket 88", "River Deep – Mountain High", and "Proud Mary".[9]
Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into theRock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.[11] Turner is inducted into theBlues Hall of Fame and theRhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame. He is also inducted into theMississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.[185] He was honored with a star on theSt. Louis Walk of Fame in 2001.[186]
Turner won Comeback Album of The Year forHere and Now at theW.C. Handy Blues Awards in 2002.[187] In 2004, he was awarded the Heroes Award from the Memphis branch of theRecording Academy.[188] He was a recipient of the Legend Award at the 2007Mojo Awards.[189]
In 2003, the albumProud Mary: The Best of Ike & Tina Turner was ranked No. 212 onRolling Stone magazine's list ofthe 500 greatest albums of all time (No. 214 on 2012 revised list).[190][191]
In 2004,Fender Custom Shop manufactured a limited edition Ike Turner Tribute Stratocaster. The model has analder body in Sonic Blue with an Ike Turner signature in gold ink on the body under the clear-coat, with amaple neck in a 1960s "C" shape with arosewood fingerboard, with 21 vintage frets. It had three custom single coil 1960s Strat pickups. Only 100 specimens were made, retailing at $3,399.99.[192]
In August 2010, Turner was posthumously celebrated in his hometown of Clarksdale, Mississippi.[193] On August 6, Clarksdale officials and music fans gathered to unveil a marker on theMississippi Blues Trail and a plaque on theClarksdale Walk of Fame in downtown Clarksdale honoring Turner and his musical legacy.[194] The unveilings coincided with Clarksdale's 23rd Annual Sunflower River Blues & Gospel Festival, which paid tribute to Turner.[150]
Although Turner considered himself a pianist rather than a guitarist,[32]Rolling Stone magazine editorDavid Fricke ranked him No. 61 on his list of 100 Greatest Guitarists in 2010.[8]
In 2015,Rolling Stone ranked Ike & Tina Turner No. 2 on their list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.[195]
In 2017, the Mississippi Blues Trail honored "Rocket 88" for being an influential record with a marker inLyon, Mississippi.[196] In 2018, "Rocket 88" was chosen for the inaugural class of influential songs inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame Singles.[197]
In 1986, Tina Turner released her autobiography,I, Tina, in which she recounted Turner's volatile behavior. He received negative publicity that was exacerbated in 1993 by the release of the film adaptationWhat's Love Got to Do with It.[3] Turner received $45,000 for the film, but he had unknowingly signed papers waiving the right to sueDisney'sTouchstone Pictures for his depiction.[198] He was portrayed byLaurence Fishburne, whose performance earned him an Oscar nomination forBest Actor at the66th Academy Awards.[199]
After the release of the film, the fictionalized version of Turner from the movie was seized on by comedians, who reused the persona in sketches. On the 1990ssketch comedy showIn Living Color, Turner was parodied byDavid Alan Grier. He was portrayed onSaturday Night Live'sWeekend Update byTim Meadows in a pageboy wig. On theJohn Boy and Billy radio show, cast memberJeff Pillars regularly performed an impersonation of Turner in a segment called "Ax/Ask Ike". These sketches were collected in a 2008 comedy albumIke at the Mike.[200] In 2006,Vibe magazine ranked the character of Ike Turner fromWhat's Love Got to Do with It at No. 4 in their list of the 20 best movie "bad guys".[201]
Commenting on the historical accuracy of the film, Tina toldLarry King in 1997: "I would have liked them to have more truth, but according to Disney [owner of the film's production company], they said it's impossible, the people would not have believed the truth."[202][203] In 2018, Tina toldOprah Winfrey that she only recently watched the film, but she could not finish it because she "didn't realize they would change the details so much."[204] Phil Spector criticized Tina's book and called the film a "piece of trash" during his eulogy at Turner's funeral.[205]
