Ida Rubinstein L.d'H. GC | |
|---|---|
| Ида Рубинштейн | |
 Rubinstein in 1912 | |
| Born | Ida Lvovna Rubinstein (1883-10-03)3 October 1883 Kharkov,Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | 20 September 1960(1960-09-20) (aged 76) Vence, France |
| Occupations |
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| Years active | 1908–1939 |
Ida Lvovna Rubinstein (Russian:Ида Львовна Рубинштейн; 3 October [O.S. 21 September] 1883 – 20 September 1960)[1][2][3] was a Russian dancer, actress, artpatron andBelle Époque figure. She performed withSergei Diaghilev'sBallets Russes from 1909 to 1911 and later formed her own company.Boléro byRavel (1928) was among her commissions.
Rubinstein was born into one ofRussian Empire's richest families,[4] toJewish parents inKharkov (now inUkraine), and grew up inSaint Petersburg. For many years, it was a mystery whether she was born in Kharkov or Saint Petersburg, complicated by the rumour that "Ida" was short for "Adelaida". Rubinstein herself would not confirm where she was born, nor if Ida was a nickname, preferring the aura of mystery. Years after her death, the record was discovered in the archives of theKharkov Choral Synagogue, where her father had been a board member: the birth of a daughter, Ida Lvovna, on 21 September (O.S., N.S. 5 October), to father Lev Ruvimovich, Honorary Citizen of Kharkov, and mother Ernestina Isaakovna Rubinstein, had been dutily recorded in the registry for 1883. She had an older sister, Rachel, born in 1876.[4]
Ida's grandfather, Ruvim (Roman) Rubinstein, had been a successful sugar trader in Kharkov. He moved to Saint Petersburg, where he founded the company Roman Rubinstein & Sons with his two sons, Lev (Leon) and Adolf (Anton).[5] The family multiplied their investment many times over, becoming millionaires by the time Ida was born. The family expanded to own several banks, including the First Bank of Kharkov, sugar mills and breweries.[4]
The family donated large sums of money to charities, particularly the arts. Lev and Adolf were both well educated; they regularly hosted prominent intellectuals and artists in their home. Adolf's son Iosif became a successful pianist who studied underFranz Liszt.[4]
Her mother died when Ida was very young, and in 1892, her father died inFrankfurt, leaving her a vast fortune. In 1893, the eight-year-old Ida was sent to Saint Petersburg to live with her aunt, socialite "Madame" Gorvits (Horwitz). Rubinstein grew up in her aunt's mansion on the city's famedPromenade des Anglais, where she was given the best education. She became fluent in English, French, German and Italian. When she became interested inAncient Greece, a Greek professor was invited to tutor her in Saint Petersburg.
She was also given the best instruction in music, dance and theatre, including lessons from instructors from the Russian imperial theatres. She lacked natural dance ability, but she worked constantly on her posture, movements and pirouettes. Eventually, secretly intent on going on stage herself, she went toParis, France, under the guise of continuing her education.[4]
In Paris, Rubinstein began her career as an actress, appearing on stage in various stages of "indecent" garb. The news reached Saint Petersburg and the ears of her conservativeOrthodox family. While it was perfectly respectable for the upper class to be seen at the theatre, being an actress was no different from being a prostitute in the eyes of her horrified relatives. Her brother-in-law, a Parisian doctor named Lewinsohn (Levinson), had her declared legally insane in order to commit her to a mental asylum to save the family's honor.[4]
Her family in Kharkov and Saint Petersburg, unhappy with her being in an asylum, demanded she be released and sent home. Once in Saint Petersburg, she was chaperoned at all times by her governess, as was customary for an unmarried young woman of her social class. To earn her freedom and right to control her fortune, she married her first cousin Vladimir Gorvits, who was madly in love with her and allowed her to travel and perform.[4]
She had, by the standard of Russian ballet, little formal training. Tutored byMikhail Fokine, she made her debut in 1908. This was a single private performance ofOscar Wilde'sSalomé, in which she stripped nude in the course of theDance of the Seven Veils.
