Hydrangea (/haɪˈdreɪndʒə/[3][4] or/haɪˈdreɪndʒiə/[5]) is agenus of more than 70 species offlowering plantsnative to Asia and the Americas.Hydrangea is also used as thecommon name for the genus; some (particularlyH. macrophylla) are also often calledhortensia.[6] The genus was first described from Virginia in North America,[7] but by far the greatest species diversity is in eastern Asia, notably China, Korea, and Japan. Most areshrubs 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, but some are smalltrees, and otherslianas reaching up to 30 m (100 ft) by climbing up trees. They can be eitherdeciduous orevergreen, though the widelycultivatedtemperate species are all deciduous.[8]
The flowers of many hydrangeas act as naturalpH indicators, producing blue flowers when the soil is acidic and pink ones when the soil is alkaline.[9]
Hydrangea is derived fromGreek and means 'water vessel' (fromὕδωρhúdōr "water" +ἄγγοςángos orἀγγεῖονangeîon "vessel"),[10][11][12] in reference to the shape of its seed capsules.[13] The earlier name,Hortensia, is a Latinised version of the French given name Hortense, honoring the French astronomer and mathematicianNicole-Reine Hortense Lepaute.[14]Philibert Commerson attempted to name the flowerLepautia orPeautia after Lepaute. However, the flower's accepted name later becameHortensia. This led to people believing Lepaute's name was Hortense, but the Larousse remarks that this is erroneous, and that the name probably came fromhortus, garden.[15]
Hydrangeaflowers are produced from early spring to late autumn; they grow in flowerheads (corymbs orpanicles) most often at the ends of the stems. Typically the flowerheads contain two types of flowers: small non-showy fertile flowers in the center or interior of the flowerhead, and large, sterile showy flowers with large colorfulsepals (tepals). These showy flowers are often extended in a ring, or to the exterior of the small flowers. Plants in wild populations typically have few to none of the showy flowers, while cultivated hydrangeas have been bred and selected to have more of the larger type flowers.
There are two flower arrangements in hydrangeas withcorymb style inflorescences, which includes the commonly grown "bigleaf hydrangea"—Hydrangea macrophylla. Mophead flowers are large round flowerheads resembling pom-poms or, as the name implies, the head of a mop. In contrast, lacecap flowers bear round, flat flowerheads with a center core of subdued, small flowers surrounded by outer rings of larger flowers having showy sepals or tepals. The flowers of somerhododendrons andviburnums can appear, at first glance, similar to those of some hydrangeas.
Hydrangea flower color changes based on the pH in soil. As the graph depicts, soil with a pH of 5.5 or lower will produce blue flowers, a pH of 6.5 or higher will produce pink hydrangeas, and soil in between 5.5 and 6.5 will have purple hydrangeas.
Hydrangea flower color can change based on the pH in soil. As the graph depicts, soil with a pH of 5.5 or lower will produce blue flowers, a pH of 6.5 or higher will produce pink hydrangeas, and soil in between 5.5 and 6.5 will have purple hydrangeas. White hydrangeas cannot be color-manipulated by soil pH because they do not produce pigment for color. In other words, while the hue of the inflorescence is variable dependent upon cultural factors, the color saturation is genetically predetermined. In most species, the flowers arewhite. In some, however, (notablyH. macrophylla), they can be blue, red, or purple, with color saturation levels ranging from the palest of pinks, lavenders & powder blues, to deep, rich purples, reds, and royal blues. In these species,floral color change occurs due to the availability ofaluminiumions, a variable which itself depends upon thesoil pH.[16][17] ForH. macrophylla andH. serrata cultivars, the flower color can be determined by the relative acidity of the soil: an acidic soil (pH below 7), will have available aluminium ions and typically produce flowers that are blue to purple,[18] whereas an alkaline soil (pH above 7) will tie up aluminium ions and result in pink or red flowers. This is caused by a color change of theflower pigments in the presence of aluminium ions which can be taken up intohyperaccumulating plants.[19]
Hydrangeas are popularornamental plants, grown for their large flowerheads, withHydrangea macrophylla being by far the most widely grown. It has over 600 namedcultivars, many selected to have only large sterile flowers in the flowerheads.Hydrangea macrophylla, also known as bigleaf hydrangea, can be broken up into two main categories; mophead hydrangea and lacecap hydrangea. Some are best pruned on an annual basis when the new leaf buds begin to appear. If not pruned regularly, the bush will become very "leggy", growing upwards until the weight of the stems is greater than their strength, at which point the stems will sag down to the ground and possibly break. Other species only flower on "old wood". Thus, new wood resulting from pruning will not produce flowers until the following season.
