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IAU designated constellations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union

IAU designated constellations in equirectangular projection (epochB1875.0)

In contemporaryastronomy, 88constellations are recognized by theInternational Astronomical Union (IAU).[1] Each constellation is a region of thesky bordered by arcs ofright ascension anddeclination, together covering the entirecelestial sphere. Their boundaries were officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1928[2] and published in 1930.[3]

The ancientMesopotamians and later theGreeks established most of the northern constellations in international use today, listed by the Roman-Egyptian astronomerPtolemy. The constellations along theecliptic are called thezodiac. When explorers mapped the stars of the southern skies, European astronomers proposed new constellations for that region, as well as ones to fill gaps between the traditional constellations. Because of their Roman and European origins, every constellation has a Latin name. In 1922, the International Astronomical Union adopted three-letter abbreviations for 89 constellations, the modern list of 88 plusArgo.[4] After this,Eugène Joseph Delporte drew up boundaries for each of the 88 constellations so that every point in the sky belonged to one constellation.[1][3] When astronomers say that an object lies in a particular constellation, they mean that it is positioned within these specified boundaries.

History

[edit]
Main articles:History of the constellations andFormer constellations

Some constellations are no longer recognized by the IAU, but may appear in olderstar charts and other references. Most notable isArgo Navis, which was one of Ptolemy's original 48 constellations. In the 1750s the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille divided this into three separate constellations:Carina,Puppis, andVela.[5]

Modern constellations

[edit]

The 88 constellations depict 42 animals, 29 inanimate objects, and 17 humans or mythological characters.

Abbreviations

[edit]

Each IAU constellation has an official three-letter abbreviation based on thegenitive form of the constellation name. As the genitive is similar to the base name, the majority of the abbreviations are just the first three letters of the constellation name:Ori forOrion/Orionis,Ara forAra/Arae, andCom forComa Berenices/Comae Berenices. In some cases, the abbreviation contains letters from the genitive not appearing in the base name (as inHyi forHydrus/Hydri, to avoid confusion withHydra, abbreviatedHya; andSge forSagitta/Sagittae, to avoid confusion withSagittarius, abbreviatedSgr). Some abbreviations use letters beyond the initial three to unambiguously identify the constellation (for example when the name and its genitive differ in the first three letters):Aps forApus/Apodis,CrA forCorona Australis,CrB forCorona Borealis,Crv forCorvus. (Crater is abbreviatedCrt to prevent confusion withCrA.) When letters are taken from the second word of a two-word name, the first letter from the second word is capitalised:CMa forCanis Major,CMi forCanis Minor. Two cases are ambiguous:Leo for the constellationLeo could be mistaken forLeo Minor (abbreviatedLMi), andTri forTriangulum could be mistaken forTriangulum Australe (abbreviatedTrA).[6]

In addition to the three-letter abbreviations used today, the IAU also introduced four-letter abbreviations in 1932. The four-letter abbreviations were repealed in 1955 and are now obsolete, but were included in the NASA Dictionary of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use (NASA SP-7) published in 1965.[7] These are labeled "NASA" in the table below and are included here for reference only.

List

[edit]

For help with the literary English pronunciations, see thepronunciation key. There is considerable diversity in how Latinate names are pronounced in English. For traditions closer to the original, seeLatin spelling and pronunciation.

