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ISO 15919

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters

ISO 15919 (Transliteration ofDravidian,Devanagari and relatedIndic scripts intoLatin characters) is an international standard for theromanization ofBrahmic andNastaliq scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of aseries of international standards by theInternational Organization for Standardization.

Overview

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ISO 15919 transliterations
ISO7-bit
ISO		DevanagariNastaliqGurmukhiGujaratiBanglaOdiaTamilMalayalamKannadaTeluguSinhala
aaअاَਅઅঅଅஅഅಅఅඅ
āaaआآਆઆআଆஆആಆఆආ
æaeඇ
ǣaeeඈ
iiइاِਇઇইଇஇഇಇఇඉ
īiiईاِیਈઈঈଈஈഈಈఈඊ
uuउاُਉઉউଉஉഉಉఉඋ
ūuuऊاُوਊઊঊଊஊഊಊఊඌ
ŭ^u്
r̥,rऋઋঋଋഋಋఋඍ
r̥̄,rrॠૠৠୠൠೠౠඎ
l̥,lऌઌঌଌഌಌఌඏ
l̥̄,llॡૡৡୡൡೡౡඐ
eeऎஎഎಎఎඑ
ēeeएاےਏએএଏஏഏಏఏඒ
ê^eऍઍ
aiaiऐاَےਐઐঐଐஐഐಐఐඓ
ooऒஒഒಒఒඔ
ōooओاوਓઓওଓஓഓಓఓඕ
ô^oऑઑ
auauऔاَوਔઔঔଔஔഔಔఔඖ
ṁ[a];mंںਂંংଂஂംಂంං
ṃ.mੰ
m̐~mँںਁઁঁଁఀ
n̆^nఁ
ḥ.hःہਃઃঃଃഃಃఃඃ
ẖ_hᳵೱ
ḫ^hᳶೲ
ḵ_kஃ
kkकکਕકকକகകಕకක
khkhखکھਖખখଖഖಖఖඛ
ggगگਗગগଗഗಗగග
ghghघگھਘઘঘଘഘಘఘඝ
ṅ;nङن٘ਙઙঙଙஙങಙఙඞ
n̆g^ngඟ
ccचچਚચচଚசചಚచච
ĉ^cౘ
chchछچھਛછছଛഛಛఛඡ
jjजجਜજজଜஜജಜజජ
jhjhझجھਝઝঝଝഝಝఝඣ
ñ~nञڃਞઞঞଞஞഞಞఞඤ
n̆j^njඦ
ṭ.tटٹਟટটଟடടಟటට
ṭh.thठٹھਠઠঠଠഠಠఠඨ
ḍ.dडڈਡડডଡഡಡడඩ
ḍh.dhढڈھਢઢঢଢഢಢఢඪ
ṛ.rड़ڑੜড়ଡ଼
ṛh.rhढ़ڑھঢ়ଢ଼
ṇ.nणݨਣણণଣணണಣణණ
n̆ḍ^n.dඬ
ttतتਤતতତதതತతත
ththथتھਥથথଥഥಥథථ
ddदدਦદদଦദದదද
dhdhधدھਧધধଧധಧధධ
nnनنਨનনନநനನనන
n̆d^ndඳ
ppपپਪપপପபപಪపප
phphफپھਫફফଫഫಫఫඵ
bbबبਬબবବബಬబබ
bhbhभبھਭભভଭഭಭభභ
mmमمਮમমମமമಮమම
m̆b^mbඹ
ṟ_rऱறറಱఱ
ṯ_tഺ
ṉ_nऩனഩ
ḻ_lऴழഴೞఴ
yyयیਯયযଯயയಯయය
ẏ;yय़য়ୟ
rrरرਰરর,ৰରரരರరර
r̆^rर्‍
llलلਲલলଲலലಲలල
ḷ.lळلؕਲ਼ળଳளളಳళළ
vvवوਵવৱଵவവವవව
ś;sशشਸ਼શশଶஶശಶశශ
ṣ.sषષষଷஷഷಷషෂ
ssसسਸસসସஸസಸసස
hhहہਹહহହஹഹಹహහ
''ऽঽઽଽഽಽఽ
qqक़قਕ਼ક઼ক়
k͟h_khख़خਖ਼ખ઼খ়
ġ.gग़غਗ਼ગ઼গ়
zzज़زਜ਼જ઼জ়ಜ಼ౙ
ffफ़فਫ਼ફ઼ফ়ಫ಼ෆ
wwव़وব়ୱ
s̱_sث
s̤,sص
h̤,hح
t̤,tط
ʻ.ع
ž^zझ़ژ
ẕ_zذ
ż;zض
ẓ.zظ

Relation to other systems

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ISO 15919 is an international standard on theromanization of manyBrahmic scripts, which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries.[citation needed] However, theHunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization inIndia" and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products."[1][2][3]

Another standard,United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by theUnited Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN)[4] and covers many Brahmic scripts.

TheALA-LC romanization was approved by theLibrary of Congress and theAmerican Library Association and is a US standard. TheInternational Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for thetransliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts.

As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN[5] transliterateanusvara asṁ, whileALA-LC andIAST useṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in the table below.

Comparison withUNRSGN andIAST

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The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN[5] and IAST forDevanagari transliteration.

DevanagariISO 15919UNRSGNIASTComment
ए / ेēeeTo distinguish between long and short 'e' inDravidian languages, 'e' now representsऎ / ॆ (short). The use ofē is considered optional in ISO 15919, and usinge forए (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short e.
ओ / ोōooTo distinguish between long and short 'o' in Dravidian languages, 'o' now representsऒ / ॊ (short). The use ofō is considered optional in ISO 15919, and usingo forओ (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short o.
ऋ / ृr̥ṛṛIn ISO 15919, ṛ is used to representड़.
ॠ / ॄr̥̄ṝṝFor consistency with r̥
ऌ / ॢl̥l̤ḷIn ISO 15919, ḷ is used to representळ.
ॡ / ॣl̥̄l̤̄ḹFor consistency with l̥
◌ंṁṁṃISO 15919 has two options about anusvāra. (1) In the simplified nasalization option, an anusvāra is always transliterated asṁ. (2) In the strict nasalization option, anusvāra before a class consonant is transliterated as the class nasal—ṅ before k, kh, g, gh, ṅ;ñ before c, ch, j, jh, ñ;ṇ before ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ;n before t, th, d, dh, n;m before p, ph, b, bh, m.ṃ is sometimes used to specifically represent theGurmukhi tippiੰ.
ṅ ñ ṇ n m
◌ँm̐m̐Vowel nasalization is transliterated as a tilde above the transliterated vowel (over the second vowel in the case of a digraph such as aĩ, aũ), except in Sanskrit.

Font support

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This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(September 2016)

Only certainfonts support all LatinUnicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example,Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed.Arial andTimes New Roman font packages that come withMicrosoft Office 2007 and later also support mostLatin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ.

There is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually.ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as ascreen-selection entry method.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ISO 15919 gives two options for transliterating the characters in this row: either as ṁ, or, if there is a stop or nasal following, as the correspondinghomorganic nasal.

References

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  1. ^United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007),Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names, United Nations Publications, 2007,ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5,... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...
  2. ^United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955),United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2, United Nations, 1955,... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ...
  3. ^National Library (India) (1960),Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960,... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ...
  4. ^"UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems".www.eki.ee. Retrieved14 February 2017.
  5. ^ab"Differences between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN".Working group on Romanization systems. www.eki.ee/wgrs/. March 2016. Retrieved13 February 2017.

External links

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