In 2015,TV One'sUnsung offered some redemption with "The Story of Ike Turner", which documented his career along with his trials and tribulations.[206] In the musicalTina: The Tina Turner Musical, Turner was portrayed by British actorKobna Holdbrook-Smith, who won theLaurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his role in 2019.[207]
In 1999, Turner published his autobiographyTakin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner.[208] It was written withNigel Cawthorne andLittle Richard wrote the introduction. In 2003, John Collis publishedIke Turner: King of Rhythm about the life and musical contributions of Turner.[209]
Turner claimed to have been married fourteen times, but the legality of many of his marriages is ambiguous because they were never legally finalized or he wasalready married at the time.[14][210] Speaking on his early marriages, he said: "You gave a preacher two dollars, the (marriage) papers cost three dollars, that was it. In those days, African Americans did not bother with divorces."[6]
Turner was first married at 16 years old to Edna Dean Stewart ofRuleville, Mississippi.[211] They were married on April 10, 1948. Records show that Turner added four years to his age.[68] Edna didn't want to stay inClarksdale, so she left Turner and returned to Ruleville.[212]
Turner's second wife, Velma Davis (née Dishman), is the elder sister of former IketteJoshie Armstead.[213] Turner met her at the Cotton Club on Camplin Avenue inYazoo City, Mississippi in 1948. Davis claimed that Turner was the father of her daughter Linda Turner Bullock, born in 1949.[214] However, Turner asserted in his book that he was not the biological father.[212] The couple married on September 19, 1950.[68] Davis and Bullock attended Turner's Mississippi Blues Trail marker unveiling in 2010.[194]
Turner then married Rosa Lee Sane inWest Memphis, Arkansas.[212] She had amental breakdown, so her family put her in aninsane asylum in Tennessee. Turner tried to get her out, but he never saw her again.[212]
Turner married Marion Louis Lee (Bonnie Turner) in Clarksdale on September 24, 1952.[68] Lee was a member of the Kings of Rhythm as a pianist and vocalist. In 1952, under the alias Mary Sue, she released the single "Everybody's Talking" / "Love Is a Gamble" on Modern Records.[68] She co-wrote both tunes with Turner. The couple also recorded for RPM Records and Sun Records.[215] Turner recalled, "Bonnie played piano. It was a job staying ahead of this chick, man, cos' she was always trying to outdo me."[72] While they were inSarasota, Florida for a gig, she ran off to New York with another man in 1953.[72] Their divorce was finalized in 1955.[68]
After Lee, Turner married a woman named Alice inHelena, Arkansas.[216] According to Turner, they did notconsummate their marriage. Alice was dating his vocalistJohnny O'Neal, but Turner liked her, so he married her to avoid "locking heads" with O'Neal. "If I married her, he couldn't do nothing", he said.[216]
After Alice, Turner married Annie Mae Wilson fromGreenville, Mississippi.[217] She played piano and was the secretary for his band.[218] Wilson left Turner for a policeman inEast St. Louis, Illinois.[219] In 1958, Turner presented a petition to the East St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners, stating that police officer Curtis Smith had harassed him and hit him in the head, causing his eardrum to burst, out of spite because of his relationship with Wilson.[218][220]
In East St. Louis, Turner lived with Lorraine Taylor. Her parents owned the Taylor Sausage Factory in St. Louis.[221] Sources often incorrectly refer to Taylor as one of Turner's wives, but she was his live-in girlfriend.[221][222] Lorraine already had two children of her own before she had two sons, Ike Jr. and Michael, with Turner.[223]
"I still love Tina as much as I ever loved her...I wrote her a letter five years ago. I never sent it...I was telling her in this letter that I'm sorry for putting her and the kids through that kind of stuff. I was stupid. I was inconsiderate about her feelings. I understand today. She came from an abusive relationship and went straight to the top."
