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ISO/IEC 14443Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit cards – Proximity cards is an international standard that definesproximity cards used foridentification, and the transmission protocols for communicating with it.[1][2][3][4] The development of ISO/IEC 14443 began in the early 1990s, driven by the growing need for secure and efficient short-range wireless communication technologies for identification and payment systems. ISO/IEC 14443 is called contactless short-range standard with a higher RF speed compared to some other RFID standard such asISO/IEC 15693.
The standard is developed byISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 17 (Subcommittee 17) / WG 8 (Working Group 8).
Cards may be Type A and Type B, both of which communicate viaradio at 13.56 MHz (RFID HF). The main differences between these types concern modulation methods, coding schemes (Part 2) and protocol initialization procedures (Part 3). Both Type A and Type B cards use the same transmission protocol (described in Part 4). The transmission protocol specifies data block exchange and related mechanisms:
ISO/IEC 14443 uses the following terms for components:
Type A cards useamplitude-shift keying (ASK) withModified Miller coding for reader-to-tag communication. For tag-to-reader communication, they useon-off keying (OOK) withManchester code.
Type B cards use ASK with NRZ coding for reader-to-tag communication andbinary phase-shift keying (BPSK) withNRZ-L encoding for tag-to-reader communication.[5][6]
Both Type A and Type B cards only allowhalf duplex communication with a 106 kbit per second data rate in each direction. Data transmitted by the card isload modulated with a 847.5 kHz subcarrier.[7] (847.5 kHz is one-sixteenth of the 13.56 carrier frequency provided by the reader.
| Feature | Type A | Type B |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency | 13.56 MHz | 13.56 MHz |
| Modulation | 100% ASK | 10% ASK |
| Bit Coding | Modified Miller | NRZ-L (Non-Return-to-Zero-Level) |
| Data Rate | 106 kbps | 106 kbps |
| Feature | Type A | Type B |
|---|---|---|
| Modulation | Load Modulation | Load Modulation |
| Bit Coding (Modulation) | OOK (On-Off Keying) | BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) |
| Subcarrier Frequency | 847 kHz | 847 kHz |
| Bit Coding (Data) | Manchester | NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero) |
| Data Rate | 106 kbps | 106 kbps |
Part 1 of the standard specifies that the card shall be compliant withISO/IEC 7810 or ISO/IEC 15457-1, or "an object of any other dimension".[1]