Sergei Diaghilev took her with theBallets Russes and she danced the title role ofCléopâtre in the Paris season of 1909, and Zobéide inScheherazade in 1910. Both exotic ballets were choreographed by Fokine, and designed byLéon Bakst. The finale ofCléopâtre inspiredKees van Dongen'sSouvenir of the Russian Opera Season 1909. Her partner inScheherazade was the greatVaslav Nijinsky.Scheherazade was admired at the time for its racy sensuality and sumptuous staging, but these days it is rarely performed; to modern tastes, it is considered too much of apantomime and its then fashionableOrientalism appears dated.
Rubinstein left the Ballets Russes in 1911.[6]
After leaving the Ballets Russes, Rubinstein formed her own dance company, using her inherited wealth, and commissioned several lavish productions. In 1911, she performed inLe Martyre de Saint Sebastien. The creative team wasMichel Fokine (choreography); Bakst (design);Gabriele d'Annunzio (text) and score byDebussy. This was both a triumph for its stylized modernism and a scandal; theArchbishop of Paris prohibited Catholics from attending becauseSt. Sebastian was being played by a woman and a Jew.
After theFirst World War, Rubinstein appeared in a number of plays, and inStaat'sIstar at theParis Opera in 1924. She also played the leading role in the 1921 silent filmLa Nave (film) based on D'Annunzio's play of the same name and directed by his son.[7]
Between 1928 and 1929, she directed her own company in Paris withNijinska as choreographer. She commissioned and performed inMaurice Ravel'sBoléro in 1928. Other works developed in 1928 were Massine'sDavid, with music bySauguet; andLe Baiser de la fée, with music byStravinsky, and choreography byNijinska. The repertoire also includedThe Firebird (L'Oiseau de Feu) with music by Stravinsky, and choreography byMichel Fokine; this had been one of the most sensational creations for the Ballets Russes. The company was revived in 1931 and 1934, with new works. She closed the company in 1935, and gave her last performance in the playJeanne d'Arc au bûcher in Paris, 1939.[6]
Rubinstein often staged free ballet events and continued to dance until the start of theSecond World War.
Rubinstein is not considered to be in the top tier of ballerinas; she began her training too late for that to have been possible. She did, however, have tremendous stage presence and was able to act. She was also a significant patron and she tended to commission works that suited her abilities, works that mixed dance with drama and stagecraft. In 1934, the French government awarded her theLégion d'honneur, and then in 1939 the Grand Cross of the Légion, its highest honor. In 1935, she was awarded honorary French citizenship, and in 1936 she converted toRoman Catholicism.[8]
In 1940, she left France during theGerman invasion, and made her way to England via Algeria and Morocco. There she helped woundedFree French soldiers until 1944.Walter Guinness (later Lord Moyne), her long-term lover and sponsor, remained supportive, providing a suite at theRitz Hotel, until he was assassinated by theStern Gang in late 1944.[9] She returned to France after the war, living finally at the villaLes Olivades inVence.
Rubinstein lived the final 10 years of her life in relative quiet.[10] She died in 1960 in Vence, France, and is buried nearby.
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Rubinstein was much celebrated in art. Her portrait byValentin Serov in 1910 marks the most complete realization of his mature style. TheArt Deco sculptorDemetre Chiparus produced a Rubinstein figurine, and she was also painted byAntonio de la Gandara andJacques-Émile Blanche. Costume designerLéon Bakst created numerous images of Rubinstein in various roles. Rubinstein did not like long sittings and earned the reputation of being a difficult subject. For this reason, Blanche and others preferred to work from photographs.[11]
Rubinstein wasbisexual,[12] and in 1911 she began a three-year affair with the painterRomaine Brooks, who created several striking portraits, including some of the dancer in the nude, e.g. for LaVenus triste. Brooks' portraits were based on "an extraordinary series of photographs taken by Brooks at the time".[13]
Brooks explained Rubinstein's allure to her audiences and artists as follows:
It was Ida Rubinstein's elusive quality that fascinated. She expressed an inner self that had no particular denomination. Her beauty belonged to those mental images that demand manifestation, and whatever period she represented she became its image. In reality she was the crystallization of a poet's image, a painter's vision, and as such she possessed further significance ... It was her gift for impersonating the beauty of every époque, that marked Ida Rubinstein as unique.[11]
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