TheInformation Interchange Model (IIM) is a file structure and set ofmetadata attributes that can be applied to text,images and other media types. It was developed in the early 1990s by theInternational Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC) to expedite the international exchange of news among newspapers and news agencies.
The full IIM specification includes a complex data structure and a set of metadata definitions. A new version of the user guide was released in May 2024.[1]
Although IIM was intended for use with all types of news items — including simple text articles — a subset found broad worldwide acceptance as the standard embedded metadata used by news and commercial photographers. Information such as the name of the photographer, copyright information and the caption or other description can be embedded either manually or automatically.
IIM metadata embedded in images are often referred to as "IPTC headers", and can be easily encoded and decoded by most popular photo editing software.
TheExtensible Metadata Platform (XMP) has largely superseded IIM's file structure, but the IIM image attributes are defined in theIPTC Coreschema for XMP and most image manipulation programs keep the XMP and non-XMP IPTC attributes synchronized.
Because of its nearly universal acceptance among photographers — even amateurs — this is by far IPTC's most widely used standard. On the other hand, the use of IIM structure and metadata for text and graphics is mainly limited to European news agencies.
IIM attributes are widely used and supported by many image creation and manipulation programs. Almost all the IIM attributes are supported by theExchangeable image file format (Exif), a specification for the imagefile format used bydigital cameras.
IIM metadata can be embedded intoJPEG/Exif,TIFF,JPEG2000 orPortable Network Graphics formatted image files. Other file formats such asGIF orPCX do not support IIM.
IIM's file structure technology has largely been overtaken by theExtensible Metadata Platform (XMP), but the IIM attribute definitions are the basis for theIPTC Coreschema for XMP.
Example of available fields:
| IPTC field | Description | Example | Number of characters |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caption | Description of the image | Photo of a goldfish in a bowl | 2000 |
| Keywords | Keywords | Fish, Goldfish, Aquarium, Glass, Animal | unlimited number of characters (each keyword max. 64) |
| Credit | Credit -Credit, e.g. To whom is being paid | Jan Jansen | 32 |
| Copyright | Rights | © Copyright 2005, Jan Jansen, all rights reserved | 128 |
| Object Name | Subject | Goldfish1 | 64 |
| Creation Date | Recording date | 20060318 | 8 |
| City | Place | Amsterdam | 32 |
| Province State | Province | North Holland | 32 |
| Country | Land | Netherlands | 64 |
| Special Instructions | Special instructions | not for the internet | 256 |
| Byline | Name of photographer | Jan Jansen | 32 |
| Category | Category | INT | 3 |
| Headline | Title | The Fish Bowl | 256 |
| Source | Source | Wikipedia | 32 |
Since the late 1970s the IPTC’s activities have primarily focused on developing and publishing industry standards for the interchange of news. The first standard,IPTC 7901, bridged the eras ofteleprinters and computers.
In the late 1980s development began on a standard (theInformation Interchange Model) that would be designed to best work with computerized news editing systems.
In particular, the IPTC defined a set of IIMmetadata attributes that can be applied to images. These were defined originally in 1979, and revised significantly in 1991 to be part of the IIM, but the concept really advanced in 1994 whenAdobe Systems defined a specification for actually embedding the metadata into digital image files — yielding "IPTC headers."
(Adobe adopted the IPTC IIMmetadata definitions, but not the overall IIM data structure. Photos that contain IPTC Headers appear in all other respects to be normal JPEG or TIFF images; software that does not recognize IPTC Headers will simply ignore themetadata.)
In 2001, Adobe introduced "Extensible Metadata Platform" (XMP), which is anXML schema for the same types ofmetadata as IPTC, but is based on XML/RDF, and is therefore inherently extensible. The effort spawned a collaboration with the IPTC, eventually producing the "IPTC Core Schema for XMP", which merges the two approaches to embedded metadata. The XMP specification describes techniques for embedding metadata in JPEG, TIFF,JPEG2000,GIF,PNG,HTML,PostScript,PDF,SVG, Adobe Illustrator, andDNG files. Recent versions of all the main Adobe software products, (Photoshop, Illustrator, Acrobat, Framemaker, etc.) support XMP, as do an increasing number of third-party tools.
In June 2007, IPTC in cooperation withIFRA held the First International Photo Metadata conference, titled "Working towards a seamless photo workflow" to a standing room only crowd (over 130 attendees), prior to the CEPIC Congress, in Florence, Italy. A similar conference was held in Malta in June 2008.
The IPTC Photo Metadata working group released a white paper,[2] which figured prominently at this event. The conference keynote was given by Andreas Trampe, head of the photo desk ofStern. Other speakers included photographers such as David Riecks and Peter Krogh, photo and news agencies such asReuters; representatives of standards bodies such as PLUS, IPTC, and IFRA; as well as spokespersons from the photo metadata implementers side, such asAdobe Systems,Apple Inc.,Canon Inc.,FotoWare AS,Hasselblad, andMicrosoft.
The electronic presentations given by most of the speakers are available online from thePhoto Metadata Conference websiteArchived 2011-05-11 at theWayback Machine including a link to a report on each of the speakers' talks