Hydrangea root and rhizome are indicated for the treatment of conditions of the urinary tract in thePhysicians' Desk Reference for Herbal Medicine and may have diuretic properties.[29] Hydrangeas are moderately toxic if eaten, with all parts of the plant containingcyanogenic glycosides.[30]Hydrangea paniculata is reportedly sometimes smoked as an intoxicant, despite the danger of illness and/or death due to thecyanide.[31][32]
The flowers on a hydrangea shrub can change from blue to pink or from pink to blue from one season to the next depending on the acidity level of the soil.[33] Adding organic materials such as coffee grounds and citrus peel will increase acidity and turn hydrangea flowers blue.[34]A popular pink hydrangea called Vanilla Strawberry has been named "Top Plant" by the American Nursery and Landscape Association.
A hybrid "Runaway Bride Snow White", from Japan, wonPlant of the Year at the 2018 RHSChelsea Flower Show.[35]
In Japan,ama-cha (甘茶), meaning sweet tea, is another herbal tea made fromHydrangea serrata, whose leaves contain a substance that develops a sweet taste (phyllodulcin). For the fullest taste, fresh leaves are crumpled, steamed, and dried, yielding dark brown tea leaves. Ama-cha is mainly used forkan-butsu-e (theBuddha bathing ceremony) on April 8 every year—the day thought to be Buddha's birthday in Japan. During the ceremony, ama-cha is poured over a statue of Buddha and served to people in attendance. A legend has it that on the day Buddha was born, ninedragons pouredAmrita over him; ama-cha is substituted for Amrita in Japan.
The pink hydrangea has risen in popularity all over the world, especially in Asia. The given meaning of pink hydrangeas is popularly tied to the phrase "you are the beat of my heart," as described by the celebrated Korean florist Tan Jun Yong, who was quoted saying, "The light delicate blush of the petals reminds me of a beating heart, while the size could only match the heart of the sender!"[36]
Hydrangea quercifolia was declared the official state wildflower of the U.S. state ofAlabama in 1999.[37]
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Hydrangea" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 34; see line five....but by the influence of sundry agents in the soil, such as alum or iron, they become changed to blue.
^Hollick, Arthur (1925). "A New Fossil Species of Hydrangea".Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.52 (1):21–22.doi:10.2307/2479996.JSTOR2479996.
^Knowlton, F.H. (1926). "Flora of the Latah Formation of Spokane, Washington, and Coeur d'Alene, Idaho".Shorter contributions to general geology, 1925(PDF) (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 140. United States Geological Survey. pp. 17–55, plates VIII-XXXI.doi:10.3133/pp140A.
^Chaney, R.; Axelrod, D. (1959).Miocene Floras of the Columbia Plateau: Part II. Systematic Considerations, by Ralph W. Chaney and Daniel I. Axelrod. Carnegie Institution of Washington. pp. 1–226.Miocene Floras of the Columbia Plateau at theHathiTrust Digital Library
^Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
^"AGM Plants - Ornamental"(PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 96. Retrieved6 November 2018.
^Hylton, William H. (1974).The Rodale herb book: how to use, grow, and buy nature's miracle plants (Eighteenth Printing — September 1979 ed.). Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale Press Book Division. p. 474.ISBN0-87857-076-4.OCLC610291480.
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