ConstellationAbbreviationsGenitiveOriginMeaningBrightest star
IAU[8]NASA[9]NameVis. mag.
Andromeda
/ænˈdrɒmɪdə/[10]		AndAndrAndromedaeancient (Ptolemy)Andromeda (The chained maiden or princess)Alpheratz2.06
Antlia
/ˈæntliə/[10]		AntAntlAntliae1756,Lacailleair pumpα Antliae4.25
Apus
/ˈeɪpəs/[11]		ApsApusApodis
/ˈæpoʊdɪs/[11]		1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]Bird-of-paradise/Exotic Bird/Extraordinary Birdα Apodis3.83
Aquarius
/əˈkwɛəriəs/[10]		AqrAqarAquariiancient (Ptolemy)water-bearerSadalsuud2.87
Aquila
/ˈækwɪlə/[10]		AqlAqilAquilaeancient (Ptolemy)eagleAltair0.76
Ara
/ˈɛərə/[11]		AraAraeArae
/ˈɛəriː/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)altarβ Arae2.84
Aries
/ˈɛər(i)iːz/[10][11]		AriArieArietis
/əˈraɪ.ɪtɪs/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)ramHamal2.00
Auriga
/ɔːˈraɪɡə/[10][11]		AurAuriAurigae
/ɔːˈraɪdʒiː/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)charioteerCapella0.08
Boötes
/boʊˈoʊtiːz/[10]		BooBootBoötisancient (Ptolemy)herdsmanArcturus-0.05
Caelum
/ˈsiːləm/[11]		CaeCaelCaeli
/ˈsiːlaɪ/[11]		1756,Lacaillechisel or engraving toolα Caeli4.46
Camelopardalis
/kəˌmɛloʊˈpɑːrdəlɪs/[11]		CamCamlCamelopardalis
/kəˌmɛloʊˈpɑːrdəlɪs/[11]		1613,Plancius[b]giraffeβ Camelo­pardalis4.02
Cancer
/ˈkænsər/[10]		CncCancCancriancient (Ptolemy)crabβ Cancri3.52
Canes Venatici
/ˈkeɪniːzvɪˈnætɪsaɪ/[11]		CVnCVenCanum Venaticorum1690,Firmamentum Sobiescianum,Heveliushunting dogsCor Caroli2.81
Canis Major
/ˈkeɪnɪsˈmeɪdʒər/[11]		CMaCMajCanis Majorisancient (Ptolemy)greater dogSirius-1.46
Canis Minor
/ˈkeɪnɪsˈmaɪnər/[11]		CMiCMinCanis Minorisancient (Ptolemy)lesser dogProcyon0.34
Capricornus
/ˌkæprɪˈkɔːrnəs/[11]		CapCaprCapricorni
/ˌkæprɪˈkɔːrnaɪ/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)sea goatDeneb Algedi2.83
Carina
/kəˈraɪnə/[10]		CarCariCarinaeancient (Ptolemy); 1756,Lacaille, split fromArgo NaviskeelCanopus-0.74
Cassiopeia
/ˌkæsioʊˈpiːə/[10][11]		CasCassCassiopeiae
/ˌkæsioʊˈpiːiː/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)Cassiopeia (mythological character)Schedar2.24
Centaurus
/sɛnˈtɔːrəs/[10]		CenCentCentauriancient (Ptolemy)centaurAlpha Centauri-0.27
Cepheus
/ˈsiːfiəs/[11]		CepCephCephei
/ˈsiːfiaɪ/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)Cepheus (mythological character)Alderamin2.46
Cetus
/ˈsiːtəs/[11]		CetCetiCeti
/ˈsiːtaɪ/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)sea monster (later interpreted as a whale)Diphda2.02
Chamaeleon
/kəˈmiːliən/[10]		ChaChamChamaeleontis1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]chameleonα Chamae­leontis4.06
Circinus
/ˈsɜːrsɪnəs/[10]		CirCircCircini1756,Lacaillecompassesα Circini3.19
Columba
/koʊˈlʌmbə/[10]		ColColmColumbae1592,Plancius,[b] split fromCanis MajordovePhact2.65
Coma Berenices
/ˈkoʊməbɛrəˈnaɪsiːz/[11]		ComComaComae Berenices
/ˈkoʊmiːbɛrəˈnaɪsiːz/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy); 1536, Caspar Vopel,[12] split from LeoBerenice's hairβ Comae Berenices4.26
Corona Australis
/koʊˈroʊnəɔːˈstrælɪs,-ˈstreɪ-/[10][11]		CrACorACoronae Australisancient (Ptolemy)southerncrownα Coronae Australis4.10
Corona Borealis