In 1956, Turner met Ann Bullock (whom he later renamed Tina Turner) at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis.[94][102] They became close friends and she began dating his saxophonistRaymond Hill. When Bullock became pregnant by Hill, they lived with Turner and his live-in girlfriend Lorraine Taylor.[224] Hill injured his ankle and left Bullock before their son Craig was born in August 1958.[225] During Bullock's pregnancy, Taylor became suspicious that Bullock was pregnant by Turner and threatened her with a gun before shooting herself; her injuries were nonfatal.[223] However, Turner and Bullock eventually began having an affair and she became pregnant in January 1960.[226]
Following the birth of their son Ronnie in October 1960, Ike and Tina Turner were married inTijuana in 1962.[227] Turner stated that the reason they went to Tijuana was to see "sex shows and whores".[228] Turner has stated that at the time of their wedding, he was still legally married to Alice Bell.[229] He has also said that he used a detective agency to locate Bell in Chicago, and that he divorced Bell in 1974.[230] On multiple occasions, Turner said that he was never legally married to Tina.[210][231][6]
Following a violent altercation in July 1976, Tina filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.[232][6] Their divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978.[233] In the final divorce decree, Tina took responsibility for missed concert dates as well as an IRS lien. Tina retained songwriter royalties from songs she had written, but Ike got the publishing royalties for his compositions and hers. She also kept her twoJaguar cars, furs and jewelry along with her stage name.[233] Tina gave up her share of theirBolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, and real estate.[234]
In her1986 autobiography, Tina revealed that Turner had been abusive during their marriage. She said: "It was my relationship with Ike that made me most unhappy. At first, I had really been in love with him. Look what he'd done for me. But he was totally unpredictable."[235] Turner admitted he took Tina for granted and called her "the best woman I ever knew".[236] In his autobiography, he said: "Sure, I've slapped Tina. We had fights and there have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking. But I never beat her."[237] In a 1999 interview,Roseanne Barr urged him to publicly apologize to Tina onThe Roseanne Barr Show.[238] In 2007, Turner toldJet that he had written Tina an apology letter, but had never sent it.[202][239] In 2018, Tina toldThe Sunday Times that "as an old person, I have forgiven him, but I would not work with him. He asked for one more tour with me, and I said, 'No, absolutely not.' Ike wasn't someone you could forgive and allow him back in."[240][241]
Turner married Margaret Ann Thomas in Las Vegas on April 11, 1981;[242] they divorced in 1990. They had met in the mid-1960s at a concert inBakersfield, California.[243] According to Turner, Tina suggested Ann fill in as an Ikette; she could not sing, but she was attractive.[244] Eventually, she moved into theirView Park home.[245] Turner stated, "I loved Tina, but I was in love with Ann Thomas."[244] Their daughter Mia was born in January 1969. They rekindled their friendship years after their divorce, and she found Turner unconscious at his home the day he died.[14]
Turner was introduced to St. Louis native singerJeanette Bazzell by his son Ike Turner Jr. in 1988.[246] She became his lead vocalist and they married in a private ceremony atCircus Circus Hotel & Resort in Las Vegas on July 4, 1995.[247][248] They divorced in 2000, but later rekindled their friendship. According to Jeanette, Turner called her his "backbone".[249] In 2019, she toldPalm Spring Life that the filmWhat's Love Got to Do with It "assassinated Ike's career. But more than that, it broke his heart". She added, "Ike doesn't get any recognition because of all the negative things [shown] in that movie and in his relationship with Tina... I went through things with Ike, too, but there's a time to forgive and to let go. To strip him from having the opportunity to get recognition in an area where he was entitled to deserve it, it's so wrong to me."[249]
Turner met San Francisco native singerAudrey Madison through a mutual friend in 1993. She started as an Ikette before becoming his lead singer.[14] They married at A Special Memory Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas on October 8, 2006.[250] Turner filed for divorce two months later on December 22, but after the divorce was granted, they reconciled in 2007.[14] In 2011, Audrey appeared as a contestant onThe X Factor.[251] In 2016, she released her memoirLove Had Everything to Do with It, which details her volatile relationship with Turner due to hisbipolar disorder andschizophrenia.[252] She toldThe Afro: "I decided to write it because it was like a cleansing and it released all of the trauma. Also, I wanted the general public to have a better outlook and perspective on where Ike was mentally and emotionally, because so often, as a nation, we turn on people who have mental health issues and define them by their behaviors rather than their condition."[253]
