| Ibisbill | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Ibidorhynchidae Bonaparte, 1856 |
| Genus: | Ibidorhyncha Vigors, 1832 |
| Species: | I. struthersii |
| Binomial name | |
| Ibidorhyncha struthersii Vigors, 1832 | |
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| Synonyms | |
Clorhynchus strophiatusHodgson, 1835 | |
Theibisbill (Ibidorhyncha struthersii) is abird related to thewaders, but sufficiently distinctive to merit its own familyIbidorhynchidae. It is grey with a white belly, red legs and long down-curved bill, and a black face and black breast band. It occurs on the shingle riverbanks of the highplateaux of centralAsia and theHimalayas.
Theibisbill belongs to the orderCharadriiformes which also includes thesandpipers,plovers,terns,auks,gulls,skuas and others. In its evolutionary relationships, it appears to be most closely related to a group including theoystercatchers (Haematopodidae), and theavocets andstilts (Recurvirostridae), but sufficiently distinctive to meritits own family, Ibidorhynchidae.[2] It is monotypic, with nosubspecies.[3]The species was described in 1831 byVigors based on painting byJohn Gould, althoughBrian Hodgson had sent a manuscript to the Asiatic Society of Bengal two years earlier describing it as the "Red-billed Erolia" but this was published only in 1835 with an apology from the editor.[4][5] Hodgson later suggested a new genus name ofClorhynchus for the bird stating that Gould's description ofIbidorhyncha was inaccurate whileVieillot'sErolia had been rejected.[6] The species is named in honour of a Dr. Struthers who collected specimens of the bird from the Himalayas.
The ibisbill is 38–41 cm (15–16 in) long and is quite unmistakable in appearance. The adult is grey with a white belly, a crimson, long down-curved bill similar to that of the unrelatedibis, and a black face and black breast band. The sexes are similar, but young birds lack the black on the face and breast, and thebill is duller. The bill is 6.8–8.2 cm (2.7–3.2 in) long and is slightly longer in females. The legs are greyish purple in the breeding adults and dull sepia in juveniles or greenish in younger or non-breeding adults.[7][8] The legs of deceased ibisbills change colour to a crimson similar to the bill shade shortly after death. The tarsi is short and reticulated. The ibisbill has three toes, lacking the hind toe. The outer and middle toes are connected by a small, indented web, while the middle and inner toes possess no webbing. The Ibisbill typically weighs 270–320 g (9.5–11.3 oz) and females weigh slightly more than males.[7] In spite of its spectacular appearance it is inconspicuous in its stony environment. The call is a ringingklew-klew similar to that of agreenshank. In flight, its outstretched neck and rounded wings give an ibis-like appearance.[3]
The Ibisbills are common in Central Asia and the Himalayas, from Lake Issyk-Kul to the southern border of Manchuria, in Russia in the Altai. They also live in the highlands of the Central and Northern Tien Shan, within Kazakhstan along the valleys of the rivers Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka, Chilik, Issyk, Karkara, Bayankol, Dzhungar Alatau, Choldysu.
The ibisbill breeds across southernCentral Asia along stony riverbeds,[9] typically between 1,700 and 4,400 m (5,600 and 14,400 ft), although there are records of the ibisbill breeding as low as 500 m (1,600 ft).[7] Outside the breeding season, it may descend as low as 100 m (330 ft).[3] It typically is found in shingle-bed river valleys from 100 to 1,500 m (330 to 4,920 ft) across with patches of sand and silt mixed in with pebbles and small boulders. The river valleys frequented by the ibisbill tend to have very little vegetation and gentle slopes to ensure a slow flow of water. It must live near slow-flowing water in order to feed, limiting its habitat despite a large range.[7]
During the autumn and winter, the ibisbill typically is solitary, though they can be found in pairs or in small flocks of up to eight birds. One group of 25 ibisbills has been reported. Ibisbills breed solitarily and are territorial, though limited habitat availability can cause ibisbills to breed while neighboring others.[7] They are generally not shy of humans.[10] They are good swimmers and prefer crossing rivers by swimming instead of flying.[7]
Wintering birds tend to be fairly inactive, while they become more active and noisy as the breeding season approaches.[7]
When scratching the feathers on their head with their toes, they reach from over the wings. This indirect approach pattern is also found in plovers and lapwings but not in stone-plovers and other waders that reach directly from under the wing.[11]
The ibisbill is apparently amonogamous breeder. During the breeding season, the ibisbill is known to run short distances while holding the head down, only standing upright to look at its surroundings.[7] Thenest is located on a bank, island or peninsula on theriver, and is little more than a scrape on the ground, which may sometimes be lined with small pebbles.Eggs are laid in the end of April and the beginning of May (exact timing varies due to the weather). Theclutch size varies from two to four oval eggs. The behaviour of adults near the nest are said to be similar to lapwings.[10] The exact time taken to incubate the eggs is unknown, but both parents shareincubation duties.[7] It is suspected that chicks from the previous brood may act ashelpers at the nest.[12]
The ibisbill feeds by probing under rocks or gravel on stream beds.[3] It will take a variety of terrestrial and aquaticinvertebrates includingcaddisfly andmayflylarvae that hide under boulders in streams,[13]grasshoppers[10] and also smallfish.[3]
This species has a large range, estimated at 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) which is not believed to declining or fragmentating. Although its population is unknown, it is not thought to be declining. For these reasons the species is evaluated asLeast Concern by theIUCN.[1]
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