/koʊˈroʊnəˌbɔːriˈælɪs,-ˈeɪlɪs/[10][11]		CrBCorBCoronae Borealisancient (Ptolemy)northern crownAlphecca2.24
Corvus
/ˈkɔːrvəs/[10]		CrvCorvCorviancient (Ptolemy)crowGienah2.59
Crater
/ˈkreɪtər/[10]		CrtCratCraterisancient (Ptolemy)cupδ Crateris3.56
Crux
/ˈkrʌks/[10]		CruCrucCrucis1589,Plancius, split from CentaurussoutherncrossAcrux0.76
Cygnus
/ˈsɪɡnəs/[10]		CygCygnCygniancient (Ptolemy)swan or Northern CrossDeneb1.25
Delphinus
/dɛlˈfaɪnəs/[10]		DelDlphDelphiniancient (Ptolemy)dolphinβ Delphini3.62
Dorado
/dəˈrɑːdoʊ/[13]		DorDoraDoradus1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]dolphinfishα Doradus3.28
Draco
/ˈdreɪkoʊ/[11]		DraDracDraconis
/drəˈkoʊnɪs/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)dragonEltanin2.23
Equuleus
/ɪˈkwuːliəs/[11]		EquEqulEquulei
/ɪˈkwuːliaɪ/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)ponyα Equulei3.92
Eridanus
/ɪˈrɪdənəs/[11]		EriEridEridani
/ɪˈrɪdənaɪ/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)riverEridanus (mythology)Achernar0.46
Fornax
/ˈfɔːrnæks/		ForFornFornacis1756,Lacaillechemical furnaceα Fornacis3.85
Gemini
/ˈdʒɛmɪnaɪ/[10]		GemGemiGeminorumancient (Ptolemy)twinsPollux1.14
Grus
/ˈɡrʌs/[11]		GruGrusGruis
/ˈɡruːɪs/[11]		1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]craneAlnair1.74
Hercules
/ˈhɜːrkjʊliːz/[11]		HerHercHerculisancient (Ptolemy)Hercules (mythological character)Korne­phoros2.81
Horologium
/ˌhɒrəˈlɒdʒiəm,-ˈloʊ-/[10][11]		HorHoroHorologii1756,Lacaillependulum clockα Horologii3.85
Hydra
/ˈhaɪdrə/[10]		HyaHydaHydraeancient (Ptolemy)Hydra (mythological creature)Alphard2.00
Hydrus
/ˈhaɪdrəs/[10]		HyiHydiHydri1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]lesserwater snakeβ Hydri2.80
Indus
/ˈɪndəs/[10]		IndIndiIndi1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]Indian (of unspecified type)α Indi3.11
Lacerta
/ləˈsɜːrtə/[10]		LacLacrLacertae1690,Firmamentum Sobiescianum,Heveliuslizardα Lacertae3.76
Leo
/ˈliːoʊ/[10]		LeoLeonLeonisancient (Ptolemy)lionRegulus1.35
Leo Minor
/ˈliːoʊˈmaɪnər/[10]		LMiLMinLeonis Minoris1690,Firmamentum Sobiescianum,Heveliuslesser lion46 Leonis Minoris3.83
Lepus
/ˈliːpəs/[11]		LepLepsLeporis
/ˈlɛpərɪs/[10][11]		ancient (Ptolemy)hareArneb2.59
Libra
/ˈlaɪbrə,ˈliː-/[10]		LibLibrLibraeancient (Ptolemy)balanceZuben­eschemali2.61
Lupus
/ˈljuːpəs/[10]		LupLupiLupiancient (Ptolemy)wolfα Lupi2.30
Lynx
/ˈlɪŋks/[10]		LynLyncLyncis1690,Firmamentum Sobiescianum,Heveliuslynxα Lyncis3.14
Lyra
/ˈlaɪrə/[10]		LyrLyraLyraeancient (Ptolemy)lyre /harpVega0.02
Mensa
/ˈmɛnsə/[10]		MenMensMensae1756,Lacaille, asMons MensæTable Mountain (South Africa)α Mensae5.09
Microscopium
/ˌmaɪkroʊˈskɒpiəm/		MicMicrMicroscopii1756,Lacaillemicroscopeγ Microscopii4.68
Monoceros
/məˈnɒsɪrəs/[10][11]		MonMonoMonocerotis1613,Plancius[b]unicornβ Monocerotis3.74
Musca
/ˈmʌskə/[11]		MusMuscMuscae
/ˈmʌsiː/[10][11]		1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]flyα Muscae2.69
Norma
/ˈnɔːrmə/[10]		NorNormNormae
/ˈnɔːrmiː/[10]		1756,Lacaillecarpenter'slevelγ2 Normae4.02
Octans
/ˈɒktænz/[11]		OctOctnOctantis
/ɒkˈtæntɪs/[11]		1756,Lacailleoctant (instrument)ν Octantis3.73
Ophiuchus
/ˌɒfiˈjuːkəs/[10]		OphOphiOphiuchiancient (Ptolemy)serpent-bearerRasalhague2.07