Turner had six children. He had two sons, Ike Turner III (1958–2025; aka Ike Turner, Jr.)[254] and Michael Turner (b. 1960), with Lorraine Taylor.[255] He had a son, Ronald "Ronnie" Turner (1960–2022), with Tina Turner.[256] Tina's son Craig Turner (1958–2018) withRaymond Hill was adopted by Turner and carried his surname. Craig died in an apparent suicide.[257]
Turner had a daughter, Mia, with Ann Thomas.[14]
Turner's second wife, Velma Davis (née Dishman), claimed that Turner was the father of her daughter, Linda Turner Bullock (b. 1949).[214] Turner denied her assertion in his autobiography, in which Velma is mistakenly referred to as Thelma: "I met Thelma Dishman, who, at that time, I thought was a pretty girl. Thelma was pregnant, not by me, but I liked her."[212]
In 1988, Turner discovered that he had a daughter named Twanna Melby (b. 1959).[258] Her mother, Pat Richard, had attendedSumner High School with Tina inSt. Louis.[14] In 1991, after Turner had completed 18 months of a prison sentence forcocaine intoxication and driving under the influence of cocaine,[259] he was paroled into Twanna Melby's custody.[143][236][260]
Ike Turner Jr. released an album,Hard Labor, in 1987.[261] He won a Grammy Award for his involvement with Turner's 2006 albumRisin' with the Blues.[262] He toured with former Ikette Randi Love as Sweet Randi Love and The Love Thang Band.[263][264]
Ronnie Turner was in a band called Manufactured Funk with songwriter and musicianPatrick Moten.[263] He played bass guitar in his mother's band after his parents divorced and he later played in his father's band.[265] He married French singerAfida Turner in 2007.[266][267] After his father's death, he toldJet magazine: "I loved my father very much... You can talk 5 or 10 minutes about the bad he's done. You can talk all night about the achievements he's had. He was successful with my mom and after my mom. He won a Grammy before he died. That's a lifetime achievement."[177] Ronnie died from complications ofcolon cancer in 2022.[256]
In 2017, Ike III stated that Michael Turner, who struggled with addiction as an adult, was by then using a wheelchair and had a history of "strokes and seizures."[268] In 2018, Ike Jr. revealed that Michael was now "in aconvalescent home in Southern California and needs medical support."[268]
Ike Turner III died fromkidney failure in 2025.[269]
In 1960, Turner and two others were charged for "interstate transportation of forged checks and conspiracy."[270][271] Turner plead not guilty and was forced to stand trial in St. Louis.[272] The jury failed to reach a verdict at the first trial, but he was found not guilty at the retrial in 1961.[273][274]
In 1974, Turner and three others were arrested for using illegalblue boxes at Bolic Sound studio to make long-distance phone calls.[275] He was cleared of the charges.[276][6]
Before the age of thirty, Turner did not use drugs or drink alcohol.[14] He would fire anyone in his band who used any substances.[277] Turner was first introduced to cocaine by "two very famous people" he had been working with at the International Hotel in Las Vegas.[222][277] Producer D'Angela Proctor alleged in Turner'sUnsung documentary that the two famous people wereElvis Presley andRedd Foxx.[278][206] He took the cocaine home and tried it one night while writing songs at the piano.[14] Turner said he liked the reduced need for sleep the drug gave him, which allowed him to write more music.[279] By the early 1970s, he was heavily addicted to the drug, buying it in large quantities and sharing it with friends. Turner later estimated that he had spent $11 million on cocaine.[280] His addiction caused a hole through hisnasal septum, the pain of which he relieved by using more cocaine. He eventually beganfreebasingcrack cocaine.[281][14]
By the 1980s, Turner's finances were in disarray and he owed the state of California $12,802 in back taxes.[6] He later settled his account. He had tried to sell his studio Bolic Sound to raise funds to avoidforeclosure, but the studio burned down on the day a potential buyer was scheduled to view it in January 1981.[282][6]
During the 1980s, Turner was arrested multiple times for drug and firearm offenses, which resulted in two convictions.[281]
Turner managed to break his dependency on cocaine while in prison and remained clean for more than ten years. He visited high schools duringBlack History Month to speak againstdrug use.[2] While trying to help an acquaintance from crack addiction at acrack house herelapsed in 2004.[14]
