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IARC group 1

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Classification
IARC monographs

IARC group 1 Carcinogens are substances,chemical mixtures, and exposure circumstances which have been classified ascarcinogenic to humans by theInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).[1] This category is used when there issufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (chemical mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient, but when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

This list focuses on thehazard linked to the agents. This means that while carcinogens are capable of causing cancer, it does not take theirrisk into account, which is the probability of causing a cancer, given the level of exposure to this carcinogen.[2]The list is up to date as of January 2026, including all agents classified by Volumes 1–140 of the IARCMonographs.[3]

Agents

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Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–140
CAS No.AgentVolumeVolume publication yearEvaluation yearAdditional information
Clonorchis sinensis (infection with)61, 100B20122009
Helicobacter pylori (infection with)61, 100B20122009
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)61, 100B20122009
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)61, 100B20122009
Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with11120172014
Acid mists, stronginorganic54, 100F20122009
Alcoholic beverages44, 96, 100E20122009
Aluminium production34, Sup 7, 92, 100F20122009
Areca nut85, 100E20122009
Auramine productionSup 7, 99, 100F20122009
Automotivegasoline45, 138In prep.2025
Benzidine,dyes metabolized to99, 100F20122009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
Betel quid withtobaccoSup 7, 85, 100E20122009
Betel quid without tobaccoSup 7, 85, 100E20122009
Coal gasificationSup 7, 92, 100F20122009
Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of95, 100E20122009
Coke productionSup 7, 92, 100F20122009
Engine exhaust,diesel46, 10520142012
Epstein-Barr virus70, 100B20122009
Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal72, 100A20122008
  • There is "evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity" for estrogen-only menopausal therapy in humans andcancer of the colorectum. An inverse association has been observed between estrogen-only menopausal therapy and cancer of the colorectum.
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)72, 91, 100A20122008
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)72, 91, 100A20122008
  • There is "evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity" for combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives in humans and cancers of the endometrium, ovary, and colorectum. An inverse association has been observed between combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives and cancers of the endometrium, ovary, and colorectum.
Firefighter (occupational exposure as a)98, 1322023 online2022
Fission products, includingstrontium-90100D20122009
Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole11120172014
Haematite mining (underground)1, Sup 7, 100D20122009
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)59, 100B20122009
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)59, 100B20122009
Hepatitis D virus (HDV)59, 139In prep.2025
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I67, 100B20122009
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)67, 100B20122009
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 1664, 90, 100B20122009
  • The HPV types that have been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 1864, 90, 100B20122009
  • The HPV types that have been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 3364, 90, 100B20122009
  • The HPV types that have been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 31, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 5964, 90, 100B20122009
  • The HPV types that have been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer
Ionizing radiation (all types)100D20122009
Iron andsteelfounding (occupational exposure during)34, Sup 7, 100F20122009
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acidsSup 7, 100F20122009
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus70, 100B20122009
Leather dust100C20122009
MOPP and othercombined chemotherapy includingalkylating agentsSup 7, 100A20122008
Magenta productionSup 7, 57, 99, 100F20122009
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)104, 139In prep.2025
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated33, Sup 7, 100F20122009
Neutron radiation75, 100D20122009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with supporting evidence from other relevant data
Nickel compoundsSup 7, 49, 100C20122009
Opium consumption1262021 online2020
Outdoor air pollution10920162013
Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter in10920162013
Painter (occupational exposure as a)47, 98, 100F20122009
Phenacetin,analgesic mixtures containingSup 7, 100A20122008
Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189)10720162013
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with strong supporting evidence from other relevant data
Processed meat (consumption of)11420182015
Radioiodines, includingiodine-13178, 100D20122009
Radionuclides,alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited78, 100D20122009
  • Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient or limited evidence in humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents
Radionuclides,beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited78, 100D20122009
  • Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence in humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents
Rubber manufacturing industry28, Sup 7, 100F20122009
Salted fish, Chinese-style56, 100E20122009
Solar radiation (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet radiation from welding; and Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices)55, 100D20122009
Soot (as found in occupational exposure ofchimney sweeps)35, Sup 7, 92, 100F20122009
Tobacco smoke, secondhand83, 100E20122009
Tobacco smoking83, 100E20122009
Tobacco, smokelessSup 7, 89, 100E20122009
Ultraviolet radiation fromwelding (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices; and Solar radiation)100D, 1182018 online2017
  • Volume 100D concluded that there is sufficient evidence for ocular melanoma in welders
  • Volume 118 concluded that ultraviolet emissions from welding are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1; there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of ultraviolet radiation from welding)
Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassingUVA,UVB, andUVC) (see Ultraviolet radiation from welding; Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices; and Solar radiation)55, 100D20122017
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
Ultraviolet-emittingtanning devices (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet radiation from welding; and Solar radiation)100D20122009
Welding fumes49, 1182018 online2017
Wood dust62, 100C20122009
X- andGamma-Radiation75, 100D20122009
10043-92-2Radon-222 and itsdecay products43, 78, 100D20122009
101-14-44,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)Sup 7, 57, 99, 100F20122009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
104987-11-3Tacrolimus137In prep.2024
10540-29-1Tamoxifen66, 100A20122008
  • There is "evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity" for tamoxifen in humans andcancer of the female breast. An inverse association has been observed between tamoxifen and cancer of the female breast.
106-99-01,3-ButadieneSup 7, 54, 71, 97, 100F20122009
107-13-1Acrylonitrile19, Sup 7, 71, 1362025 online2024
13233-32-4Radium-224 and its decay products78, 100D20122009
1332-21-4
12172-73-5
12001-29-5
12001-28-4		Asbestos (all forms, includingactinolite,amosite,anthophyllite,chrysotile,crocidolite,tremolite)14, Sup 7, 100C20122009
  • Mineral substances (e.g.talc orvermiculite) that contain asbestos should also be regarded as carcinogenic to humans
  • These CAS Nos are for substances that CAS does not treat in its regular CA index
1336-36-3Polychlorinated biphenyls18, Sup 7, 10720162013
137234-62-9Voriconazole137In prep.2024
13909-09-61-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU) (Semustine)Sup 7, 100A20122008
13982-63-3Radium-226 and its decay products78, 100D20122009
1402-68-2AflatoxinsSup 7, 56, 82, 100F20122009
14596-37-3Phosphorus-32, asphosphate78, 100D20122009
148-82-3Melphalan9, Sup 7, 100A20122008
14808-60-7Silica dust, crystalline, in the form ofquartz orcristobaliteSup 7, 68, 100C20122009
15262-20-1Radium-228 and its decay products78, 100D20122009
16543-55-8
64091-91-4		N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)Sup 7, 89, 100E20122009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
1746-01-62,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxinSup 7, 69, 100F20122009
18540-29-9Chromium (VI) compoundsSup 7, 49, 100C20122009
298-81-7Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen)plus ultraviolet A radiation24, Sup 7, 100A20122008
299-75-2Treosulfan26, Sup 7, 100A20122008
305-03-3Chlorambucil26, Sup 7, 100A20122008
313-67-7Aristolochic acid82, 100A20122008
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
313-67-7Aristolochic acid, plants containing82, 100A20122008
33419-42-0Etoposide76, 100A20122008
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
33419-42-0
15663-27-1
11056-06-7		Etoposide in combination withcisplatin andbleomycin76, 100A20122008
335-67-1Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)110, 1352025 online2023
446-86-6Azathioprine26, Sup 7, 100A20122008
494-03-1Chlornaphazine4, Sup 7, 100A20122008
50-00-0FormaldehydeSup 7, 62, 88[4], 100F20122009
50-18-0
6055-19-2		Cyclophosphamide26, Sup 7, 100A20122008
50-32-8Benzo[a]pyreneSup 7, 92, 100F20122009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
505-60-2Sulfur mustard9, Sup 7, 100F20122009
52-24-4ThiotepaSup 7, 50, 100A20122008
542-88-1
107-30-2		Bis(chloromethyl)ether;chloromethyl methyl ether (technical-grade)4, Sup 7, 100F20122009
55-98-1Busulfan4, Sup 7, 100A20122008
56-53-1Diethylstilbestrol21, Sup 7, 100A20122008
57117-31-42,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran100F20122009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
57465-28-83,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)100F20122009
  • See Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a TEF according to WHO
58-89-9Lindane11320182015
58-93-5Hydrochlorothiazide50, 108, 137In prep.2024
59865-13-3
79217-60-0		Ciclosporin50, 100A20122008
62-44-2Phenacetin24, Sup 7, 100A20122008
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with supporting evidence from other relevant data
64-17-5Ethanol inalcoholic beverages96, 100E20122009
65996-93-2Coal-tar pitch35, Sup 7, 100F20122009
66733-21-9Erionite42, Sup 7, 100C20122009
68308-34-9Shale oils35, Sup 7, 100F20122009
71-43-2Benzene29, Sup 7, 100F, 12020182017
7440-07-5Plutonium78, 100D20122009
7440-29-1Thorium-232 and its decay products78, 100D20122009
7440-38-2Arsenic and inorganicarsenic compounds23, Sup 7, 100C20122009
7440-41-7Beryllium andberyllium compoundsSup 7, 58, 100C20122009
7440-43-9Cadmium andcadmium compounds58, 100C20122009
7440-61-1Uranium, mixture ofisotopes (see Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited)78, 100D20122009
  • Uranium was listed as a Group 1 agent as a member of the family, Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited. There was limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of mixtures of uranium isotopes, with positive associations forlung cancer
75-01-4Vinyl chlorideSup 7, 97, 100F20122009
75-07-0Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages100E20122009
75-21-8Ethylene oxideSup 7, 60, 97, 100F20122009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
78-87-51,2-Dichloropropane41, Sup 7, 71, 11020172014
79-01-6TrichloroethyleneSup 7, 63, 10620142012
8007-45-2Coal-tar distillation92, 100F20122009
87-86-5Pentachlorophenol53, 71, 11720192016
91-59-82-Naphthylamine4, Sup 7, 99, 100F20122009
92-67-14-Aminobiphenyl1, Sup 7, 99, 100F20122009
92-87-5Benzidine29, Sup 7, 99, 100F20122009
95-53-4ortho-ToluidineSup 7, 77, 99, 100F20122009

See also

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References

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  1. ^"List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124".IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans. IARC. July 7, 2019. RetrievedJuly 14, 2019.
  2. ^"IARC monographs preamble (as amended in 2019)"(PDF). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). RetrievedAugust 18, 2023.A cancer hazard is an agent that is capable of causing cancer, whereas a cancer risk is an estimate of the probability that cancer will occur given some level of exposure to a cancer hazard.
  3. ^"List of Classifications – IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans".monographs.iarc.who.int. Retrieved2026-01-06.
  4. ^Cogliano, Vincent; Grosse, Yann; Baan, Robert; Straif, Kurt; Secretan, Béatrice; Ghissassi, Fatiha El (2004)."Advice on formaldehyde and glycol ethers".The Lancet Oncology.5 (9): 528.doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01562-1. Retrieved2026-01-05.

External links

[edit]
Cancer-causing materials and agents (carcinogens)
Prominent human carcinogens
IARC lists
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