Orion
/oʊˈraɪən/[10]		OriOrioOrionis
/oʊˈraɪənɪs,ˌɒriˈoʊnɪs/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)Orion (mythological character)Rigel0.13
Pavo
/ˈpeɪvoʊ/[10][11]		PavPavoPavonis
/pəˈvoʊnɪs/[11]		1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]peacockPeacock1.94
Pegasus
/ˈpɛɡəsəs/[10]		PegPegsPegasiancient (Ptolemy)Pegasus (mythological winged horse)Enif2.40
Perseus
/ˈpɜːrsiəs/[11]		PerPersPersei
/ˈpɜːrsiaɪ/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)Perseus (mythological character)Mirfak1.82
Phoenix
/ˈfiːnɪks/[10]		PhePhoePhoenicis
/fɪˈnaɪsɪs/		1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]phoenixAnkaa2.38
Pictor
/ˈpɪktər/[11]		PicPictPictoris
/pɪkˈtɔːrɪs/[11]		1756,Lacaille, asEquuleus Pictoriseaselα Pictoris3.27
Pisces
/ˈpaɪsiːz,ˈpɪ-/[10][11]		PscPiscPiscium
/ˈpɪʃiəm/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy)fishesAlpherg3.61
Piscis Austrinus
/ˈpaɪsɪsɔːˈstraɪnəs/		PsAPscAPiscis Austriniancient (Ptolemy)southern fishFomalhaut1.16
Puppis
/ˈpʌpɪs/[11]		PupPuppPuppis
/ˈpʌpɪs/[11]		ancient (Ptolemy); 1756,Lacaille, split fromArgo Navispoop deckNaos2.25
Pyxis
/ˈpɪksɪs/[10]		PyxPyxiPyxidis1756,Lacaillemariner's compassα Pyxidis3.67
Reticulum
/rɪˈtɪkjʊləm/[10]		RetRetiReticuli1756,Lacailleeyepiece graticuleα Reticuli3.32
Sagitta
/səˈdʒɪtə/[10]		SgeSgteSagittaeancient (Ptolemy)arrowγ Sagittae3.47
Sagittarius
/sædʒɪˈtɛəriəs/[10]		SgrSgtrSagittariiancient (Ptolemy)archerKaus Australis1.85
Scorpius
/ˈskɔːrpiəs/[10]		ScoScorScorpiiancient (Ptolemy)scorpionAntares0.91
Sculptor
/ˈskʌlptər/[10]		SclSculSculptoris1756,Lacaillesculptorα Sculptoris4.30
Scutum
/ˈskjuːtəm/[10]		SctScutScuti1690,Firmamentum Sobiescianum,Heveliusshield (ofSobieski)α Scuti3.83
Serpens[14]
/ˈsɜːrpɛnz/		SerSerpSerpentisancient (Ptolemy)snakeUnukalhai2.62
Sextans
/ˈsɛkstənz/[11]		SexSextSextantis
/sɛksˈtæntɪs/[11]		1690,Firmamentum Sobiescianum,Heveliussextantα Sextantis4.49
Taurus
/ˈtɔːrəs/[10]		TauTaurTauriancient (Ptolemy)bullAldebaran0.86
Telescopium
/ˌtɛlɪˈskɒpiəm/		TelTeleTelescopii1756,Lacailletelescopeα Telescopii3.51
Triangulum
/traɪˈæŋɡjʊləm/		TriTriaTrianguliancient (Ptolemy)triangleβ Trianguli3.00
Triangulum Australe
/traɪˈæŋɡjʊləmɔːˈstræliː,-ˈstreɪ-/		TrATrAuTrianguli Australis1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]southern triangleAtria1.91
Tucana
/tjuːˈkeɪnə/		TucTucnTucanae1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman[a]toucanα Tucanae2.86
Ursa Major
/ˌɜːrsəˈmeɪdʒər/[10]		UMaUMajUrsae Majorisancient (Ptolemy)great bearAlioth1.77
Ursa Minor
/ˌɜːrsəˈmaɪnər/[10]		UMiUMinUrsae Minorisancient (Ptolemy)lesser bearPolaris1.98
Vela
/ˈviːlə/[10]		VelVelrVelorum
/vɪˈloʊrəm/		ancient (Ptolemy); 1756,Lacaille, split fromArgo Navissailsγ Velorum1.83
Virgo
/ˈvɜːrɡoʊ/[10]		VirVirgVirginisancient (Ptolemy)virgin or maidenSpica0.97
Volans
/ˈvoʊlænz/[11]		VolVolnVolantis
/voʊˈlæntɪs/[11]		1598,Plancius,Keyser,de Houtman,[a] asPiscis Volansflying fishγ2 Volantis3.75
Vulpecula
/vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/[10]		VulVulpVulpeculae1690,Firmamentum Sobiescianum,Hevelius, asVulpecula cum Anserefoxα Vulpeculae4.40