In 2005, Turner revealed he had been diagnosed withemphysema, which required him to use an oxygen tank.[289] His daughter Mia Turner said, "He was too weak from the emphysema to do anything. He'd go in the studio for a couple of minutes and play a couple of bars and say he had to go lay down."[290] Despite his ill health, he collaborated with Gorillaz on their albumDemon Days and performed the track with them at theManchester Opera House in November 2005.[158]
After his death in 2007, Turner's autopsy and toxicology report showed he was takingSeroquel at the time of his death. The medicine is most commonly used as treatment forbipolar disorder,Alzheimer's disease andschizophrenia. His ex-wife Audrey Madison claimed Turner was bipolar and that she was helping him with his illness, a claim supported by Turner's personal assistant and caretaker, Falina Rasool. Rasool said she talked to Turner about his bipolar disorder and witnessed its effects. "I would come in the room and see him change like a lightbulb, switch on and switch off. I did ask him about it. He said he made a song about it and we started laughing", said Rasool, referring to "Bi Polar" from the Grammy-winning albumRisin' with the Blues. "I know I'm bipolar....And I've been bipolar, but a lot of people is bipolar", he told her.[14] However, Turner's daughter, Mia Turner, disagreed with this diagnosis and felt he was being overmedicated.[14]
Turner was raised aBaptist and reportedly converted toJudaism in 1994, but never spoke about it.[291][292]
In the weeks leading up to his death, Turner became reclusive. On December 10, 2007, he told his assistant, Falina Rasool, that he believed he was dying and would not make it to Christmas.[14] He died two days later, on December 12, at the age of 76, at his home inSan Marcos, California.[293][294] He was found by his former wife, Ann Thomas. Rasool was also in the house and administeredCPR. Turner was pronounced dead at 11:38 a.m.[14]
His funeral was held on December 21, 2007, at the City of Refuge Church inGardena, California.[295] Among those who spoke at the funeral wereLittle Richard,Solomon Burke andPhil Spector. The Kings of Rhythm played "Rocket 88" and "Proud Mary". Turner was cremated after the funeral service.[14]
On January 16, 2008, the San Diego County Medical Examiner's Office reported that Turner had died from acocaineoverdose. "The cause of death for Ike Turner is cocaine toxicity with other significant conditions, such as hypertensivecardiovascular disease and pulmonaryemphysema", Supervising Medical Examiner Investigator Paul Parker toldCNN.[296] His daughter Mia was said to be surprised at the coroner's assessment, believing his advanced stage emphysema was a larger factor.[290]
Turner died without a validwill. Less than a week after his death, his former wife Audrey Madison Turner filed a petition stating that he had penned a handwritten will naming her as a beneficiary. In 2009, a judge ruled that the handwritten will was invalid and that Turner's children were legally the direct heirs to his estate.[297]
Turner has received various awards in recognition for his significant role as a pioneer of rock and roll.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm | Reissue album | Nominated |
| 2002 | Here and Now | Comeback Album of The Year | Won |
| 2002 | Here and Now | Soul Blues Album | Nominated |
| 2002 | Ike Turner | Soul Blues Male Artist | Nominated |
| 2002 | Ike Turner | Blues Entertainer of the Year | Nominated |
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | "Rocket 88" | Classic of Blues Recording – Single or Album Track | Inducted |
| 2005 | Ike Turner | Performer | Inducted |
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1962 | "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" | Best Rock & Roll Recording | Nominated |
| 1970 | A Black Man's Soul | Best R&B Instrumental Performance | Nominated |
| 1972 | "Proud Mary" | Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group | Won |
| 1975 | "Father Alone" | Best Soul Gospel Performance | Nominated |
| 1975 | The Gospel According to Ike & Tina | Best Soul Gospel Performance | Nominated |
| 2002 | Here and Now | Best Traditional Blues Album | Nominated |
| 2007 | Risin' with the Blues | Best Traditional Blues Album | Won |
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | "Rocket 88"(as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats) | Hall of Fame (Single) | Inducted |
| 1999 | "River Deep – Mountain High" | Hall of Fame (Single) | Inducted |
| 2003 | "Proud Mary" | Hall of Fame (Single) | Inducted |
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Ike Turner —Risin' with the Blues | Blues Album | Nominated |
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | Ike & Tina Turner | Hall of Fame – Performers | Inducted |
| 2018 | "Rocket 88"(as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats) | Hall of Fame – Singles | Inducted |
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