Asterisms

[edit]
Main article:Asterism (astronomy)

Various other unofficial patterns exist alongside the constellations. These are known as "asterisms". Some are part of one larger constellation while others consists of stars in two adjoining constellations. Examples include theBig Dipper/Plough inUrsa Major; the Teapot inSagittarius; the Square of Pegasus inPegasus andAndromeda; and the False Cross inCarina andVela.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijklWith the exception of Triangulum Australe (which was mentioned but not precisely charted earlier), these southern constellations first appeared on a globe engraved byJodocus Hondius and published byPetrus Plancius in 1598. The constellations were based on observations by Dutch navigatorsPieter Dirkszoon Keyser andFrederick de Houtman, who were commissioned by Plancius to chart the southern sky on a voyage to what is now Indonesia. It is no longer clear who formed the observations into the constellations shown on the globe, and modern authors generally give credit to some combination of Kaiser, de Houtmann, and Plancius. The constellations are also widely but incorrectly attributed toJohann Bayer, since they first became widely known from his star atlasUranometria, published in 1603.
  2. ^abcThe constellationsCamelopardalis,Columba, andMonoceros, formed byPetrus Plancius in 1592 and in 1613, are often erroneously attributed toJacob Bartsch andAugustin Royer.


References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"The Constellations".International Astronomical Union. Retrieved17 June 2025.
  2. ^Paul Stroobant, "(3) Commission des notations, des unités et de l'économie des publications", in: F.J.M. Stratton (ed.),Transactions of the International Astronomical Union: Vol. III. Third General Assembly held at Leiden, July 5 to July 13, 1928 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929), pp. 17, 223 & 299.
  3. ^abEugène Delporte; International Astronomical Union (1930).Délimitation scientifique des constellations(PDF). At the University press.
  4. ^Paul Stroobant, "Meetings of Standing Committees: (3) Notations", in: A. Fowler (ed.),Transactions of the International Astronomical Union: Vol. I. First General Assembly held at Rome, May 2nd to May 10th, 1922 (London: Imperial College Bookstall, 1922), pp. 158 & 207.
  5. ^"Argo Navis". Ian Ridpath’s Star Tales. Retrieved28 April 2025.
  6. ^Russell, Henry Norris (1922). "The New International Symbols for the Constellations".Popular Astronomy.30: 469.Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R.
  7. ^"Constellations".Ian Ridpath. Retrieved30 January 2023.
  8. ^"The Constellations".International Astronomical Union. Retrieved17 June 2025.
  9. ^NASA Dictionary of terms for Aerospace Use – table V, Constellations
  10. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfOED, 2nd edition
  11. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgRandom House Dictionary
  12. ^"Comae Berenices". Retrieved23 November 2020.
  13. ^"Definition of dorado".Collins English Dictionary.Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved28 November 2012.
  14. ^Serpens may be divided intoSerpens Cauda (serpent's tail) andSerpens Caput (serpent's head), but these disjoint areas are considered part of the same constellation by the IAU.

External links

[edit]
Constellation history
48 constellations listed byPtolemy after 150 AD
The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
Obsolete constellations (including Ptolemy's Argo Navis)
  • obsolete constellation names
48 constellations listed byPtolemy after 150 AD
Constellations introduced byJohannes Hevelius after 1687
IAU-recognized constellations
Obsolete constellations
(non-IAU constellations)
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